Public Jobs Research Articles

Public Jobs and Full Employment: A Response by Mark Levinson

Public Jobs and Full Employment: A Response by Mark Levinson

Uloge žena u savremenom terorizmu - izvršioci, žrtve ili nešto treće?

The author analyzes all the roles that women can play in modern terrorism. Until now, science has mostly focused on the role of women as perpetrators and victims in terrorist activities. However, the author also pays special attention to the third role of a woman, which has not been sufficiently investigated so far - as a mothers. Viewing the role of women as mothers in terrorism has a dual character: while on the one hand, mothers can play a significant role in the prevention of terrorism (especially with sons), on the other hand they can also encourage their children in terms of terrorist activities, especially if they are and radicalized ones. The author gives a series of examples that specifically concern Islamist terrorism and the role of the mother in preventing or encouraging this phenomenon. The role of a woman as a mother has not been explored to a large extent in other forms of terrorism, which would represent a significant contribution for future scientific research. Also, this role of the mother is mainly related to certain so-called conservative regions, such as the Balkans or the Middle East, where the role of the mother is specific, especially in the upbringing of male children. Numerous prejudices are a complicating factor in elaborating the role of women in terrorism. One of them is that women are exclusively members of the "gentler" and "weaker" sex, and that as such they cannot be linked to terrorism. Another prejudice that is rooted in human society concerns the gender relationship to politics. Namely, since ancient Greece, politics was explicitly seen as a public job and a "male activity", while women were reserved for the oikos, as a private sphere. Hence, terrorism as a political phenomenon is mostly seen as a "male phenomenon." The subject of the research is directed towards different ideologies of terrorism, which condition accordingly, and different approaches towards women. The author points out that just as terrorism does not know race, religion and nation, it does not know gender either, and that attention should also be paid to the gender dimension when researching this phenomenon.

The Impact of Demographic Factors on Tax Compliance: Evidence from Hetauda

This article explores the impact of demographic factors on tax compliance behavior in Nepal collected from Hetauda Sub- Metropolitan City. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of demographic factors on tax compliance. Focus of this study is to investigate what actually happens in the economy with the low tax compliance ratio in Nepal, which results in unexpected low tax revenue day by day. To this end, the author used quantitative research approach only. The target population of the study was taxpayers of the Hetauda city categorized in both private and public job and business. The primary data were collected through survey questionnaire from 300 selected samples to meet the target population. Binary logistic regression model and Pearson Correlation Matrix were employed to analyse the data through SPSS and EViews. The result of this study has shown the demographic factors incorporated with attitude variables under four different model. The impact of the demographic factors on tax compliance is mixed in nature. Some demographic factors are inversely related to tax compliance and vice-versa. A low tax compliance problem is related to low tax revenue of a particular country. The beauty of this study is to bridge the knowledge gap of emerging issue of the tax compliance behavior in several ways.

Politicization, bureaucratic closedness in personnel policy, and turnover intention

AbstractPrevious studies have identified individual and organizational factors that influence the turnover intentions of bureaucrats. However, they have overlooked how the type of national bureaucracy influences turnover intention. Combining data sets on macro‐level bureaucratic structures and individual civil servants, we examine how bureaucratic politicization and closedness are associated with the turnover intentions of bureaucrats in 36 countries. Our analysis indicates that there is large cross‐national variation in turnover intention, and that bureaucratic structures matter as one of the predictors of turnover intention. Public servants working in more closed and regulated bureaucracies exhibit lower turnover intention. We also find that public servants working in more politicized bureaucracies (in which personnel decisions are made via political connections) have lower turnover intention than those working in more merit‐based systems. Such low turnover intention in politicized bureaucracies may be explained by the characteristics of patronage appointments in which public jobs are distributed based on personal or political loyalty.

The Authority to Discipline the Public Employee between the Administration and the Judiciary

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of disciplinary authorities in public employment, focusing on the diverse factors influencing their establishment and functioning. The study examines the impact of social, political, and economic factors on the choice of disciplinary authority, ranging from administrative bodies to the judiciary. By analyzing various legislations and their associated disciplinary systems, the article highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. The research emphasizes the importance of maintaining a balance between protecting employees' rights and ensuring effective disciplinary measures. Additionally, it stresses the significance of aligning the chosen disciplinary system with the prevailing social, economic, and political conditions. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for periodic evaluation of disciplinary systems to ensure their efficacy and the preservation of public job interests. The findings and implications presented in this article provide valuable insights for policymakers, legal experts, and professionals in the field of public employment, encouraging informed decision-making and promoting effective disciplinary practices.
 Highlights : 
 
 The article explores the factors influencing the establishment of disciplinary authorities in public employment, considering social, political, and economic factors.
 It analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different disciplinary systems, including administrative bodies and the judiciary.
 The study emphasizes the importance of maintaining a balance between protecting employees' rights and ensuring effective disciplinary measures.
 
 Keywords : Disciplinary Authorities, Public Employment, Administrative Bodies, Judiciary, Effective Disciplinary Practices

The Authority to Discipline the Public Employee between the Administration and the Judiciary

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of disciplinary authorities in public employment, focusing on the diverse factors influencing their establishment and functioning. The study examines the impact of social, political, and economic factors on the choice of disciplinary authority, ranging from administrative bodies to the judiciary. By analyzing various legislations and their associated disciplinary systems, the article highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. The research emphasizes the importance of maintaining a balance between protecting employees' rights and ensuring effective disciplinary measures. Additionally, it stresses the significance of aligning the chosen disciplinary system with the prevailing social, economic, and political conditions. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for periodic evaluation of disciplinary systems to ensure their efficacy and the preservation of public job interests. The findings and implications presented in this article provide valuable insights for policymakers, legal experts, and professionals in the field of public employment, encouraging informed decision-making and promoting effective disciplinary practices.
 Highlights : 
 
 The article explores the factors influencing the establishment of disciplinary authorities in public employment, considering social, political, and economic factors.
 It analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different disciplinary systems, including administrative bodies and the judiciary.
 The study emphasizes the importance of maintaining a balance between protecting employees' rights and ensuring effective disciplinary measures.
 
 Keywords : Disciplinary Authorities, Public Employment, Administrative Bodies, Judiciary, Effective Disciplinary Practices

THE EFFECT OF DISCIPLINARY ACTION ON EMPLOYEE’S PROMOTION

The term "public job" refers to any task that a person engages in professionally for the purpose of maintaining his standard of living while acting under the direction of the government. A set of guidelines that assign rights to the employee and outline his tasks and obligations apply to this position. It requires a set of qualifications and terms of appointment, in which the employee bears the burdens and responsibilities that the public employee carries out to achieve the management goals related to the public interest and serving the public benefiting from public utilities. The administration allocates financial rights that include the salary, bonus and promotion that the employee deserves after being appointed to meet his needs and raise his standard of living. These rights have a direct impact on the person's life since they are associated to his monthly income and the money he is able to preserve as a result of obtaining these rights. It is in a constant state of change based on the length of his service, the qualifications he gains through school qualifications, the job entitlement he achieves via promotion, and the bonus that raises his salary. In exchange for these rights, he has specific obligations to perform his duties to run public utilities. The administration will impose disciplinary penalties on him in case he breaches these duties and commits violations. These types of disciplinary penalties are defined by the text of the law according to the type of violation committed by the competent authority. They have consequential effects targeting his financial rights, as they have a direct impact on his financial entitlements.

Stability of Coexistence of Private and Public Job Placement Services in Labor Markets

Stability of Coexistence of Private and Public Job Placement Services in Labor Markets

The Socio-Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Households in Punjab, Pakistan

The COVID-19 pandemic affected the everyday life of human beings. This study investigates the impact of COVID-19 on six socio-economic dimensions (i.e., food availability, food quality, education, finance, non-payment of utility bills, and sale of assets/goods) in Punjab, Pakistan. Three districts were selected from Punjab province based on two criteria such as (a) geographical variability and (b) intensity of COVID-19. Thus, a total of 1200 respondents were interviewed via convenience sampling from selected Punjab districts (i.e., Faisalabad, Muzaffargarh, and Chakwal). Descriptive statistics showed that most respondents face the adverse socio-economic effects of COVID-19. However, the percentage of strongly agree/ agree was comparatively more for low-educated respondents, while it was comparatively less for high-educated respondents. The percentage of strongly agree/agree comparatively more for low-income respondents, while it was comparatively less for high-income respondents. The percentage of strongly agree/agree comparatively more for private job holders while it was comparatively less for public job holders. The percentage of strongly agree/agree comparatively more for urban households, while it was comparatively less for rural households. The percentage of strongly agree/agree comparatively more in Chakwal while it was comparatively less in Faisalabad. The chi-square () independence test showed a significant role of education, family income, job type, and area of residence on the socio-economic impacts of COVID-19. Therefore, it is recommended to increase educational opportunities and educational standards. Developing a Learning Management System is also suggested to continue education in emergencies. It is recommended to increase the family income through an increase in investment and employment opportunities. The protection of private-sector employees is necessary during the pandemic situation. The government should provide interest-free loans to businesses during an emergency. The government should ensure the vaccination of citizens to control the spread and intensity of the disease. Training of doctors and paramedical staff is necessary to perform duties during the pandemic.

How will the Legal Battle End in the Public Job : Sight of Jordan Issue

<p>Conflict of interests, as an act of corruption, is considered a loose concept. Legal jurisprudence differed in defining its concept, but the salient feature in it is that it constitutes an act of a public job that calls for both disciplinary and criminal responsibility, as it constitutes a two-faced act, a criminal and a disciplinary aspect. This study came to examine a important issue within the framework of the public job. From here it was necessary to stand on the definition of conflict of interest and the types of this conflict within the framework of the public job, and the elements of the crime of conflict of interest according to the criminal framework in the punitive legislation in the countries under study. The main findings show that the most prominent of which is that the most common and dangerous form of conflict is the conflict between the public interest and the private interest. This is when the employee has a direct or indirect interest that affects the administrative decision-making process or any other administrative act. The two researchers recommended that more details be given to the images of Conflict of interests in order to avoid any legal lapse or loophole, which would result in the establishment of the largest possible criminal and disciplinary confrontation for this act.</p>

Patronage at Work: Public Jobs and Political Services in Argentina. By Virginia Oliveros. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2021. 280p. $110.00 cloth.

Patronage at Work: Public Jobs and Political Services in Argentina. By Virginia Oliveros. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2021. 280p. $110.00 cloth.

الحق في الاختلاف بوصفه قيمة من قيم المواطنة الصالحة

This study is based on a basic idea of ​​linking the right to difference as a human right and a human value, and the values ​​of good citizenship. The study considers that good citizenship is not limited to contributing to paying taxes or participating in political life, assuming public jobs and respecting the laws of the state and public order. However, there is a necessary and civilized requirement for good citizenship represented in the ability to coexist with the different other and understand and respect its values, including this understanding and respect. Not to infringe on his rights or seek to subjugate him by force or to exclude him and marginalize him. Good citizenship entails not forcing the other to hide his distinction or difference in any aspect of life, whether in belief, opinion, thought, color and gender. The existence of a diverse and demographically diverse society is a human phenomenon that should be a source of respect and not a source of conflict and disagreement.

Effects of Affirmative Action on Educational and Labour Market Outcomes: Evidence from Nepal's Reservation Policy

We evaluate the impact of an affirmative action policy, which reserves quotas in public jobs for disadvantaged groups, on educational and labour market outcomes through ‘incentive effects’ in future employment prospects. Unlike the affirmative action policies based only on caste (in India) or race (in the United States), Nepal offers a novel context because its policy provides multiple channels of affirmation in public jobs to highly discriminated groups, depending on their caste/ethnicity, gender, geographic origin, and impairment status. Our difference-in-differences estimates using the Nepal Labour Force Survey III (2017/18) suggest that the policy significantly improved the educational and labour market outcomes of younger reservation eligible in the schoolaged cohort at the time of policy change. On average, the younger cohort improved their years of schooling by 1.53 years and monthly earnings by NPR 1,812 (approximately USD 17.76; about 11% of the national average). Our findings also indicate a higher policy impact on education for those who obtain treatment through multiple channels. However, the higher educational attainments of these multiple treatment groups are yet to transmit fully into their labour market outcomes. Our findings offer some important policy implications for not only Nepal but also societies fighting to reduce inequalities across caste, geographic, ethnic and racial groups

Inquiry of the Practice of Leadership in Chengguan: A Study Based on the Ethnographic Research of Z City

Chengguan, the Urban Administrative Law Enforcement Bureau, has been criticized for its dismal public image and poor job performance. Based on an ethnographic case study in Z City, we analyzed the type of leadership that results in passive work performance in Chengguan, and we examined whether any leadership style can be used to improve Chengguan's image and performance. We developed a new leadership ontology of CNP (Cognition–Normalization–Performance) on this foundation, and ethnographic research was conducted in three phases: leader's cognition, followers' normalization, and organization performance. Several implications were drawn. Leader selection should be cautious and can be improved by studying the leader's traits and behavior. This is done by investigating candidates' leadership career paths, trait characteristics, motive profiles, and other qualities. It is useful to change leaders by strengthening followers' unity and cohesion by setting up a labor union, youth federation, women's federation, and other groups. A leader should be selected among individuals who have completed leadership training as opposed to appointing one from outside the organization. On the one hand, the superior should help to improve the leadership environment (context), supervise problems in the organization's operation and performance, and track changes over time. On the other hand, the leader can also provide the followers with a flexible and adaptive place of work.

Nationalization of the private sector labor force, quotas, matching and public jobs, an illustration with Saudi Arabia

We analyze how quotas of foreign workers and subsidies on national labor can increase the private sector employment of nationals in an economy with a large proportion of expatriates and a large government wage bill. We use two alternative partial equilibrium models of the labor market: one has a market-clearing wage, and the other represents matching and job search directed towards either the public or the private sector. The models are calibrated on Saudi Arabia. We show that when the quotas of foreign workers are binding, they reduce the impact of labor subsidies on the employment of nationals. In addition, we find that in the matching model subsidies on the labor of nationals have a larger effect on employment than in the market-clearing wage model, because the highly attractive public sector flattens the wage curve. We also find that labor subsidies financed by expat levies or public job cuts have modest employment effects and require a very large fiscal adjustment. Finally, we show that a domestic energy price reform, where only a fraction of the fiscal proceeds are used for labor subsidies, can substantially reduce unemployment.

The impact of COVID-19 on health professions student’s perceptions, future education and career aspirations and confidence in public health responses

Objective: To understand student perceptions, interest and intentions of pursuing public health as a result of COVID-19 during educational experiences. Participants: Two hundred seventy-seven students completed the survey representing 38 states and two countries. Methods: An online survey was administered to current undergraduate and graduate students at two institutions. Results: The difference between the ease of attaining a public health job for nonpublic health and public health students was significant prior to (p = .002) and during the pandemic (p = .015). There was an increase of 5.8% in student interest in continuing education in public health. 13% of respondents agreed the pandemic had been handled appropriately at the national level and 33% at the state level, and 57% expressed distrust of future responses. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a positive influence of COVID-19 on the desire to seek further education and careers in public health, highlights a lack of confidence in effective future pandemic responses.

The Political Development of Schools as Cause and Solution to Delinquency

AbstractThis article offers a comprehensive history of the development of the federal role in education and juvenile justice policy from the 1950s to the 1970s. We argue that the issues of juvenile delinquency and education became linked during this period and policies that were enacted reflected the belief that education was a solution to delinquency. In the mid-twentieth century, a broader variety of approaches to antidelinquency, such as public job creation for youth, began to fall out of favor and education became elevated as the primary policy area for addressing delinquency outside the criminal justice system. Policy makers frequently justified federal involvement in education by arguing that schools were central to antidelinquency efforts. Drawing educational institutions into the fight against delinquency made schools susceptible to the punitive turn in crime policy. Ultimately, these developments have introduced punitive policies into schools and pushed antidelinquency efforts away from broader structural reforms.

Mitigating Impacts of Climate Change Induced Sea Level Rise by Infrastructure Development: Case of the Maldives

Of the four atoll countries in the world, the Maldives has the lowest average elevation. Therefore, it is likely to be the first country to lose its land when the sea level rises due to climate change. As a countermeasure to sea level rise, the government of the Maldives is constructing an artificial island called Hulhumalé by raising an atoll adjacent to the capital city of Malé. Other atoll countries may employ the same method to adapt to the anticipated sea level rise. There is a concern that people who are forced to relocate to the artificial island will be affected in various ways. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify measures to reduce the potential impacts of migration to artificial islands. This study aimed to identify factors that will work effectively to satisfy migrants from outside the Malé region to Hulhumalé. At this stage, sea level rise is not a motivating factor for migration to Hulhumalé. For the time being, enhancing high-income employment and high-level education in Hulhumalé, which are the main motivations for migration, will help sustain voluntary migration. Over the past two decades, rapid economic growth has changed the desire of Maldivians. Hulhumalé is attracting people with its new urban environment and employment opportunities. A small-scale questionnaire survey on the satisfaction level of post-migration life was conducted among the residents of Hulhumalé and the results showed that those who changed their jobs before and after migration were less satisfied with their migration than those who did not. In Hulhumalé, smart cities are being developed and new types of employment are being created. In order to facilitate the smooth migration of residents from remote islands, policies that focus on occupational changes before and after migration are needed, such as public job placement programs that enable migrants to find the same jobs that they had before migration, and job training programs that prepare them for career changes and enable them to adapt smoothly to new jobs. At present, mental health issues among migrants are not a major problem. Strengthening people-to-people networks through the use of information technology (IT) will contribute to smooth migration and resettlement.

Land Inequality and Workfare Policies

This paper contributes to the relatively scant literature on the impacts of inequality on the efficacy of public works programmes. We study this in the context of India. In particular, we examine the effect of land inequality on the implementation of the world’s largest workfare programme – the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA). Our OLS estimates demonstrate that the concentration of land ownership reduces the efficacy of NREGA. An instrumental variable (IV) analysis, where we use the historical land tenure system as an IV for contemporaneous land inequality, further corroborates our findings. This negative relationship is consistent with the hypothesis that public work schemes raise agricultural wages in the private labour market, thereby incentivising big landlords to use their political power to oppose such programmes. We exclude the possibility that the higher provision of public jobs in more equal areas is driven by a higher demand for public jobs or by caste or religious differences. This study suggests that the concentration of land ownership, a proxy for power asymmetries, could hinder effective implementation of development policies.

Hybrid Features Binary Classification of Imbalance Stroke Patients Using Different Machine Learning Algorithms

Nowadays the quantity of paralyzed patients has been increasing due to nervous impairments, spinal cord injuries and stroke. These types of patients required friend and family support for rehabilitation to enhance their lives. All clinicians are highly desirable to predict post-stroke functional outcomes. Analyzed stroke patients’ predictions based on gender, income rate, private and public job including heart and diabetic diseases. Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling Technique (SMOTE) is used on our Imbalanced data and compared with Over-Sampling and Down-Sampling by using different Machine Learning Algorithms to predict stroke. After comparing XGB-Classifier with 84% accuracy is best on Unbalanced data, almost 99% accuracy shows on Random forest classifier and XGB-classifier on over-sampling, lastly in down-sampling almost all algorithms give 100% accuracy.