Formulation Of Public Policies Research Articles

Municipal socioeconomic environment and recreational cannabis use in Mexico: Analysis of two nationally representative surveys.

Recreational cannabis use is increasing in Mexico, where legalization is a possibility. The current area-level socioeconomic context of cannabis use has not been studied in the country, limiting our understanding and public health response. We aimed to analyze the association between the municipal socioeconomic environment and recreational cannabis use in Mexico. We used data from the National Survey of Drug, Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption 2016-17, the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2023, the 2015 intercensal survey and the 2020 census to study the association of municipal income and municipal education with past-year recreational cannabis use. We fitted Poisson models with robust variance to obtain prevalence ratios and assessed for effect modification by individual-level sex and age, and household-level education. For every unit increase in municipal education, we observed a 1.5 % increase in the prevalence of recreational cannabis use in 2016-17, and a 2.9 % increase in 2023. For each unit increase in municipal income, we observed a 1.5 % increase in the prevalence of recreational cannabis use in 2016-17, and a 1.8 % increase in 2023. We found no effect modification except for a single age group (20- to 29-year-olds vs to 12- to 19-year-olds). Recreational cannabis use in Mexico is currently higher in more socioeconomically advantaged municipalities. Recreational cannabis use through socioeconomic areas should be monitored closely. Further research of the modifiable causes of this association could help inform current and future public health policies.

Groundwater Quality in The Region That Hosted the Largest Open Dump in Latin America: Ten Years of Analysis

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the quality of groundwater in the Estrutural Administrative Region, located in the Central region of the Federal District, Brazil, before and after the closure of the largest open-air landfill in Latin America. Theoretical Framework: Brazilian legislation, Ordinance 888 of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, and CONAMA resolution 396 are highlighted for comparison with the findings of the study, providing a solid basis for understanding the context of the investigation. Method: The methodology adopted for this research includes the analysis of groundwater monitoring data carried out by the Regulatory Agency for Water, Energy and Basic Sanitation of the Federal District (ADASA), carried out in two wells: shallow and deep, with 30 and 70 meters of depth, respectively, located 140 meters from the former landfill. Of the 33 parameters collected by ADASA between 2013 and 2022, 21 were analyzed. Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed that there is evidence of groundwater contamination, especially in the monitoring of shallow wells. Public policies should be implemented to protect this vulnerable population. Regarding the limitations of the study, we can mention the use of secondary data and the performance of a non-parametric test. Inadequacies in monitoring, such as the lack of standardization in the evaluation of parameters and the absence of periodic data on important parameters, such as microbiological parameters, limit the study and prevent more robust statistical analyses. Research Implications: The results of this research can help in the formulation or improvement of public policies for territorial management and urban solid waste management, mainly related to the evaluation of the quality of groundwater near landfills and dumps and the conditions of access to drinking water by vulnerable populations in their surroundings. Originality/Value: The study proposes a practical approach to assess the quality of groundwater in a region impacted by a landfill, based on comprehensive monitoring in the following aspects: spatial (use of a pair of shallow and deep wells); temporal (10-year series of data); qualitative (analysis of more than 20 parameters); and social (assessment of potential impacts on vulnerable populations that use groundwater for consumption). The results highlight the need for integrated action between land use and occupation management policies (in relation to vulnerable populations and occupations in risk areas); basic sanitation (mainly regarding the management of urban solid waste and the supply of drinking water); and public health (with regard to the quality of water available for human consumption).

Influence of lobbying in EU policy process phases

The influence of lobbies in the European Union is a complex phenomenon that must be analyzed through various direct and indirect conditioning dimensions. This theoretical research examines the impact of pressure groups at each of the six stages of the public policy formulation process in the supranational entity: problem emergence in society, agenda setting, consideration of policy options, decision-making, policy implementation, and policy evaluation. The study reveals how the influence of lobbies fluctuates depending on the point in the process and the type of interests they represent. Lobbies with social interests tend to have an advantage in phases involving public engagement, using grassroots lobbying strategies. On the other hand, economic lobbies dominate in phases that require contact with legislators, employing direct communication strategies. Among the direct conditioning dimensions, economic capacity–whether explicitly or implicitly−and access to decision-makers are crucial factors in determining the degree of influence. Additionally, in terms of indirect dimensions, media coverage is considered the most explanatory element regarding the influence capacity of lobbies, particularly at the initial and final stages of the governance cycle.

RETENÇÃO DE TALENTOS EM EMPRESAS PÚBLICAS ANGOLANAS: DESAFIOS E ESTRATÉGIAS NUM CENÁRIO DINÂMICO

This study addresses the main challenges faced by Angolan public enterprises in talent retention, considering the constantly changing legal, regulatory, and economic context of the country. The aim of the research was to identify the factors that hinder the retention of qualified professionals in Angolan public institutions and to propose strategies to overcome these obstacles. The research was conducted in three ministerial departments, namely: the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, and the Ministry of Youth and Sports, using a qualitative approach, with semi-structured interviews conducted with managers and some employees. The results showed that economic instability, the shortage of qualified professionals, the lack of effective career development programmes, and frequent changes to the Labour Code are the main challenges to talent retention. Furthermore, the research revealed that the organisational culture of these institutions does not adequately value employee growth and development, contributing to high staff turnover. The study also highlights specific characteristics of the public sector, such as bureaucracy and the lack of resources. The research suggests that, to improve talent retention, it is essential for public enterprises to invest in continuous training programmes, adopt more attractive incentive policies, and adapt their human resources management practices to the new demands of the labour market. In addition, implementing well-structured career development plans, mentorship programmes, and strengthening leadership and development actions are crucial to increasing employee motivation and commitment. Although the research focused on three ministries, its findings offer valuable contributions to public administration in Angola and can serve as a basis for the formulation of more effective public policies.

Diagnosis of Protected Agriculture in Imbabura—Ecuador, Period 2016–2023

Protected agriculture in Ecuador began in the 1990s and has expanded due to its comparative advantages over open field production. However, there are no statistics on this sector, which limits decision-making. The aim of this research was to provide a baseline of greenhouse agriculture in Imbabura. Sentinel-2 satellite imagery was used to estimate the spatial distribution of plastic-covered surface area in 2016 and 2023. To minimize biases in estimation, manual verification was also conducted. Based on population data, a structured survey was administered to a probabilistic sample of 234 greenhouses. The results highlight the presence of 1958 greenhouses that cover 527 hectares, with an average of 0.26 hectares. The greenhouses were characterized in terms of their design, construction materials and equipment. The main crop under plastic is tomato, with 76.9%, of which the management characteristics and the productive and economic results obtained in 2023 were identified. The findings could inform the formulation of public policies or specific interventions to strengthen protected agriculture in the region; however, support mechanisms are needed to fully exploit its potential. Among these, producer organization could be a viable strategy to address food security challenges in the context of climate change.

Growing global public health challenges

Global public health is currently undergoing unprecedented and complex changes. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed vulnerabilities and weaknesses of the global health system, urging nations globally to prioritize pandemic prevention and response strategies. Simultaneously, emerging infectious diseases such as mpox and avian influenza, as well as re-emerging infectious diseases including tuberculosis, AIDS, and viral hepatitis, continue to pose threats to global public health security. Moreover, the prevalence of chronic diseases remains significant, while concerns pertaining to environmental health and the well-being of children and adolescents are growing increasingly prominent. Addressing these challenges requires the formulation of effective public health policies, strengthened international cooperation, enhanced health education, improved public health literacy, and the establishment of a more resilient global public health system.

Cultivating Public Perception and Policy Initiatives: Understanding the Impact of Environmental Journalism through Focus Group Discussions and Secondary Data Analysis

Influencing public opinion and policy requires environmental media coverage of significant environmental concerns. Through a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates focus group talks and secondary data analysis, this study examines how environmental journalism affects public opinion and policy formation. The views, awareness, and feelings of participants toward environmental journalism were investigated in the focus groups, which were analyzed using NVivo. When it comes to covering climate change and other global environmental challenges, responses showed that environmental journalism is thought to have a positive influence on public opinion and policy decisions. By pointing out that digital media is more effective than print and broadcast media at raising real-time awareness, participants emphasized the disparities in media types. Public action is inspired and empathy is evoked by emotional narrative in environmental journalism, such as that which covers natural disasters. Divergent opinions on how to strike a balance between impartiality and advocacy in environmental media were also found by the survey. Notwithstanding the support for advocacy, a few respondents voiced worries about biases, especially sensationalism and framing, which they believed to be detrimental to public trust. The public was regarded to be greatly engaged by social media and citizen journalism, despite problems with misinformation. Key themes and framing strategies were found through secondary data analysis of environmental news coverage, offering insights into how media sources influence environmental discourse. Overall, the results point to the possibility of enhancing public engagement and contributing to well-informed policy decisions through more focused reporting on environmental issues and cooperation with scientists and legislators. Policymakers, media experts, and environmental journalists who want to solve urgent environmental issues with effective media techniques can find value in this research.

From Values to Climate Action: The Impact of Green Self-Efficacy on Pro-Environmental Behaviour in Greater Jakarta’s Higher Education Zillenials (SDG 13 View)

This study examines the relationship between Generation Z’s environmental values in Greater Jakarta and their pro-environmental behavior, focusing on the mediating role of green self-efficacy. Using a cross-sectional survey of 200 university students, we employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling to analyze the data. The findings reveal significant paths from environmental values to both green self-efficacy and pro-environmental behavior, highlighting green selfefficacy as a crucial mediator in translating environmental values into actual pro-environmental actions. The study underscores the importance of fostering environmental values and green self-efficacy to promote sustainable practices among young people. Practical implications include the development of educational curricula and community workshops aimed at enhancing green self-efficacy, as well as the formulation of public policies and corporate strategies that reflect environmental values and encourage community-led environmental initiatives. However, the study has limitations, primarily due to its focus on a specific demographic in Greater Jakarta, suggesting the need for further research across diverse regions and populations. Overall, these findings aim to inform strategies that advance sustainability and contribute to the goals outlined in SDG 13: Climate Action for policymakers, educators, and businesses.

Impact of arsenic exposure on the hepatic metabolic molecular network in obese pregnant mice using metabolomics and proteomics

Arsenic is a ubiquitous environmental toxin that can affect normal physiological processes. Although the health impacts of arsenic have been investigated, its influence on hepatic metabolism in obese pregnant women and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Multi-omics analysis, including metabolomics and proteomics, can improve the understanding of arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity in obese pregnant women. This study aimed to investigate the adverse effects of gestational arsenic exposure on hepatic metabolism in high-fat-diet-induced obese pregnant mice. Following arsenic exposure during pregnancy, the liver tissue was evaluated comprehensively using metabolomics and proteomics techniques combined with pathological and biochemical analyses. Arsenic exposure not only significantly increased lipid accumulation in the livers of obese pregnant mice but also elevated inflammatory factors and oxidative stress markers. Specifically, histopathological examination revealed more steatosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and hepatocyte ballooning in the livers of arsenic-exposed mice than in those of controls. These changes indicate that arsenic exposure exacerbates hepatic lipid accumulation and induces liver damage in the context of obesity. Metabolomic analysis provided further insight into the metabolic-level disruption caused by arsenic exposure. Significant changes were observed in lipid metabolism pathways, particularly the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway. As arachidonic acid and its metabolites play important roles in inflammation and oxidative stress, this pathway may be critical in arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity. Additionally, proteomic analysis showed differences in the expression levels of several key proteins involved in lipid synthesis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response. Notably, oxidative-stress-related proteins, including glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), were upregulated, suggesting an increased oxidative burden. In summary, there are complex interaction mechanisms among arsenic exposure, inflammatory response, and related lipid metabolism. The integration of metabolomics and proteomics aided in clarifying the molecular alterations induced by arsenic. The results show that arsenic exposure significantly affects hepatic lipid metabolism in obese pregnant mice through multiple metabolic pathways and protein regulatory mechanisms. In addition to providing new insights into the relationship between arsenic exposure and obesity as well as related metabolic diseases, this study can act as a reference for environmental health risk assessment and the formulation of public health policies. This enhanced understanding of the adverse effects of arsenic on hepatic metabolism will contribute to the development of strategies for mitigating the health risks associated with environmental toxins, particularly for vulnerable groups such as obese pregnant women.

Social and programmatic vulnerability in the context of transgender people's health: a scoping review of scientific evidence from Brazil.

Most transgender people face different conditions of health vulnerability on a daily basis. In the Brazilian context, no research review has been found on such situations in the light of the theoretical conceptualization of multidimensional vulnerability. This research aimed to identify and analyze components of social and/or programmatic vulnerability that interfere with access to health care for trans people in Brazil. The scoping review followed the JBI Manual and the PRISMA-ScR list. Brazilian studies published in any language, in the period 2019-April 2023, in the NCBI/PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, SciELO, and LILACS databases were selected. The inclusion criteria included: original research with a sample of transgender people aged 18 years and over; and research contemplating conditions of social and/or programmatic vulnerability. Three reviewers independently selected the articles. The extracted and mapped data included components of these dimensions, according to the theoretical framework, as well as characteristics of the studies, for the synthesis of the descriptive analysis. A total of 46 studies were included. Social and programmatic vulnerability components were present in 67% of the studies. Among the main findings, the social dimension included discrimination, situations of violence in different contexts and social exclusion; prejudice and school dropout, homelessness, informal work and precarious income; and harmful use of alcohol and/or other drugs. The programmatic dimension encompassed disrespect for the use of the social name and institutional discrimination; hormone therapy without professional monitoring and scarcity of specialized services; lack of integration between Primary Health Care (PHC) and specialized care and insufficient PHC involvement; distortions between what is contained in public health policies and the practice in the services. A higher percentage (61%) of studies with trans women and 7% with trans men were observed; inequalities in regional distribution; predominance of HIV and AIDS and mental health themes; and similar percentages in the various methodological approaches and publications in national and foreign journals. The identified situations of vulnerability contribute mainly to supporting the formulation and implementation of new public policies in comprehensive health that are more comprehensive and inclusive, which mitigate the current social and health inequities.

DESENVOLVIMENTO HUMANO: UMA ANÁLISE FUNDAMENTADA EM KARL MARX, PIKETTY E LUDWIG VON MISES

This article examines the contemporary debate on income redistribution and economic freedom through the theoretical contributions of Thomas Piketty and Ludwig von Mises. The topic transcends academic boundaries, involving public discourse and fostering critical reflections essential for building democratic and equitable societies. The study aims to deepen the understanding of Piketty's proposals, particularly redistributive policies and progressive taxation, and analyze the practical challenges of their implementation. It also investigates Mises' praxeology, highlighting economic freedom as a cornerstone of human development. Adopting a qualitative and exploratory approach, the research is based on bibliographic sources and comparative analytical methods. The findings reveal that both authors agree on the critical role of economic development in promoting social equity, but their approaches diverge. Piketty emphasizes redistributive measures, such as progressive taxation, while Mises highlights the efficiency and cooperation fostered by free markets. The conclusion emphasizes the dynamic and ongoing relevance of this intellectual debate. The study demonstrates that integrating the perspectives of Piketty and Mises can guide the formulation of balanced public policies that promote both social justice and economic dynamism.

Identidades Quilombolas

This essay critically analyzes the identities of Brazilian quilombola communities as continuous processes of cultural hybridization. It argues that static, essentialist, and dichotomous perspectives, such as traditional versus modern and rural versus urban, are insufficient to grasp the complexity of these experiences. Instead, it proposes understanding them through postcolonial and decolonial theoretical approaches to hybridity, cultural translation, and intersectionality. The study demonstrates how, since their genesis in colonial quilombos, these groups have engaged in creative negotiations among diverse African, Indigenous, and later urban matrices in complex resistance strategies. It explores the inherently fluid, multiple, and transcultural nature of quilombola identities, shaped by internal tensions and hybridizations of gender, generation, class, and territory. Finally, it highlights implications for the formulation of intercultural public policies and participatory research that value the ongoing processes of identity reinvention led by these communities.

EL PAPEL DEL ECONOMISTA EN EL AVANCE CIENTÍFICO DEL SECTOR PÚBLICO

Abstract This article aims to highlight the key role that economists play in the scientific advancement of the public sector. Through an analytical approach and a thorough review of the available literature, it analyzes the contributions of these professionals in the formulation of public policies, program estimation, and applied research. The methodologies used and the results obtained are examined, emphasizing how economic analysis contributes to improving the effectiveness and efficiency of government tasks. Additionally, a framework is proposed to integrate economics into the advancement of public policies based on certainty. Finally, recommendations are presented to optimize collaboration between economists and other public sector actors, with the goal of promoting scientific development.

Formation of public policy on national memory in Ukraine with the participation of civil society organisations

The article's primary focus is on the examination of civil society organisations' involvement in the decision-making and implementation processes conducted by public authorities. The aim of this article is to analyse the involvement of civil society in Ukraine (with civil society organisations as a case study) in public policy regarding national memory in Ukraine. The article employs a combination of descriptive, analytical and synthetic methods, as well as inductive and deductive approaches. The use of the dialectical method ensures a comprehensive study of the activities of civil society organisations. A comparative and structural-functional analysis was employed to examine the activities and functioning of civil society organisations. The research yielded several key insights. Firstly, the main vectors of public policy regarding national memory in Ukraine were identified. Secondly, the regulatory framework of Ukraine regulating the activities of civil society organisations and their participation in political processes was analysed. Thirdly, an overview of the instruments of civil participation in the public policy regarding national memory was conducted. Finally, the activities of civil society organisations in the field of national memory through partnerships and networking were characterised using the example of the "Reanimation Package of Reforms" Coalition. It was established that the state implements a policy to advance the growth of civil society in Ukraine, with the objective of providing support to civic initiatives. In order to implement this, Ukraine has established a regulatory framework that is continually updated in response to evolving socio-political challenges and needs. The country implements the National Strategy for the Development of Civil Society, adopts international norms and standards, and fulfils international obligations.

Training in Marketing Skills Associated With The Fair Trade System For Sustainable Economic Development in Artisanal Fishermen in The Rural Area of Manta Canton, Ecuador

Objective: This article proposes a methodology for training in marketing skills, associated with the fair trade system for sustainable economic development in artisanal fishermen in the rural area of Manta canton, Ecuador. Theoretical Framework: The presented text offers a comprehensive vision of the training of marketing skills, with a particular focus on the context of artisanal fishermen and the application of fair trade. Method: The type of research assumed is quantitative, explanatory, experimental, and within it, the pre-experimental type, since it first explains the logic, the path, and the way to follow for the training of marketing skills in fishermen in the rural area of Manta canton, Ecuador. Likewise, the results that were achieved from a quantitative point of view with the implementation of the methodology are presented. Results and Discussion: This research represents a valuable contribution to the field of education and rural development, demonstrating the importance of comprehensive and contextualized training for the empowerment of producers and the construction of a more just and sustainable future. Training in marketing skills, based on fair trade, is revealed as a key tool to improve the living conditions of artisanal fishermen and promote more equitable and sustainable economic development. Implications of the Research: The results of this research have important implications for the formulation of public policies, education, and international cooperation, and can serve as a basis for future research that promotes sustainable development and equity in the fishing sector. Originality/Value: The research presented stands out for its originality in focusing on a little-studied sector such as artisanal fishermen and linking marketing training with fair trade. Its value lies in its ability to improve the living conditions of fishermen, strengthen local development, and promote fairer trade practices.

General concepts on health economic evaluations.

Health economics is an area of study that has critical tools for evidence-based healthcare decision making, among which are economic evaluations. These tools allow us to weigh the costs incurred for a given intervention in relation to its health outcomes. The main utility of these studies lies in accomplishing decision-making in healthcare and the formulation of public policies. This article is the first of two reviews on whose main purpose is to address fundamental theoretical concepts of health economic evaluations to facilitate their understanding and critical analysis. The text is part of a methodological series on clinical epidemiology, biostatistics and research methodology conducted by the Evidence-based Medicine team at the School of Medicine of the University of Valparaíso, Chile.

The Impact of Traumatic Dental Injury on the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life of Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of traumatic dental injury (TDI) on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of preschool children, and further inform public oral health care policies and strategies for this age group TDI patients. This retrospective and cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. It included 314 children aged from 2 to 5 years, with 90 children diagnosed with TDIs and 224 without TDIs. Parents or primary caregivers completed questionnaires, and the responses were gathered for statistical analysis to evaluate the impact of TDIs. The OHRQoL was assessed using the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS). The total ECOHIS score and the scores for the 13 individual items were significantly higher in children with TDIs compared with those without TDI (p < 0.001). In the child impact section, eating and masticatory function were the most severely affected (40%), while most of parents experienced strong feelings of self-blame in the family impact section (61.1%). A positive correlation was observed between the number of injured teeth and the total ECOHIS score (p = 0.001), while the time elapsed since TDI indicates a negative correlation with the total ECOHIS score (p < 0.001). Additionally, children with severe TDIs had higher ECOHIS scores than those with mild TDIs, indicating a greater impact on OHRQoL (p = 0.006). In contrast, tooth discoloration, the caregiver's relationship to the child, caregiver education level and the position of the affected teeth did not significantly influence the total ECOHIS score (p > 0.05). TDIs have a significant impact on OHRQoL in preschool children, highlighting the need for greater societal attention. Strengthening preventive and proper treatment measures for TDIs, along with enhancing health education programs, is strongly recommended.

Analisis Kebijakan Publik dalamTransformasi Layanan Transportasi Massal

This study analyzes public policy in the transformation of mass transportation services, using a multidisciplinary approach that integrates public policy studies and normative law studies. Employing qualitative research with a document (literature) study approach, the study highlights the inevitable shift from conventional to application-based transportation services, which led to the formulation of public policies regulating special rental transportation (ASK), commonly known as online transportation. However, the implementation of the ASK policy has sparked controversy, with some groups claiming that the transformation exacerbates social disparities by reducing their income. The study reveals that different types of public transportation, such as Angkot and ASK, operate under distinct regulations, objectives, service methods, and market segments. The study recommends that the government thoroughly investigate the underlying causes of competition among mass transportation service providers, including factors beyond the rise of ASK, and evaluate existing public policies in the sector. Additionally, collaboration with service providers should be encouraged to foster creativity and innovation, while addressing the factors contributing to the decline of public transportation usage. These efforts aim to promote fairness among providers through humane methods that align with the principles of legal justice.

Computer Crime in the Digital Age literature review of scientific articles from 2019 to 2024

This systematic review study was conducted from 2019 to 2024 following the guidelines of the PRISMA protocol through an exhaustive search in Scopus, SciELO, Redalyc, Dialnet, Erih Plus, Latindex, the University César Vallejo library, and other databases, and aims to identify current trends and challenges in the prevention of cybercrime in Ecuador. The results show that, despite legislative efforts, cybercrime remains a growing problem in the country. The findings of this research have important implications for public policy formulation, investment in technology, and cybersecurity education in Ecuador. Lack of user awareness, insufficient resources for law enforcement, and the rapid evolution of technologies were identified as key factors. Public policies that promote cybersecurity education, investment in protection technologies, and collaboration between public and private institutions are recommended. In conclusion, this systematic review underscores the need to adopt a multidisciplinary and proactive approach to combat cybercrime in Ecuador.

Balancing Economic, Social, and Environmental Considerations in Public Policy Formulation

This paper explores the delicate balance required in public policy formulation among economic, social, and environmental considerations. It emphasizes the interplay and potential conflicts between these three critical domains, highlighting the need for a multifaceted approach to policy design. The analysis delves into economic policies that drive growth and stability, while considering their broader social and environmental impacts. Social policies aimed at community upliftment and disparity reduction are scrutinized for their sustainability and economic implications. Environmental policies, vital for ecological preservation, are examined for their alignment with economic and social realities. Case studies and policy analyses illustrate the complexities and the successes of achieving balance, emphasizing the importance of inclusive dialogue, evidence-based decision-making, and strategic planning. The paper acknowledges inherent challenges such as political pressures and fiscal constraints, suggesting the need for adaptive policy frameworks and continuous improvement. It concludes by advocating for a holistic policy approach that values the interplay between economic prosperity, social justice, and environmental stewardship, essential for sustainable development and a healthier, more equitable future.