Public Health Emergency Management System Research Articles

The Impact of COVID-19 on Thailand’s Public Health Emergency Management System: A Case Study

Purpose: This phenomenological qualitative research investigates Public Health Emergency Management (PHEM) in response to COVID-19, with a specific focus on the case of Thailand’s Health Region 9 (Nakhon Ratchasima) and its program known as COVID-19 Back Home. Method: The study gathers data through in-depth interviews with four groups comprising a total of 112 individuals from three Thai provinces. The collected data is subjected to content analysis, and the findings are analyzed using a framework based on system theory. Results and conclusion: The successful management of subjects returning home is highlighted, resulting in saving numerous patients' lives. The study identifies various suggestions and success factors for each phase of the management process. The research sheds light on PHEM situations in response to COVID-19, specifically examining Health Region 9's COVID-19 Back Home program. Implications of the research: The study provides valuable insights into the inputs, activities, and processes involved in managing such situations, showcasing successful strategies, collaborative efforts, and behavioral changes. Originality/value: The identified suggestions and success factors can inform and improve future management approaches.

A war without smoke: Infectious disease panic and its response—A case study of Macao-Portuguese government’s prevention and control of cholera from 1912 to 1949

With the time frame 1912–1949, and according to the recording in the government gazettes and Chinese press, this essay systematically discusses the powerful and effective measures and achievements in cholera prevention, epidemic prevention, and infectious disease control of the Macao-Portuguese government. Meanwhile, it analyzes and investigates the cooperation and interaction in cholera prevention between the Macao and Hong Kong governments and emphasizes the critical significance of regional developments of Macao’s cholera prevention and control, that is, with the internal control to lower incidence and external control to minimize importation and diffusion, the aim to control cholera was achieved thus allayed the public panic among Macao and perimeter zone, creating advantages to stabilize economic development, social order and peaceful living environment in Macao as well as other Cantonese regions. As one of the seaport cities that adopted the European medical system and model and implemented free cholera vaccination for all, the fighting process and measures of Macao-Portuguese government adopted to control the cholera epidemic show that cholera, a dreadful infectious disease, can be effectively managed as long as scientific and appropriate methods are taken. Sorting out the types and characteristics of infectious diseases in Macao during this period and the mechanism of combining medical and preventive treatment at that time, and analyzing the effectiveness of the administration of disease prevention and control by the Macao-Portuguese government and the limitations of governance under the conflict between Chinese and Portuguese will have important academic significance for understanding the efficiency and deficiency of Macao-Portuguese governance towards disease control, the construction, development and change of the urban public health emergency management system and the urban governance. The more important significance will bring to the urban public health emergency management system and the urban governance in modern China.

Assessing the effectiveness of training programme on the competency of medical staffs in public health emergency.

The competencies of medical staff in the public health emergency system and evaluated the effects of system-based professional training were investigated. A competency model for individuals in a public health emergency management system was developed, which contained 33 items with 5 domains. A competency-based intervention was performed. A total of 68 participants from 4 health emergency teams in Xinjiang, China were recruited and randomly divided into 2 groups: the intervention (N = 38) and control groups (N = 30). Participants in the intervention group received competency-based training, while those in the control group received no training. All participants responded to the COVID-19 activities. The competencies of medical staff in the 5 domains were then analyzed in the pre-intervention, post-first training, and post-COVID-19 intervention using a self-designed questionnaire. Participants' competencies were at the middle level at baseline. After the first training, competencies in the 5 domains significantly improved in the intervention group; in the control group, there was a significant increase in professional quality compared in the pre-training. After the response to COVID-19, the mean scores of competencies in the 5 domains significantly increased in both the intervention and control groups compared with those in the post-first training. Psychological resilience scores were higher in the intervention group than in the control group, whereas no significant differences in competencies were found in other domains. Competency-based interventions provided practice and showed a positive effect on improving the competencies of medical staff in public health teams. Med Pr. 2023;74(1):19-26.

Incentive Mechanism Design in Collaborative Management of Public Health Emergencies

Against the background of the worldwide spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, due to the lack of effective collaborative incentive mechanisms, issues of dislocation and incoordination have emerged in the public health emergency management system (PES) globally. Nevertheless, the available research rarely touches upon the incentive mechanism design for the collaborative management of PES. To alleviate these inefficiency operations problems with PES, three game-theoretical decision models, including a decentralized decision model without public governance policy incentive (GPI), a decentralized decision model with GPI, and a collaborative decision model with GPI, were developed and analyzed to explore and design the incentive mechanism of PES. Furthermore, the corresponding numerical and sensitivity analyses were conducted to validate the modelling results in the article. The research results show that: (1) the collaborative decision scenario with GPI performs best, and the decentralized decision scenario with GPI performs second-best regarding the equilibrium emergency management efforts (EMEs) and utilities in all the decision scenarios; (2) an incentive mechanism of the “carrot + Stick” can effectively enhance the collaborative management of public health emergencies and its governance-driven operational performance/efficiency; (3) strengthening the performance assessment of emergency management for relevant government departments is beneficial in improving the overall emergency management efficiency of the PES; (4) reducing the cost of EMEs and enhancing the effectiveness of EMEs are conducive to improving the overall emergency management efficiency of the PES. This research provides a novel framework for designing an effective incentive mechanism to overcome the incoordination impacts and achieve collaborative operations across the PES.

Thoughts on the Emergency Management System of Public Health Events Based on the Background of COVID-19 Epidemic

The spread of COVID-19 epidemic throughout the country has had a great impact on the emergency management system of public health events in China. In the major test, the whole country responded to the epidemic with the strictest and most comprehensive prevention and control measures. During this period, China's politics, economy and culture have played an important role in epidemic prevention and control. However, China has also exposed some shortcomings in the process of dealing with public health emergencies. Based on the background of COVID-19 epidemic, this paper puts forward relevant suggestions on the emergency support system, laws and regulations, and public awareness, which provides a reference for the establishment of a more perfect public health emergency management system.

Construction of COVID-19 Epidemic Prevention and Control and Public Health Emergency Response System Based on Discrete Stochastic Mathematical Model.

This research was aimed at exploring the construction and evaluation method of the comprehensive emergency response system for public health emergencies under the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) epidemic situation based on discrete stochastic mathematical model. The response of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP) of Taiyuan city in the COVID-19 epidemic situation was taken as an example. A new discrete stochastic COVID-19 epidemic spread mathematical model which integrated public health intervention and input cases was proposed. The model was parameterized by multisource data, and the impact of different flow patterns on the risk of secondary outbreak was analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of its emergency system construction were analyzed. Additionally, the improvement measures and suggestions for the existing problems were proposed. Results suggested that there was only one specialized disease prevention and control institution in Taiyuan, and there were only 11 centers for disease prevention and control, accounting for 6.2% (11/177) of the total in Shanxi Province. Through the analysis, it was found that the current public health emergency response system in Taiyuan city had imperfect management coordination mechanism, incomplete plan type, serious shortage of public health personnel, poor information communication efficiency, insufficient early warning efficiency of the epidemic detection system, and weak logistics material security links. Therefore, it was proposed to establish a sound coordination system of emergency health management and vigorously promote the construction of emergency health management institutions. Thus, a public health emergency management system integrating management coordination system, plan system, emergency team building system, material reserve management, and other functions was formed. The application of discrete stochastic mathematical model suggests that intermittent population flow and effective isolation of infected people in transient population can effectively reduce the risk of secondary outbreak. The system analysis here also provides theoretical basis for improving the construction of public health emergency response system in Taiyuan.

How China controls the Covid-19 epidemic through public health expenditure and policy?

Aims How the Chinese government controls the Covid-19 epidemic? This paper aims to answer this question from the perspective of public health expenditure, and policy, and then to help the government to perform better in infectious disease prevention and public health emergency management. Methods and materials We reviewed the development phases of the COVID-19 epidemic in China and divided it into four stages (incubation stage, outbreak stage, resolution stage, and stable stage). Then we adopted a content analysis method via MAXQDA2020, to analyze the combined application of four different types of policy tools in different stages with 571 texts of epidemic governance policy from the Chinese central government. We also calculated and compared the Chinese public health expenditure between epidemic and non-epidemic periods. Moreover, we also discussed implications for public health emergency management and for infectious disease prevention and control in China. Results (1) in the incubation stage, the potential epidemic has not attracted enough attention from the government; (2) the combination of the 4 types of policies is not only an important reason in controlling epidemic during the outbreak stage and resolution stage, but also the reason why the small-scale epidemic has not expanded in the stable stage; (3) the increasing Chinese public health expenditure, involving public health emergency treatment (114.81 billion yuan), government hospitals (284.84 billion yuan) and major public health service projects (45.33 billion yuan), is another critical reason for the rapid control of the epidemic. Conclusion and implications Public health expenditure and policy played an important role in the governance and control of the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Some limitations of China’s infectious disease prevention system and public health emergency management system have been exposed to the public in this epidemic, which the Chinese government needs to improve in the future.

Knowledge Mapping Analysis of Public Health Emergency Management Research Based on Web of Science.

At present, major public health emergencies frequently occur worldwide, and it is of great significance to analyze the research status and latest developments in this field to improve the ability of public health emergency management in various countries. This paper took 5,143 related studies from 2007 to 2020 from the Web of Science as research object and used CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and other software to perform co-word analysis, social network analysis, and cluster analysis. The results and conclusions were as follows: (1) the related research identified three periods: the exploration, growth, and outbreak period; (2) chronologically: the relevant research evolved from medical and health care for major diseases to emergency management and risk assessment of public health emergencies and then researched the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia epidemic; (3) clustering analysis of high-frequency keywords, identifying three research hotspots: “disaster prevention and emergency medical services,” “outbreak and management of infectious diseases in Africa,” and “emergency management under the COVID-19 pneumonia epidemic.” Finally, this study combined the data and literature analysis to point out possible future research directions: from the research of the COVID-19 pneumonia epidemic to the research of general major public health emergencies, thinking and remodeling of the national public health emergency management system, and exploring the establishment of an efficient international emergency management cooperation mechanism.

Public health emergency decision-making and management system sound research using rough set attribute reduction and blockchain

Public health emergency decisions are explored to ensure the emergency response measures in an environment where various emergencies occur frequently. An emergency decision is essentially a multi-criteria risk decision-making problem. The feasibility of applying prospect theory to emergency decisions is analyzed, and how psychological behaviors of decision-makers impact decision-making results are quantified. On this basis, the cognitive process of public health emergencies is investigated based on the rough set theory. A Decision Rule Extraction Algorithm (denoted as A-DRE) that considers attribute costs is proposed, which is then applied for attribute reduction and rule extraction on emergency datasets. In this way, decision-makers can obtain reduced decision table attributes quickly. Considering that emergency decisions require the participation of multiple departments, a framework is constructed to solve multi-department emergency decisions. The technical characteristics of the blockchain are in line with the requirements of decentralization and multi-party participation in emergency management. The core framework of the public health emergency management system-plan, legal system, mechanism, and system can play an important role. When delta { = }0.10, the classification accuracy under the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) classifier reaches 73.5%. When delta { = }0.15, the classification accuracy under the Support Vector Machines (SVM) classifier reaches 86.4%. It can effectively improve China’s public health emergency management system and improve the efficiency of emergency management. By taking Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as an example, the weight and prospect value functions of different decision-maker attributes are constructed based on prospect theory. The optimal rescue plan is finally determined. A-DRE can consider the cost of each attribute in the decision table and the ability to classify it correctly; moreover, it can reduce the attributes and extract the rules on the COVID-19 dataset, suitable for decision-makers' situation face once an emergency occurs. The emergency decision approach based on rough set attribute reduction and prospect theory can acquire practical decision-making rules while considering the different risk preferences of decision-makers facing different decision-making results, which is significant for the rapid development of public health emergency assistance and disaster relief.

Research on the Construction of University Public Health Emergency Management System Based on Psychological Counseling Intervention

After entering the information society, all kinds of risks, crises, and conflicts in society are more severe, more sudden, and uncertain than those in agricultural society and industrial society. Under the unexpected events in colleges and universities, college students' psychological crisis, which cannot be dealt with and overcome by conventional methods, arises from their own experiences, psychological endurance, and weak self-awareness. In the face of emergencies, as a talent training base, how to collect information quickly and accurately and make prevention and control plans is directly related to the success or failure of event handling. This study attempts to analyze the characteristics and causes of students' psychological changes in public health emergencies in colleges and universities and puts forward relevant countermeasures, so as to improve the management system of public health emergencies in colleges and universities, improve the ability to effectively deal with and properly handle public health emergencies, and promote the harmonious development of society. In the face of public health emergencies, colleges and universities should enhance the awareness of emergency management of public health emergencies, change the concept of emergency, build an efficient emergency management system, improve the ability and level of emergency management, and ensure the harmony and stability of the school.

Difficulties encountered by public health workers in COVID-19 outbreak: a cross-sectional study based on five provinces

ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to address the difficulties encountered by public health workers in the early and middle stages of their efforts to combat COVID-19, compare the gaps among different types of institutions, and identify shortcomings in epidemic control.MethodsUsing multi-stage sampling, a survey of public health workers involved in the prevention and control of COVID-19 was conducted from 18 February to 1 March 2020 through a self-administered questionnaire. These public health workers were from the primary health care center (defined as “primary-urban” and “primary-rural” for those in urban and rural areas, respectively) and the center for disease control and prevention (defined as “non-primary”) in five provinces including Hubei, Guangdong, Sichuan, Jiangsu and Gansu, China.ResultsA total of 9,475 public health workers were surveyed, of which 40.0 %, 27.0 % and 33.0 % were from the primary-rural, primary-urban and non-primary, respectively. The resources shortage were reported by 27.9 % participants, with the primary-rural being the worst affected (OR = 1.201, 95 %CI: 1.073–1.345). The difficulties in data processing were reported by 31.5 % participants, with no significant differences among institutions. The difficulties in communication and coordination were reported by 29.8 % participants, with the non-primary being the most serious (primary-rural: OR = 0.520, 95 %CI: 0.446–0.606; primary-urban: OR = 0.533, 95 %CI: 0.454–0.625). The difficulties with target audiences were reported by 20.2 % participants, with the primary-urban being the worst (OR = 1.368, 95 %CI: 1.199–1.560). The psychological distress were reported by 48.8 % participants, with no significant differences among institutions.ConclusionsPsychological distress is the most serious problem in the prevention and control of COVID-19. Resources shortage in primary-rural, difficulties in communication and coordination in non-primary, and difficulties with target audiences in the primary-urban deserve attention. This study will provide scientific evidences for improving the national public health emergency management system, especially for reducing the urban-rural differences in emergency response capacity.

Optimization of Remote Public Medical Emergency Management System with Low Delay Based on Internet of Things.

Due to the limitation of economic geography condition, the existing health resources distribution is uneven, the emergence of remote medical disciplines perfectly solved this difficult problem, using computer and network communication network on audio video information transmissions, querying, display, storage, and backup and realizing the network of outpatient service, remote consultation, health advice, and other functions. Telemedicine enables the limited available medical resources to be shared and fully utilized and also enables many economically underdeveloped provinces to enjoy a higher level of medical sharing services. Public health emergency management system on the overall design of the low latency according to system function will be based on the Internet of things. The remote public health emergency management system is divided into three subsystems low latency modules, basic subsystems of platform, application platform, and specific application subsystems, and designs the structure of the various modules. The implementation process is given. In the realization of the system, this paper describes in detail how to realize the functions of the public medical low delay emergency management system, and, in the end, the realization process of the system is reasonably summarized. The application of Internet of things technology in regional emergency rescue can realize the identification and real-time positioning of material personnel, the collection and transmission of the wounded's physiological information, real-time information transmission, and interaction based on mobile handheld devices, as well as the integration of emergency rescue resources, information integration, and command decision-making, so as to assist rescue operations and improve rescue efficiency.

Comprehensive Risk Assessment of Schistosomiasis Epidemic Based on Precise Identification of Oncomelania hupensis Breeding Grounds-A Case Study of Dongting Lake Area.

Spatio-temporal epidemic simulation, assessment, and risk monitoring serve as the core to establishing and improving the national public health emergency management system. In this study, we investigated Oncomelania hupensis breeding grounds and analyzed the locational and environmental preferences of snail breeding in Dongting Lake (DTL), Hunan, China. Using geographic information systems and remote sensing technology, we identified schistosomiasis risk areas and explored the factors affecting the occurrence and transmission of the disease. Several key conclusions were drawn. (1) From 2006 to 2016, the spatial change of potential O. hupensis breeding risk showed a diminishing trend from the eastern and northern regions to southwest DTL. Environmental changes in the eastern DTL region resulted in the lakeside and hydrophilic agglomerations of the O. hupensis populations. The shift in snail breeding grounds from a fragmented to centralized distribution indicates the weakening mobility of the O. hupensis population, the increasing independence of solitary groups, and the growing dependence of the snail population to the local environment. (2) The spatial risk distribution showed a descending gradient from west Dongting area to the east and an overall pattern of high in the periphery of large lakes and low in other areas. The cold-spot areas had their cores in Huarong County and Anxiang County and were scattered throughout the peripheral areas. The hot-spot areas had their center at Jinshi City, Nanxian County, and the southern part of Huarong County. The areas with increased comprehensive risks changed from centralized and large-scale development to fragmented shrinkage with increased partialization in the core area. The risk distribution’s center shifted to the northwest. The spatial risk distribution exhibited enhanced concentricity along the major axis and increased dispersion along the minor axis.

Study on Countermeasures of improving public health emergency management system in Liaoning Province Based on epidemic control survey data

In the current round of prevention and control of cowid-19, Liaoning Province closely combines the current new situation, new changes and new characteristics, improves the normal prevention and control mechanism of timely discovery, rapid disposal, precise control and effective disposal, ensures that the management measures are effective and the work is in place, so as to create a healthy environment, maintain social stability and protect people's health. However, at the same time, through the statistics of the proportion of technical personnel and management personnel, the proportion of professional personnel, the number of disease control personnel per 10000 people and other data, we found that there are obvious shortcomings in the public health emergency management system of our province. Therefore, we should seize the opportunity, sum up the experience, draw lessons, pay close attention to the shortcomings, plug the loopholes, develop the advantages and avoid the disadvantages, and comprehensively improve the ability to deal with major public health emergencies.

Consideration on improvement of national public health emergency management system in China post COVID-2019 epidemic

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) is an especially serious public health emergency in the world. China has made some achievements in the containment of COVID-2019 epidemic. However, there are some problems in system, mechanism, legislation and emergency preparedness plan. The study analyzed the problems and made some recommendations for the improvement of national public health emergency management.

A comparative study of international and Chinese public health emergency management from the perspective of knowledge domains mapping

BackgroundAt the end of 2019, the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severely damaged and endangered people’s lives. The public health emergency management system in China has played an essential role in handling the response to the outbreak, which has been appreciated by the World Health Organization and some countries. Hence, it is necessary to conduct an overall analysis of the development of the health emergency management system in China. This can provide a reference for scholars to aid in understanding the current situation and to reveal new research topics.MethodsWe collected 2247 international articles from the Web of Science database and 959 Chinese articles from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database. Bibliometric and mapping knowledge domain analysis methods were used in this study for temporal distribution analysis, cooperation network analysis, and co-word network analysis.ResultsThe first international article in this field was published in 1991, while the first Chinese article was published in 2005. The research institutions producing these studies mainly existed in universities and health organizations. Developed countries and European countries published the most articles overall, while eastern China published the most articles within China. There were 52 burst words for international articles published from 1999–2018 and 18 burst words for Chinese articles published from 2003–2018. International top-ranked articles according to the number of citations appeared in 2005, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2015, and 2016, while the corresponding Chinese articles appeared in 2003, 2004, 2009, and 2011.ConclusionsThere are differences in the regional and economic distribution of international and Chinese cooperation networks. International research is often related to timely issues mainly by focusing on emergency preparedness and monitoring of public health events, while China has focused on public health emergencies and their disposition. International research began on terrorism and bioterrorism, followed by disaster planning and emergency preparedness, epidemics, and infectious diseases. China considered severe acute respiratory syndrome as the starting research background and the legal system construction as the research starting point, which was followed by the mechanism, structure, system, and training abroad for public health emergency management.

Analysis of the global situation of COVID-19 research based on bibliometrics.

With the rapid global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers have contributed several important advances. The WHO and countries with severe outbreaks have developed diagnosis and treatment guidelines. Here, we analyze the current transformation and application of scientific research to global epidemic prevention and control. We described and analyzed current COVID-19 research from the perspectives of international cooperation, interdisciplinary cooperation, and research hotspots using a bibliometric clustering algorithm. Using the diagnosis and treatment guidelines of the WHO and the United States and China as examples, we evaluate the transformation of scientific results from basic research to applications. Scientific research results that have not yet been incorporated into these guidelines are summarized to encourage updates and improvements by applying scientific research to prevention and control. COVID-19 has fostered interdisciplinary cooperative research, and the current results are mainly focused on the origin, epidemiological characteristics, clinical research, and diagnosis and treatment methods for the virus. Due to the ongoing publication of new research, diagnosis and treatment guidelines are constantly improving. However, some research gaps still exist, and some results have not yet been incorporated into the guidelines. The current research is still in the preliminary exploratory stage, and some problems, such as weak international cooperation, unbalanced interdisciplinary cooperation, and the lack of coordination between research and applications, exist. Therefore, countries around the world must improve the International Public Health Emergency Management System and prepare for major public health emergencies in the future.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13755-020-00120-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The fight against COVID-19 in Cameroon needs a second breath

The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization on January 11, 2020. As of early May 2020, the disease has affected more than 3 million people worldwide, killing around 230,000 of them. In Cameroon, the response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been gradually organized, with a strategic emphasis on dedicated treatment centers in the referral hospitals of the main cities. As the fight against the pandemic rages on, signs of running out of steam are becoming manifest, yet the pandemic is likely to last for many more months. This article analyzes the situation and suggests some solutions to help stem the current health crisis and improve the public health emergency management system in Cameroon.

Status and Challenges of Public Health Emergency Management in China Related to COVID-19.

Objective: This study aimed at exploring the current development status and problems of health emergency management in China and provides a reference for improving, constructing, and implementing a public health emergency management system.Methods: Cases of major and severe public health emergencies in China were analyzed along with the relevant health emergency management literature from the last decade.Results: China's health emergency system gradually improved during the study period. Monitoring and early warning systems were significantly strengthened. Material reserves and transfer management systems were constantly improved. However, the operational efficiency of command and decision systems was low, versatile talent accounted for a relatively small proportion, and emergency fund investment was insufficient.Conclusion: Constructing a sound and scientific emergency management mechanism is a lengthy and challenging process. To establish an emergency management mode for public health emergencies that is appropriate for China, it is necessary to solve existing problems and learn from the models and experiences of developed foreign countries.

Analysis of the Global Situation of COVID-19 Research Based on Bibliometrics

Background: With the rapid worldwide spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers have contributed several important advancements. The WHO and countries with severe outbreaks have developed Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines. Here, we analyze the current transformation and application of scientific research to global epidemic prevention and control. Methods: With a bibliometric clustering algorithm, we described and analyzed current COVID-19 research from the perspectives of international cooperation, interdisciplinary cooperation, and research hotspots. Using the Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines of the WHO, the United States and China as examples, we assess and compare diagnosis and treatment methods and evaluate the transformation of scientific results from basic research to application. Scientific research results not yet incorporated into these guide lines are summarized to encourage updating and improvement by applying scientific research to prevention and control. Findings: COVID-19 research has fostered interdisciplinary cooperative research, and the current results are mainly concentrated on virus origin, epidemiological characteristics, clinical research, and diagnosis and treatment methods. These results provide strong support for treatment plan formulation. Due to the ongoing publication of new research, Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines are constantly improving. Comparison of the medical guidelines from the WHO, the United States, and China shows common references and different emphases. Some of the contents lack scientific support, research gaps remain, and some results have not yet been incorporated into the guidelines. Interpretation: The current research is still in the preliminary exploration stage, and there are some problems, such as weak international cooperation, unbalanced interdisciplinary cooperation, and lack of coordination between research and application. Therefore, countries around the world need to improve the International Public Health Emergency Management System and prepare for major public health emergencies in the future. Funding Statement: This work was supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2019M662373), The Spatiotemporal Epidemiology of COVID-19 (No.2020SFXGFY02-2). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.