Public Gardens Research Articles

Arab Patriotism: The Ideology and Culture of Power in Late Ottoman Egypt

Arab Patriotism: The Ideology and Culture of Power in Late Ottoman Egypt

Design of Eco-Drainage System for Real Estate in Indonesia

Land use change occurs in many cities in Indonesia. Population growth causes the expansion of residential area. Without proper planning and design, the development of residential area can increase the runoff volume. The objective of this study is to provide an eco-drainage system design for real estate in Indonesia to minimize the possible increased runoff.The study area in this paper is a bare area of 14,602.26 m2 in Mojokerto Regency, East Java, Indonesia which is planned to be developed into real estate. The design of eco-drainage system consists of installation of 4400 litre of rainwater storage tank and a 1200 m3 of retention pond. The analysis includes the estimation of peak discharge of the selected area using the Rational formula and estimation of evapotranspiration in the retention pond using Thornthwaite method. The result of the analysis shows that 50.2 m2 of roof surface can capture rainwater varies from 0.04 – 18.4 m3/month. The water is used to fulfil the household water needs in the real estate such as for sanitation & waste disposal, gardening, personal washing, cleaning home, and washing clothes along the year except in August and September. While overflow of the tank occurs in January, February, and March. The excess rainfall, which is not captured, flows to the retention pond. It is used for watering public garden using a sprinkling water system. The combination of chosen dimension of storage tank and retention pond can reduce the runoff volume minimum by 48.19% in February in the study area.The proposed design still cannot accommodate all excess rainfall due to the transformation of a bare land into real estate. Therefore, it is recommended to consider another utilization of water in the retention pond.

Book Review: The manual of strategic planning for cultural organizations: a guide for museums, performing arts, science centers, public gardens, heritage sites, libraries, archives and zoos by Gail Dexter Lord and Kate Markert, London, New York, Boulder, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017

Book Review: The manual of strategic planning for cultural organizations: a guide for museums, performing arts, science centers, public gardens, heritage sites, libraries, archives and zoos by Gail Dexter Lord and Kate Markert, London, New York, Boulder, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017

THE IMPACT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN AND COORDINATION OF PARKS AND PUBLIC GARDENS USING HIGHMEDIA TECHNOLOGY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTEGRATED CAPABILITIES AND SKILLS OF THE CHILD

The spaces play an important role in the formation of the urban fabric, as they are the natural outlet that confronts this enormous amount of congestion, pollution, and the deterioration of the urban structure, and among them are the open spaces, parks and public gardens with the various material elements they contain coordinated by the designer and architect to reach this space to a specific form to achieve recreational and educational functions and goals in various forms to suit the nature of children and individuals using this space. Aesthetic coordination and the correct distribution of the elements of site coordination has the ability to directly affect the formation of the child's personality and the development of his perceptions, skills and behaviors, as it helps in free and safe playing, as it also gives the opportunity to meditate on the natural elements, which helps to develop a sense of familiarity with what surrounds him and strengthens the ability of observation and increases the element of discovery and knowledge. And because we live in a world that depends on technology and its tools in all areas of life, the recreational and educational terms and elements used in children's parks, especially the cultural ones, have evolved as a natural result of urban development, including the high-media technology it contains to become a cultural entity that only creates enjoyable, interactive and entertaining times for children and even their families through carefully prepared programs and activities to develop children's abilities and skills through playing, especially interactive ones, through which they can learn information about the past, present and future through interactive, audible and visual technology, and this of course is unlike to the activities and traditional games set up in gardens. Thus, the goal of the research is to know the stages of development of design and coordination methods for parks and gardens, including the recreational and educational elements they contain and what are the possibilities of employing the various technological media because of their effective and direct impact on the child who is considered the main pillar of the society, and by taking care of his needs and requirements a distinct society can be created in the future.

First Report of Leaf Necrosis Caused by Alternaria alternata on Ceratostigma willmottianum in Italy

Ceratostigma willmottianum Stapf, a member of Plumbaginaceae family, is a perennial shrub with a long summer flowering period, commonly grown in public and private gardens. During the autumn of 2018, leaf necrotic areas were observed primarily on lower leaves of 12-month-old plants of C. willmottianum growing either in pots or in the ground, in a private garden located in Biella province (northern Italy). Fifteen of 20 plants were affected (average disease severity 5%). Necrotic areas were light brown, irregularly polygonal, 1 to 4 mm in size, and surrounded by extensive chlorosis. Symptomatic leaves were washed for 1 min with sterile water and blotted dry, and small pieces of tissue were taken from the margins of necrotic areas and placed on potato dextrose agar for 7 days, at temperatures from 20 to 25°C. The developing dark green colored fungal colonies were transferred on the same medium, at the same temperatures, to obtain pure cultures. Successively, pure cultures were grown on sterilized leaves of C. willmottianum placed on potato carrot agar (Simmons 2007), under a light/dark regime of 10 h/14 h, from 20 to 23°C. On this medium, colonies produced branched conidiophores (up to two branches), supporting conidia borne in chains. Conidia were light gray-green, ovoid to obclavate, multicellular, and measured 13 to 43 × 4 to 12 µm (average 23 × 9 µm, n = 50). Conidia contained one to seven transverse and zero to three longitudinal septa. When present, beaks were 2 to 5 µm long. Based on these morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Alternaria sp. (Simmons 2007). DNA from one fungal isolate was extracted using the E.Z.N.A. Fungal DNA Mini Kit (Omega Bio-Tek, Darmstadt, Germany), and a polymerase chain reaction was performed by amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA, the endoPG, the tub2, and the cmdA gene portions (Lawrence et al. 2013; Woudenberg et al. 2015). Four sequences with 529 (ITS), 476 (endoPG), 994 (tub2), and 671 bp (cmdA) (GenBank accession nos. MK204576, MK558219, MK558217, and MK558221, respectively) were obtained. A BLASTn search of these sequences showed 100% homology with Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler (accession nos. KU933199, MH728996, MH560610, and MG736308). A spore suspension of 0.8 × 10⁵ CFU/ml in sterile water was obtained from the pure cultures used for the observations described above. This suspension was sprayed (10 ml/plant) onto leaves of three healthy plants of C. willmottianum. Three plants treated with sterile water served as controls. All plants were placed in moistened plastic bags for 7 days and maintained in a greenhouse in which temperatures ranged from 20 to 22°C. The first leaf necrosis appeared 10 days after inoculation, causing an irregular necrotic area up to 4 mm in size. A. alternata was reisolated from affected leaves and identified by the amplification of the endoPG, tub2, and cmdA gene portions (GenBank accession nos. MK558220, MK558218, and MK558222). Control plants remained healthy, and the attempt to reisolate the pathogen failed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata infecting C. willmottianum in Italy, as well as worldwide. This disease could become important owing to the reduction of the ornamental value of affected plants of C. willmottianum, the use of which is increasing in the landscape.

Evaluation of a novel endophytic Pseudomonas lactis strain for control of boxwood blight1

Abstract Boxwood blight, caused by Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Cps) (Synonyms: Cylindrocladium buxicola, Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum), is a devastating disease which affects boxwood (Buxus) in private and public gardens worldwide. SW, an endophyte identified as a strain of Pseudomonas lactis, was isolated along with seven other bacterial strains from symptom-reversed boxwood leaves infected by Cps. SW had the largest population among the 8 isolates. SW inhibited Cps culture growth similar to three other antagonistic isolates but was the strongest suppressor of Cps conidial germination and germling development. When the cell-free supernatant (CFS) from SW liquid cultures was used to treat boxwood plants 48 h prior to inoculation with Cps, it resulted in a 69.4% disease reduction; suggesting involvement of its metabolites in disease suppression. Boxwood blight control efficacy was further evaluated with resuspended SW cell at 108-9 cfu.ml−1 at different treatment lead times. When SW was applied 2 or 10 days before inoculation with Cps, boxwood blight disease decreased by 72% and 67%, respectively. Further extending the lead time to 20 and 30 days, the efficacy was reduced to 26-27%. However, with its features of moderate control efficacy, high population in plant tissue and safety towards humans, SW shows great potential as a biocontrol agent for boxwood blight. Index words: Biocontrol agent, endophyte, plant pretreatment, Calonectria pseudonaviculata suppression. Species used in this study: Bacterium strain SW (Pseudomonas lactis). Plant species: Buxus sempervirens ‘Justin Brouwers'.

Roberto Burle Marx (1909–94): defining modernism in Latin American landscape architecture

In 1935, at the age of 25, Roberto Burle Marx—combining the curiosity of a student of nature with the desire to experiment and enhance it artistically—started to lay out public gardens in the city ...

IMPACT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROCESSES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RAINIS PARK IN LIEPAJA UNTIL WORLD WAR II

In the 19th century, a special attention was devoted to arrangement of Libava urban environment. Public gardens were created. At the beginning of mass culture, a new urban landscape conception got into focus of artistic attention. In the Republic of Latvia, physically and mentally competent living environment for a person developed. Green urban structures were improved. Public activities in Rainis Park were expanded. The object of the research – Rainis Park's functional and visual changes in Liepaja. Research problem – Rainis Park's architectural spatial and functional changes caused by sociopolitical processes have not been sufficiently studied. Research novelty – Rainis Park's spatial and functional structure is analyzed in the context of city development. The goal of the research – to determine the most typical changes in Rainis Park's historical plan and visual image. Main methods applied – this study is based on analysis of archive documents, projects and cartographic materials of urban planning, as well as study of published literature and inspection of buildings in nature.

Metabarcoding reveals a high diversity of woody host-associated Phytophthora spp. in soils at public gardens and amenity woodlands in Britain.

Forests and woodlands worldwide are being severely impacted by invasive Phytophthora species, with initial outbreaks in some cases occurring on host trees located in public parks and gardens. These highly disturbed sites with diverse planting practices may indeed act as harbours for invasive Phytophthora pathogens which are particularly well adapted to surviving in soil. High throughput Illumina sequencing was used to analyse Phytophthora species diversity in soil samples collected from 14 public garden/amenity woodland sites in northern Britain. Bioinformatic analyses revealed some limitations to using internal transcribed spacer as the barcode region; namely reporting of false positives and ambiguous species matches. Taking this into account, 35 distinct sequences were amplified across the sites, corresponding to 23 known Phytophthora species as well as twelve oomycete sequences with no match to any known Phytophthora species. Phytophthora pseudosyringae and P. austrocedri, both of which cause serious damage to trees and are regarded as fairly recent introductions to Britain, were the two most abundant Phytophthora species detected. There was no evidence that any of the detected Phytophthora species were more associated with any one type of host, healthy or otherwise. This study has demonstrated the ubiquity and diversity of Phytophthora species endemic in highly managed, extensively planted soil environments in Britain. Suggested improvements to the methodology and the practical implications of the findings in terms of mitigating Phytophthora spread and impact are discussed.

Greening the post crisis. Collectivity in private and public community gardens in València (Spain)

Unlike other Western European countries, community gardens have appeared very recently in Spain, and they have rapidly increased during the last decade. Community gardens have adopted different forms –rental, municipal and associative– with contrasted managerial practices. This paper analyzes collectivity of community gardens in València (Spain), including private initiatives, through semi-structured interviews conducted in different gardens of the València Metropolitan Area. Results show how the financial crisis has acted as a catalyst for urban greening latent demands, causing the expansion of community gardens. Despite the different structure, practices and rules of private and public gardens, all of them share aims and actions related to urban greening, food sovereignty, organic farming and community building, and show similar benefits to those observed in other countries. Moreover, the rental gardens allow farmers to expand their services and to engage directly with consumers.

A New Strain of Bean Common Mosaic Virus From Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus): Biological and Molecular Characterization.

Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) is a popular cultivated legume vegetable grown in the United States for dry bean or canned bean production. In 2017, two symptomatic P. lunatus plants exhibiting mosaic, vein banding, and growth retardation were collected in a public garden in Honolulu, HI. Both samples contained bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), and the two BCMV isolates were subjected to biological characterization on a panel of 11 differential cultivars of common bean (P. vulgaris), and to molecular characterization through whole genome sequencing. Both samples contained nearly identical BCMV sequences, named BCMV-A1, which, in turn, were 93% identical to the peanut stripe virus strain of BCMV. BCMV-A1 induced an unusually severe systemic necrosis in cultivar 'Dubbele Witte', and pronounced necrotic or chlorotic reaction in inoculated leaves of five other bean differentials. BCMV-A1 was able to partially overcome resistance alleles bc-1 and bc-2 expressed singly in common bean, inducing no systemic symptoms. Phylogenetic analysis of the BCMV-A1 sequence, and distinct biological reactions in common bean differentials suggested that BCMV-A1 represented a new lima bean strain of BCMV. In 2017, two BCMV isolates were collected in Idaho from common bean, and based on partial genome sequences were found 99% identical to the BCMV-A1 sequence. The data suggest that the lima bean strain of BCMV may have a wider circulation, including common bean as a host. This new strain of BCMV may thus pose a significant threat to common bean production.

Hepatitis B, C and Delta Viruses’ Infections and Correlate Factors Among Female Sex Workers in Burkina Faso, West-Africa

Background:Female Sex Workers (FSW) have increased vulnerability to viral hepatitis B, C and D transmission. Our study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of hepatitis B, C and D viruses and their associated factors among FSW in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.Methods:This is a cross-sectional study among FSW at least 18 years old in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Data were collected from February 2013 to May 2013 using Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS). Hepatitis B, C, and D tests were performed on FSW storage serums using fourth generation ELISA kits. Survey-weighted bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed using Stata version 14 to identify factors associated with viral hepatitis infections.Results:Population-weighted prevalence of viral hepatitis infections in FSW was respectively 18.2% (95%CI: 14.4-22.9) for Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), 10.6% (95%CI: 07.5-14.8) for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and 1.5% (95Cl: 0.2-10.3) for Hepatitis D Virus (HDV). Factors independently associated with HCV include positive HIV status, inconsistent condom use during the last 12 months, condom reuse with clients, sex with clients in the street, bars or public gardens. No sociodemographic or behavioral factors were independently associated with HBV infection.Conclusion:The prevalence of HBV and HCV was high among FSW and the prevalence of HDV was relatively low in this group in Burkina Faso. These findings suggest urgent and comprehensive prevention of these viruses through education for safer sex and behaviors, and immunization against HBV for FSW.

Capteurs de pollens et pollution : étude européenne AIS Life

The RNSA participated in a European study in 2015 and 2016 with the aim of assessing the amount of pollen and allergen content in several public gardens in Paris and in Lyon and, on the basis of the results obtained, making recommendations to protect allergic subjects. The conclusion is that these parks contain many allergenic species (birches, plane trees, cypresses, ash trees and so on).

Wassail! Reinventing ‘tradition’ in contemporary wassailing customs in southern England

On a bleak winter’s Saturday evening, I find myself along with many others in the middle of a suburban park located in a small town in North Somerset, singing, shouting and toasting to an apple tree, otherwise known as ‘wassailing’. The practice of wassailing the orchards has become increasingly popular since the early 2000s with the custom being performed in community orchards, city farms and public gardens across the United Kingdom and beyond every January. Yet, this tradition which emerges in rural villages to protect the valuable crop of the fruit-producing regions is now practised in built-up areas, often with little or no history of fruit farming. Through in-depth interviews with organisers of local wassails, this research explores how the historic customs of orchard wassailing have been translated into contemporary set of practices that responds to the needs of the organisers and the interests and attitudes of the participating audiences. Events in this research critically engaged with and drew upon historic traditions of wassailing, modifying certain elements due to contemporary regulations or attitudes towards gender and identity. I argue that despite this critical reflection, the notion of ‘tradition’ was mobilised to authenticate and reassert the local identity of the event, even in cases where the wassail was recently ‘reinvented’. The article contributes to the theoretical discussion of ‘tradition’ as a symbolically static reassertion of identity while simultaneously fluid and responsive to the social values of the time. Empirically, the article responds to a lack of coverage in academic literature of this custom, contributing an account of how the wassailing ‘tradition’ is reinvented for a contemporary audience.

Integrative diagnosis, biological observations, and histopathology of the fig cyst nematode Heteroderafici Kirjanova (1954) associated with Ficuscarica L. in southern Italy.

Morpho-biological notes and histopathology, based on LM and SEM observations, of the fig cyst nematode Heteroderafici isolated from Ficuscarica roots, collected in home and public gardens of Apulia region, southern Italy, are described and illustrated. Seventy-five localities throughout the Apulia region were sampled and one-quarter of the sampled localities had fig roots infested with H.fici, with population densities ranging from 44 to 180 cysts/100 ml of soil. All attempts to detect H.fici on ornamental Ficus spp. as well as on imported bonsai in Italy were unsuccessful. Morphometric characters of the Italian population conform to those of the type and re-description populations reported for H.fici. Molecular analysis using ITS, D2–D3 expansion domains of the 28S rRNA, and the partial 18S rRNA sequences of H.fici newly obtained in this study matched well with the corresponding sequences of H.fici present in the GenBank database. Phylogenetic trees confirmed and supported the grouping of H.fici in the Humuli group. Heteroderafici completes its embryogenic development in 14–16 days at 25 °C. Post-invasion development and maturity in the roots of F.carica seedlings is completed in 64–68 days at 25–28 °C with juveniles and adults showing different parasitic habits, being endoparasitic and semi-endoparasitic respectively. The establishment of permanent feeding sites that consist of the formation of large syncytia causes anatomical modification of vascular elements and general disorder in the root stelar structures. Syncytia structures associated with mature females showed different degrees of vacuolisation, numbers of syncytial cells, and contained nuclei and nucleoli which were constantly hypertrophied.

A framework for architects' role in attaining sustainable community development in heritage areas: Al-Darb AL-Ahmar, Islamic Cairo, Egypt as a case

Heritage areas fall under many urban pressures, due to the disparity between its old physical structures and their inhabitants’ needs. However, heritage assets represent the main potential for such areas to achieve urban development. Architects play a pivotal role in materializing these potentials, through their role and practices, which serve as the cornerstone of the development process. This paper outlines a framework for architects’ intervention, in order to attain the prospects and improvements of a sustainable community development, and achieve the goals of revitalization in heritage areas.To achieve its goals, this paper investigates three aspects of architect's intervention in heritage areas: Physical, Economic and Social Revitalization. In addition to these aspects, the framework covers the practices and indicators followed by architects to achieve sustainable community development. Finally, the applicability of this framework is investigated using the outcomes of the heritage conservation and community development project initiated by “Friends of Historical and Public Gardens Society” (FHPGS) in (Al-Darb Al-Ahmar district, Historic Cairo).

Planting the Golden Flower: A Dream of Hope in the Age of Trump

This article examines the author’s dream of Donald Trump, which occurred two months before the 2016 presidential election. In the dream, Trump watches while the dreamer plants a yellow chrysanthemum in a public garden. Objective and subjective interpretations are explored, and the dream’s central images are amplified. The image of Trump is interpreted as a collective shadow figure. The yellow chrysanthemum is compared to the golden flower in Jung’s commentary on Richard Wilhelm’s The Secret of the Golden Flower, first published in 1931. Jung’s mandala drawings and dreams are related to the development of his understanding of the archetype of the Self. In conclusion, it is suggested that the golden flower planted in the dream may represent the transcendent function, a reconciling symbol that offers reason for hope in our fractured and turbulent world.

Postgrowth Imaginaries: New Ecologies and Counterhegemonic Culture in Post-2008 Spain by Luis I. Prádanos

Reviewed by: Postgrowth Imaginaries: New Ecologies and Counterhegemonic Culture in Post-2008 Spain by Luis I. Prádanos Jennifer Brady Postgrowth Imaginaries: New Ecologies and Counterhegemonic Culture in Post-2008 Spain. Liverpool UP, 2018 by Luis I. Prádanos In response to the global postgrowth crisis caused by the unsustainable and undesirable effects of capitalism, the lens of ecological cultural studies may be used to analyze works of film, literature, and popular culture. In his new book Postgrowth Imaginaries: New Ecologies and Counterhegemonic Culture in Post-2008 Spain, Luis I. Prádanos's masterful approach situates postgrowth issues in the context of a mosaic of varied contemporary Spanish cultural products. The book explores the consequences of economic growth on our environment and ways of living and calls for a shift of paradigm, one that seeks to establish a more sustainable way of being in the world. Prádanos offers commentary on how a collective approach based on the decolonialization of capitalism could serve as a point of departure in finding solutions to destructive economic policies and unsustainable growth patterns. Prádanos presents contemporary Spain as the perfect petri dish in which to study the global postgrowth crisis. From the ironic "milagro económico" of the 1960s to the aftermath of the indignados movement, Spain has experienced negative effects of overconsumption and lack of fair distribution of wealth and resources, which, consequently, has led to what the author correctly tags as "the Spanish Neoliberal crisis" in the first chapter. Here, a succinct look at the effects of the economic crisis of 2008 in Spain and the aftermath of the 15M movement critique of free markets and deregulation is presented. Chapter 2, titled "Urban Ecocriticism and Spanish Cultural Studies," is a must-read for those who study contemporary Spain, new ecologies, and urban cultural studies. This section, in fact, is so packed with intriguing information that it could have been an entire book in itself. Here, Prádanos seems to make an implicit call to readers to continue studying these cultural productions in order to continue spreading the message that there are better ways of being in our world. His message is incredibly inspiring. Perhaps the gem of Prádanos's book, "the historical gap between environmentalism, cultural studies, and the urban experience" is skillfully analyzed in cultural products from twenty-first-century Spain in chapter 2 (Bennett and Teague, "Urban Ecocriticism: An Introduction" in The Nature of Cities: Ecocriticism and Urban Environments, 1999, p. 10, qtd. by Prádanos 91). Prádanos first schools the reader on urban theories—he precisely and clearly explains key ideas from Marx, Fraser, Harvey, Girardet, and more—and then explains several recent cultural productions in Spain that offer counternarratives to the notion that economic growth is advantageous. Some of the cultural products that the author discusses in this chapter are as follows. Films, Sobre ruedas: el sueño del automóvil (dir. Óscar Clemente, 2011), Mercado de futuros (dir. Mercedes Álvarez, 2011), and Gente en sitios (dir. Juan Cavestany, 2013) challenge Spain's response to the economic crisis of 2008 and the notion that growth is favorable. Two dystopian novels based in Madrid by Rosa Montero, Lágrimas en la lluvia (2011) and El peso del corazón (2015), encourage readers to reimagine the human relationship with the environment. The short novel Distintas formas de mirar el agua (2015) by Julio Llamazares offers a critique of the construction of dams and reservoirs carried out in the mid-twentieth-century in Spain, and, thus, "fictionalizes some of the [End Page 259] specific consequences of Franco's technocratic project in Spain and its authoritarian, biopolitical management of populations" (Prádanos 131). Two books, La voz de los sabios (Elena García Quevedo, 2013) and Palabras mayores: un viaje por la memoria rural (Emilio Gancedo, 2015) vindicate rural communities of Spain. The graphic novel Memorias de la tierra (Miguel Brieva, 2012) criticizes contemporary human life from an extraterrestrial perspective. Also explored in this chapter: street art, performance art, a website, public manifestations like the 15M encampments in Madrid's Puerta del Sol, public gardens, a magazine. All of these cultural products share the common objective of challenging the...

First Report of Rust Caused by Aecial Stage of Puccinia klugkistiana on Ligustrum japonicum in Korea

Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. (Oleraceae), called Japanese privet or waxleaf privet, is native to Japan and southern Korea. Owing to its attractive evergreen foliage, it is widely cultivated in other regions with warm temperate climates. This shrub is also naturalized in California and in the southeastern United States from Texas to Virginia (https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/). In June 2016, hundreds of L. japonicum shrubs were found affected by a rust at a disease incidence of 50% in a public garden in Daegu (35°53′25″N; 128°35′01″E), Korea. Similar symptoms with typical rust pustules on this plant species were also found in Jinju (35°10′46″N; 128°05′48″E), Korea. Examination of an affected plant revealed that orange-yellow rust pustules were formed on the lower leaf surface with corresponding yellowish to chlorotic lesions on the upper surface. Four representative voucher specimens have been deposited in the Korea University herbarium (KUS-F29287, F29290, F29781, and F29797), Seoul, Korea. Morphological characteristics of the aecial stage were as follows. Spermogonia were epiphyllous, aggregated, initially yellow and becoming brown, subepidermal, and flask shaped. Aecia were hypophyllous, densely clustered, on leaves and occasionally also on branches, causing distortion and hypertrophy of the host, cupulate, deeply immersed in host mesophyll, 120 to 200 µm diameter, and yellowish. Peridia were prominent, easily splitting vertically, peridial cells oblong to polygonal, 22 to 36 × 16 to 22 µm, inner wall 4 to 6 µm thick, verrucose, outer wall 6 to 10 µm thick, smooth to finely verrucose. Aeciospores were angularly globose to ellipsoid, densely and minutely verrucose, subhyaline to pale yellowish, 16 to 28 × 16 to 22 µm, walls 1 to 2 µm thick. Morphological characteristics of the collections were in good agreement with the aecial stage of Puccinia klugkistiana (Dietel) J.X. Ji & Kakish. (Hiratsuka et al. 1992; Ji et al. 2017). To confirm the identification, genomic DNA was extracted from aeciospores of two dried herbarium specimens. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) regions of rRNA gene were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified using specific primer pairs ITS5u/ITS4rust and universal primers LR0R/LR6 as described by Beenken et al. (2017). PCR products were sequenced and deposited in GenBank (MH644179 and MH644180 for ITS; MH644181 and MH644182 for LSU). No ITS sequence of P. klugkistiana is available in the NCBI database, because this this the first sequence data for ITS of this rust species. LSU sequences from two representative isolates had 100% homology with that of Aecidium klugkistianum (HQ699078) from China. The aecial stage of P. klugkistiana has been reported on eight species/varieties of Ligustrum from East Asia including China, Japan, and Korea (Farr and Rossman 2018; Hiratsuka et al. 1992). In Korea, L. ibota and L. obtusifolium have been recorded as host plants of the aecial stage of P. klugkistiana (Hiratsuka 1942). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the aecial stage of P. klugkistiana on L. japonicum in Korea. Rust infection caused necrotic lesions, greatly detracting from the beauty of the glossy leaves.

公园城市的学术定义探究

公园城市的学术定义探究