Public Engagement Research Articles

Stakeholder Theory, Public Engagement, and Epistemic Injustice: The Case of Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Scotland’s African, Caribbean, and Black Communities

The adoption of a stakeholder approach to public engagement within the public sector has been extensive. However, there remain critical gaps in the understanding of stakeholder participation arising from hidden disparities that contribute to unequal access to communication channels, information, and hence ultimately knowledge and decision making. The term “epistemic injustice” has been used to describe such inequality of access and consequently, the outcome that ensues. Epistemic injustice is much overlooked in stakeholder theory. This article shows how epistemic injustice can act as a barrier to effective stakeholder engagement and hence to successful public policy formulation and implementation. We use the case of vaccine hesitancy among Scotland’s African, Caribbean, and Black (ACB) communities to illustrate this problem of unequal participation. The study drew on primary data involving 85 participants and secondary data sources from extant literature and explored salient factors shaping barriers to vaccine uptake during the recent pandemic. The findings demonstrate how the failure to grasp epistemic injustice undermines the effectiveness of the stakeholder approach, even with the most well-intentioned efforts. We argue that epistemic injustice is a critical barrier to effective stakeholder approaches.

Saudi Arabia's Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak: consequences, reactions, and takeaways.

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral illness caused by the MERS-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Saudi Arabia has reported most global MERS-CoV cases and deaths, with periodic outbreaks in other countries. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the 2023 MERS-CoV outbreak in Saudi Arabia, including its epidemiology, public health response, impact, and lessons learned. This study utilized a narrative review approach, drawing on published literature and data from sources such as the WHO and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The 2023 outbreak was centered in the Riyadh region, with 312 confirmed cases and 97 deaths reported. MERS-CoV primarily spreads from dromedary camels to humans, with human-to-human transmission, especially in healthcare settings. The outbreak exhibited seasonal and spatial trends, with most cases during camel calving season and in rural areas with high camel populations. The Saudi Ministry of Health implemented a multi-faceted response, including enhancing surveillance, improving infection prevention, providing clinical support, and conducting risk communication. Over time, the response showed a decline in the number of cases and deaths, indicating its effectiveness. The outbreak has significant public health, economic, and social impacts, underscoring the ongoing threat of emerging zoonotic diseases. Key lessons include early case detection, efficient infection control, vaccine and treatment development, public engagement, and strengthening of regional and global collaboration to mitigate future outbreaks and safeguard public health.

Understanding how nurses can effectively utilise social media for increasing public involvement, recruitment and impact dissemination of Clinical Research Trials.

The methodologies for clinical research trials are evolving to greater usage of social media platforms, providing opportunities to incorporate smart technologies in their delivery. Research Nurses should consider how they can utilise platforms for public engagement in trials. To explore the experiences of social media platforms and clinical research trials in a healthy population group, to gain insight into how clinical researchers can utilise these platforms professionally and ethically. Using a critical realist qualitative focus group design with template analysis, we recruited 16 healthy members of the public aged 18-75 years. The data expands upon their thoughts and behaviours regarding social media platforms with their understanding of clinical research. Three main themes along with their specific subthemes (1) Design: Patient and Public Involvement (Subtheme: Understanding of clinical research, Diversity of social media users), (2) Implementation: Recruitment to active studies, (Subtheme: Motivators for volunteering, Trustworthy), (3) Dissemination: Impact and Awareness of Results, (Subtheme: Information overload, Motivations for users to share information). This study has highlighted the need to consider the way different population groups use social media platforms and the information they share when looking to engage them in clinical research trials.

RABIES: UNITING FOR ONE HEALTH - PROTECTING HUMANS AND ANIMALS TOGETHER

This review article elucidates the intricate dynamics of rabies and its effects in the context of a persistent global threat using the One Health approach. This article emphasizes the inescapable link between human, animal, and environmental health by clarifying the complex mechanisms of rabies transmission, elaborating on its symptoms and course, and demonstrating its global occurrence and impact. This article highlights the crucial importance of zoonotic diseases, notably the reservoir role of animals in rabies transmission, and embraces the idea of One Health, which recognizes the symbiotic interactions between these domains. This study highlights the significance of unified control and surveillance systems from a strategic perspective. This emphasizes the value of vaccination as a cornerstone for safeguarding both human and animal populations. Additionally, it highlights the potential of interdisciplinary One Health initiatives to eradicate rabies through successful case studies. This article sheds light on the crucial role of international organizations, the significance of policy advocacy, strict regulation, and international cooperation while addressing socioeconomic consequences, implementation challenges, and the goals of a rabies-free world. Interdisciplinary research has emerged as a catalyst to develop innovative prevention and control methods that are strengthened by technology, shared knowledge, and resilient strategies to combat the effects of climate change and emerging diseases. Public engagement, education, and community empowerment should be implemented to establish a proactive approach to rabies prevention. It concludes with a loud appeal for coordinated One Health initiatives to build a safer future in the face of this ongoing issue.

Smart Grid Technologies and Their Role in Sustainable Energy Management

Purpose: The general objective of this study was to analyze smart grid technologies and their role in sustainable energy management. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to smart grid technologies and their role in sustainable energy management. Preliminary empirical review revealed that smart grid technologies significantly transformed energy management by enhancing sustainability, reliability, and efficiency through advanced metering, real-time analytics, and improved communication networks. These technologies enabled better integration of renewable energy sources, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and empowered consumers with detailed energy usage information, leading to cost savings and increased energy efficiency. However, challenges such as high implementation costs, infrastructure needs, regulatory hurdles, and cybersecurity risks were identified. The study highlighted the importance of continued research, supportive policies, and public engagement to optimize smart grid deployment and achieve a more sustainable energy system. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Diffusions of Innovations Theory, Socio- Technical Systems Theory and Actor- Network Theory may be used to anchor future studies on smart grid technologies. The study recommended adopting a multidisciplinary approach to smart grid research, enhancing interoperability through standardized protocols, and investing in workforce training. It emphasized supportive regulatory frameworks, including incentives and dynamic pricing models, to promote smart grid adoption. Public awareness and engagement were deemed crucial, suggesting educational campaigns to increase consumer participation. The study highlighted the importance of international collaboration for knowledge sharing and called for continuous investment in research and development to drive technological advancements and ensure the sustainability and efficiency of smart grid systems.

Protocol for a randomised controlled unblinded feasibility trial of HD-DRUM: a rhythmic movement training application for cognitive and motor symptoms in people with Huntington’s disease

IntroductionHuntington’s disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease causing progressive cognitive and motor decline, largely due to basal ganglia (BG) atrophy. Rhythmic training offers promise as therapy to counteract BG-regulated...

HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF BUNDELKHAND REGION CONSERVATION, VISUALIZATION, USING G.I.S TECHNOLOGIES

This research paper investigates the conservation, visualization, and study of Bundelkhand's historical and cultural heritage using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies. Located in central India, Bundelkhand is renowned for its rich historical sites, including ancient temples, forts, and palaces. These sites face significant preservation challenges due to environmental degradation, neglect, and socio-economic constraints. This study explores the application of GIS technologies in documenting, analyzing, and visualizing Bundelkhand's heritage. GIS offers powerful tools for creating detailed inventories, assessing the physical condition of structures, monitoring changes, and enhancing public engagement through immersive visualizations. The paper highlights the transformative potential of GIS in heritage conservation through case studies of the Khajuraho temples and the Orchha Fort Complex, demonstrating how GIS facilitates comprehensive documentation, condition assessment, and informed conservation strategies. While GIS technologies present numerous benefits, such as enhanced data integration and improved spatial analysis, challenges related to data accuracy, technical expertise, and resource constraints must be addressed. The study underscores the need for a balanced approach that combines traditional conservation methods with advanced GIS technologies to ensure the sustainable preservation of Bundelkhand's cultural legacy. By leveraging GIS, conservationists, researchers, and policymakers can safeguard Bundelkhand's heritage, promote sustainable tourism, and foster a deeper appreciation for the region's rich cultural history. This research contributes to the broader discourse on digital transformation in heritage conservation, emphasizing the critical role of GIS in preserving and promoting cultural heritage in the digital age.

A comprehensive review of current techniques, issues, and technological advancements in sustainable E-waste management

Electronic garbage (E-waste), which is caused by the global fast obsolescence and disposal of electronic gadgets, has become a major environmental concern. Adoption of sustainable E-waste management strategies has become crucial to address the growing effects of e-waste on the environment and human health. This in-depth overview of existing practices, problems, and new technology developments in sustainable E-waste disposal is presented in this thorough review article. The article analyses the efficiency of frequently used E-waste management strategies for reducing environmental effects and fostering resource recovery, including recycling, refurbishing, landfilling, and extended producer responsibility (EPR) initiatives. The main difficulties that policymakers, producers, recyclers, consumers, and employees in the unorganized sector of the economy confront in managing e-waste are also discussed, along with possible solutions. The analysis emphasizes the value of ecologically sound E-waste recycling techniques and examines new technology advancements, such as automated disassembly and trash sorting based on artificial intelligence, aimed at improving recycling efficiency and lowering environmental burdens. Along with successful case studies, the idea of a circular economy and sustainable product design in E-waste management are also covered. It is highlighted the need of strong legislative frameworks, international partnerships, and public engagement in responsible E-waste disposal in order to address the issue of transboundary flows of E-waste. In its last section, the paper sketches out the picture for the future and makes suggestions for how governments, businesses, and other stakeholders may adopt sustainable E-waste management approaches and further the development of a circular economy for E-waste.

Measuring museum sustainability in China: a DSR model-driven approach to empower sustainable development goals (SDGs)

In the past few years, sustainable development has undoubtedly become an essential perspective for museums. Museums have been committed to raising social awareness around ecological conservation and cultural diversity through various exhibitions, education and research projects, and public engagement. However, the concepts, approaches, and practises of “sustainability” differ across nations and regions, and there is a lack of sufficient quantitative research on sustainable development by and within museums. This article aims to establish an evaluation framework and evaluation approach for museum sustainability in China. Its framework is initially based on the DSR model, in which “D” delineates seven deeds of museum visitors, “S” characterizes the status of sustainable practises within museums, and “R” involves presenting sustainability strategies pertinent to Chinese museums by integrating Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A fuzzy QFD model is then used to develop an evaluation approach for analyzing the Zhejiang Natural History Museum (ZNHM)’s sustainable development strategies, using data from surveys and in-depth interviews. As a result of this study, significant opportunities for deepening sustainable practises were identified for ZNHM, which include updating the collection system, enhancing professionalism in exhibitions and educational projects, and securing funding policies. ZNHM’s sustainability efforts prioritize enhancing social awareness, and internal reforms related to social value, governance, and professional capabilities. With these foundations in place, international cooperation among museums may be the next step towards a sustainable future.

Evaluating Samarinda City's Sub-district Digitalization Policy for Enhanced Public Services

General Background: The rapid advancement of digital technology has significantly impacted public service delivery, with governments worldwide exploring digital transformation to enhance administrative efficiency and public engagement. Specific Background: In Samarinda City, the implementation of a digitalization trial program in sub-districts has been undertaken to address the existing dissatisfaction among the public with conventional public services. Knowledge Gap: While digitalization is presumed to improve service efficiency and accessibility, empirical evidence on its effectiveness, particularly at the sub-district level, remains sparse. Aims: This study aims to evaluate the policy of the digitalization trial program in Samarinda City's sub-districts, focusing on its capacity to improve service quality and its broader impacts on public administration. Results: The findings reveal significant enhancements in service efficiency and user satisfaction, marked by a decrease in physical visits to sub-district offices as residents increasingly access services online. Novelty: This research contributes to the understanding of digital transformation at a micro-administrative level, a less explored area in digital governance studies. Implications: The successful implementation of the digitalization program in Samarinda City suggests potential scalability to other regions, highlighting the importance of strategic planning and continuous training to realize the benefits of digital governance fully. Highlights: Efficiency Gains: Reduced physical visits signify increased service efficiency. User Satisfaction: Digital services improved accessibility and speed, enhancing satisfaction. Scalability: The program's success highlights its potential for broader application, requiring strategic planning and continuous training. Keywords: E-Government, Digitalization Program Policy, Community Services

Smart Waste Management System for Smart Cities

A smart waste management system represents aninnovative approach of smart bin by integrating IoT intelligence. The system incorporates sensor-based devices deployed within smart bin to monitor in real time. This bin allows efficient route planning, reducing operational costs and emissions and timely waste collection improves hygiene, reducelittering and enhances overall quality of life. Smart bin collects the data from the sensors, which is then store into the firebase, through the app municipal authorities and the public receives the notifications regarding the bin fill status, safety alerts, and can track location of the bin. It utilizes solar power for sustainable power supply and camera for live streaming. The system provides a web interface to the municipal authority so that they can monitor and clean the garbage bin. The system enhances the public engagement, and contributes to a cleaner and greener environment.

Identity construction in digital communication for public engagement in science

This article explores identity construction in citizen science web texts. Keyness and concordance analyses show that these texts reflect, construct and negotiate identity construction in various ways to ultimately support citizen participation in scientific processes. Scientists primarily construct a professional identity through self-representation markers (‘we’ pronouns). They present themselves as credible professionals, aligned with the socially established values and ideologies of the scientific community. In addition, they appear to create a collective identity to promote empathy and to encourage and maintain citizen engagement in scientific processes. However, processes of indexicality and relationality – that is positioning and dialogism – reveal that the construction of a professional identity is consistently made more relevant than a collective expert-crowd identity, thus exposing overt power asymmetries. Even when dialogue between experts and nonexperts is encouraged, all the monologic and dialogic interactions established by the hypertext structure of the project sites reflect power imbalances.

Assessment of sustainable healthcare management policies and practices in Oman: A comprehensive analysis using an ai-based literature review

Health Vision 2050 Oman is a strategic plan to establish Oman as a regional leader and a research base for world-class health research. The vision emphasises prioritising health research to allocate and plan available resources appropriately. A sustainable healthcare management system is a holistic approach that seeks to balance economic, social, and environmental concerns to ensure the long-term viability and efficacy of healthcare services. There are numerous obstacles to implementing a sustainable healthcare management system in Oman. For example, assessing patient safety culture in primary healthcare settings in Muscat has revealed patient safety concerns throughout the healthcare system. It is critical to address these difficulties to improve the quality and safety of healthcare services, both of which are essential for sustainable healthcare management. The primary goal of this study is to identify the sustainable healthcare areas and policies required for Oman's Healthcare Management System. This research undertakes a comprehensive literature review using artificial intelligence (AI) to analyse Oman's sustainable healthcare management policies and practices. This study uses two AI tools, Scite.ai and SciSpace, to discover areas and policies related to Oman's sustainable healthcare management system. The study highlighted environmental sustainability, public health initiatives, infrastructure development, waste management, and community engagement and education. Furthermore, a variety of interconnected policies are discernible within each domain. This study provides significant data about Oman's sustainable healthcare practices and can guide policymakers and healthcare sector stakeholders. This study contributes significantly to creating sustainable healthcare management strategies and establishing resilient healthcare systems in Oman by focusing on critical domains and policies.

Attribute Agenda Building in An Environmental Crisis: News Coverage of MV X-Press Pearl Ship Incident in Sri Lanka

This study investigated the building of the attribute agenda of an environmental crisis, taking the MV X-Press Pearl shipwreck incident as a case study. English weekend newspapers for a year since the incident were used for a content analysis to identify the information subsidies and their respective attribute agendas. An analysis framework was developed based on information subsidies and their respective attribute agendas. Results indicated that the governmental bodies unrelated to the environment were the most frequently cited sources, followed by experts and local non-governmental organizations/ industries. Conversely, the public was the least cited information source. Environmental damage was the most frequently emphasized attribute, followed by law and agreements and prevention. However, policy was the least reported attribute. Considering the correlation between information sources and attributes, the Marine Environmental Protection Authority highlighted the mitigation agenda, while non environmental related governmental bodies emphasized prevention agenda. Policymakers focused on getting compensation, while governmental bodies emphasized law and agreements and Experts prioritized on environmental damage. The evidence for attribute agenda building was found further strengthening the agenda building hypothesis and information subsidies had their own attributes highlighted in media reports. The study delves into the practical implications of agenda building, which can influence media outlets. It suggests strategic communication planning, aligning coverage with objectives, and collaborating with environmental advocacy groups. This understanding informs decision-making, promotes balanced coverage, and enhances public engagement. It is important to additionally take into account the process used to establish the agenda in future research.

Nocturnal avian migration drives high daily turnover but limited change in abundance on the ground

Every night during spring and autumn, the mass movement of migratory birds redistributes bird abundances found on the ground during the day. However, the connection between the magnitude of nocturnal migration and the resulting change in diurnal abundance remains poorly quantified. If departures and landings at the same location are balanced throughout the night, we expect high bird turnover but little change in diurnal abundance (stream‐like migration). Alternatively, migrants may move simultaneously in spatial pulses, with well‐separated areas of departure and landing that cause significant changes in the abundance of birds on the ground during the day (wave‐like migration). Here, we apply a flow model to data from weather surveillance radars (WSR) to quantify the daily fluxes of nocturnally migrating birds landing and departing from the ground, characterizing the movement and stopover of birds in a comprehensive synoptic scale framework. We corroborate our results with independent observations of the diurnal abundances of birds on the ground from eBird. Furthermore, we estimate the abundance turnover, defined as the proportion of birds replaced overnight. We find that seasonal bird migration chiefly resembles a stream where bird populations on the ground are continuously replaced by new individuals. Large areas show similar magnitudes of take‐off and landing, coupled with relatively small distances flown by birds each night, resulting in little change in bird densities on the ground. We further show that WSR‐inferred landing and take‐off fluxes predict changes in eBird‐derived abundance turnover rate and turnover in species composition. We find that the daily turnover rate of birds is 13% on average but can reach up to 50% on peak migration nights. Our results highlight that WSR networks can provide real‐time information on rapidly changing bird distributions on the ground. The flow model applied to WSR data can be a valuable tool for real‐time conservation and public engagement focused on migratory birds' daytime stopovers.

Porous Secularity: Religious Modernity and the Vertical Religious Diversity in Cold War South Korea

Beyond the once dominant secularization thesis that anticipated the decline of religion in the modern era, the academic study of religion has in recent decades revisited secular as one of the factors that shape religion and religions in the globalized world. Against this theoretical backdrop, in this article, I use the case of South Korea to explore how secular and religion interact in contemporary global society. It focuses on describing the postcolonial reformulation of secularity and the corresponding transformation of religious diversity in Cold War South Korea. The Japanese colonial secularism rigidly banning the public and political engagement of religion was replaced by the flexible secular-religious divide after liberation of 1945. The porous mode of secularity extensively admitted religious entities to affect processes of postcolonial nation-building. Religious values, interests, and resources have been applied in motivating, pushing, and justifying South Koreans to devote themselves to developing the national community as a whole. Such a form of secularity became a critical condition that caused South Korea’s religious landscape to be reorganized in a vertical and unequal way. On the one hand, Buddhist and Christian populations grew remarkably in the liberated field of religion, while freedom of religion was recognized as a key ideological principle of the anticommunist country. On the other hand, folk beliefs and minority religious groups were often considered “superstitions”, “pseudo religions”, “heretics”, or even “evil religions”. With the pliable secularity at work, religious diversity was reconfigured hierarchically in the postcolonial society.

Virtual Reality as a Tool for Public Speaking Training: Assessing Efficacy and Engagement

This study investigates the efficacy and engagement of virtual reality (VR) as a tool for public speaking training. The primary objective is to qualitatively analyze the literature to understand how VR technology can enhance public speaking skills and increase user engagement compared to traditional training methods. The research employs a qualitative literature review methodology, synthesizing findings from academic articles, industry reports, case studies, and empirical studies to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge in this field. The literature review methodology involves systematically collecting and analyzing scholarly sources that explore various aspects of VR in public speaking training. The study categorizes the literature into key themes, such as the effectiveness of VR in simulating real-life speaking scenarios, the psychological benefits of using VR for reducing anxiety, and the levels of user engagement and motivation in VR-based training programs. Thematic analysis is used to identify patterns and trends in how VR influences public speaking proficiency and participant engagement. The findings indicate that VR offers a highly immersive and interactive environment that can closely mimic real-life public speaking situations, providing users with valuable practice opportunities. Studies show that VR can significantly reduce public speaking anxiety by allowing users to repeatedly practice in a controlled, virtual setting. Additionally, VR-based training programs are found to be more engaging and motivating for users, leading to higher levels of participation and improved learning outcomes.

Public perception and acceptance of CCUS: preliminary findings of a qualitative case study in Greece.

The development and implementation of carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) technologies plays an increasingly important part in European Union (EU) countries' decarbonisation policies and strategies. Several studies have shown the important role social acceptance plays in determining the outcomes of CCUS projects and how social acceptance is shaped by the national and local contexts. Yet most studies on CCUS and social acceptance have focused on a few northern European countries despite the increasing numbers of CCUS projects across the European Union. This study seeks to help address this gap by conducting a case study on how local dynamics shaped people's acceptance and awareness of CCUS in two separate Greek communities. Based on semi-structured interviews with community members near a CCUS pilot plant, and a focus group with community members from a potential storage site, this single case study explores the factors and dynamics that shaped the participants' perceptions of CCUS technologies. Our findings indicate that, despite the low level of awareness of CCUS technologies, participants could draw on their situated knowledge to identify potential drawbacks with their application. We identified scepticism regarding the adoption of new technologies and the organisations involved based on past experiences, and a notable lack of provision of technology and location-specific information as well as public engagement by the project consortium. Our recommendations for future projects and community engagement include the early involvement of the public in project development, location-based transparent information, appropriate channels to facilitate knowledge exchange, and educational initiatives to build communities' capability to influence projects.

Diversity our strength? Exploring the influence of power dynamics on shaping suburban ethnic strips and place-making

ABSTRACT In Canada’s multicultural context, diversity is often celebrated in city branding and promotion, yet, it is not clear what diversity means, to whom, and whether the advantages of urban diversity are well acknowledged to support inclusive place-making. Situated in two of Toronto’s most diverse inner suburbs, this paper explores how diversity and place are perceived, produced, and experienced by local immigrant and racialized communities in obsolete and stigmatized strip mall environments, and how power dynamics are presented and influenced through the place-making process. The findings reveal that, although the population is culturally diverse and immigrants actively contribute to suburban place-making, municipal plans and policies do not prioritize immigrant communities and businesses. This results in ineffective public engagement and a disconnect with the diverse communities, thereby impacting the outcomes of ethnic places. The current city-wide Business Improvement Area program also requires a renewed focus on diversity and inclusion. Without equity and inclusion as fundamental considerations in city planning and engagement processes, there is no guarantee that diversity can be effectively leveraged as an urban asset or strength. This oversight can adversely affect the outcomes of ethnic place-making, a process that aims to empower the relationships between people and place.

Levers and obstacles for implementing public engagement practices in electricity grid development

The scale of change required through the development of new energy infrastructure throughout Europe is vast. The societal dimensions of the energy transition are increasingly recognised as centrally important and approaches to infrastructure development which seek to incorporate such considerations are warranted. EirGrid - Ireland's national electricity transmission operator - through their own historical context, have undergone a journey to develop new strategies for citizen and community engagement with relation to energy grid developments.Here, we reflect upon this journey, situating it within their previous failures and the national context. This process of reflective practice seeks to provide findings for other organisations internationally undertaking a journey towards establishing new engagement practices. The establishment of such practices is critical for enabling deeper societal engagement on the energy transition. A research gap exists in relation to the organisational development of new public engagement practices within institutions tasked with developing infrastructure associated with the energy transition. This creates a challenge whereby ever-increasing calls for public engagement are made, but no lessons exist with relation to how such new practices can be embedded within an organisational strategy. We contribute to this space through answering the research question: what are the key levers and barriers for organisation change towards new forms of public engagement in infrastructure delivery?The reflections outlined through this paper have been provided by individuals in different positions across the organisation. The paper develops key findings which add to the literature in relation to levers and obstacles for implementing public engagement and associated factors.