Public Economy Research Articles

Financial Sovereignty in the Doctrine of Financial Law of Pre-Revolutionary and Soviet Periods: A Historical and Legal Study

The paper is devoted to the study of the works of leading pre-revolutionary and Soviet period researchers representing the science of financial law in relation to issues related to financial sovereignty. The work analyzes textbooks on financial law written by E. N. Berendts, S. I. Ilovaisky, V. A. Lebedev, D. M. Lvov, I. I. Patlaevsky, I. I. Yanzhul, V. G. Yarotsky, M. A. Gurvich, G. S. Gurevich, S. A. Kotlyarevsky and E. A. Rovinsky. It is noted that at an early stage of development (the end of the 19th — beginning of the 20th century), the science of financial law had not yet formed a unified idea not only about financial sovereignty, but also about the content and system of financial law as a science. At the same time, the authors of this period paid special attention to the problems of financial supremacy (the law of supreme power in the field of public economy). At the initial stage of the formation of Soviet power, researchers do not focus on studying the essence of financial sovereignty. Later, the Soviet authors proceeded from the position based on constitutional provisions, according to which it was the Union republics that possessed sovereignty manifested in the recognition of the fullness of their power on their territory and the right to independently carry out financial activities. It is concluded that granting the status of a sovereign State to individual Union republics, also in the field of financial activity, is inconsistent with the essence of sovereignty and the essence of the federation as a form of government. In the federation, the bearer of sovereignty can only be of the federal level of government common to the whole country.

Public Economy Analysis in Electricity-based Transportation in Jakarta: Dilemmas and Costs

Public Economy Analysis in Electricity-based Transportation in Jakarta: Dilemmas and Costs

The Contrasting Footprint of Labour and Capital in Post‐colonial India

ABSTRACTIndia's struggle for independence held the promise of an end to poverty and redemption from the communal‐cum‐class‐based inequality which had kept the peasant economy backward. But the planned substitution of the agrarian‐rural fabric for an industrial‐urban way of life failed to materialize. Casualization and contractualization of waged work indicated that labour had become thoroughly commodified in a state of ongoing footlooseness. It was a proletarianization which did not allow for the collective action precondition to raise and settle the social question. The onslaught of neoliberal capitalism in the last quarter of the 20th century ended the brokerage of the nation state to secure the interests of labour next to those of capital. Less than 10 per cent of the workforce has continued to enjoy formalized occupational engagement, mainly in the downgraded public economy. Corporate capital in collusion with statist autocracy has not only effectuated the deregulation of employment but also abandoned the legal code of formality. The outcome is a state of lawlessness for the people at the bottom of the pile. Besides big business, politics and governance are identified in this reconfiguration as stakeholders in a brutal regime of informality, erosive of equality, democracy, welfare and civil rights.

Far-from-sight and expensive: additional costs of public services in rural areas

ABSTRACT Countries reap numerous benefits from maintaining rural communities. Those advantages, however, come at a cost. We examine the additional costs of public services in rural areas in Israel by considering sparsity, population size and density, distances, and socio-economic status of rural residents. We quantify the effect of these factors and find that the cost of providing public services in rural areas is 39% greater than in cities. Density and other structural differences contribute 20% to the added cost. Economies of scale contribute 8.2%; peripheral location 4.2%; and socio-economic status 2.6%. We show that population density moderates the relation between population size and per-resident expenditure. We also demonstrate that more rural villages in an area increases per-resident expenditure and moderates the relation between distance and expenditure. We discuss policy implications and suggest contributions to a deeper understanding of the rural public economy.

Analisis Potret Ekonomi Publik Indonesia Meliputi Tanaman Palawija, Perkebunan, Kehutanan, Perternakan Dan Perikanan

This research aims to analyze the portrait of the Indonesian public economy with a focus on the secondary crops, plantations, forestry, livestock and fisheries sectors. This study uses a descriptive analytical approach to identify the contribution of each sector to the national economy, the challenges faced, and the potential for future development. Data was obtained from various national statistical sources, government reports, and relevant academic literature. The results of the analysis show that these sectors have an important role in providing employment opportunities, increasing regional income, and contributing to national GDP. Secondary crops and plantations, for example, show high potential for economic diversification and food security. The forestry sector, despite facing the challenges of deforestation and climate change, remains significant in providing industrial raw materials and environmental conservation. Livestock and fisheries also play an important role in meeting people's protein needs and supporting food security. However, these various sectors face challenges such as lack of infrastructure, limited market access, and policies that are not yet optimal. This study suggests the need for a more integrated and sustainable development strategy to maximize the contribution of these sectors to the Indonesian economy.

RUSSIAN-MONGOLIAN RELATIONS: A NEW STAGE

The article characterizes the current stage of Russian-Mongolian cooperation, reveals the factors and conditions that determined the new stage of bilateral interaction after 2010. The development of cooperation is conditioned by the needs of regional interaction and the need to solve the problems of internal socio-economic process of Russia and Mongolia. The authors note that the expansion of trade and economic relations with Russia is important for Mongolia for several reasons, including diversification of the public economy, prevention of unipolar orientation of foreign economic activity and the need to solve internal socio-economic problems. The article emphasizes Mongolia’s transit potential and its role in Russia-China relations.The authors separately note that Mongolia faces economic development challenges, including low GDP and high unemployment. In this regard, the Mongolian government is implementing policies and programs aimed at economic development, employment and reducing unemployment and poverty.The intensification of relations between the two countries in the context of Russian interests contributes to the expansion of functional geopolitical space, helps to overcome the artificial isolation constructed by the West, as well as increases the transit opportunities for Russia.

Creative Economy: Essence and Problems of Development

The article presents the authors’ opinion on the essence of creative economy on the content; Scientific and technical progress and post-industrial are clarified its features in the conditions of society; The main directions and trends of its development - progress and resource - are defined; The directions for the formation of adequate features of the creative economy are substantiated in the management system. It is noted that the creative industry is one of the factors of sustainable development and that contributes to the transition to an innovative economy. The essence of the creative industry and the economic characteristics of the creative sector are analyzed. It is noted that there were some fundamental changes at the end of the last century. Globalization and the new economy (knowledge economy) - created new guidelines for the creation and development of the highly economic so-called "creative economy". The basis for the development of the creative economy became the creative potential of a person. Currently, it is quite difficult to accurately assess the effectiveness and adequacy of the measures taken. The fact that the creative industry needs support is undeniable. The role of the state in ensuring the potential success of creative industries is crucial, as the state plays an important role in all key factors related to the development of the industry, such as the level of education, economic diversification, infrastructure, etc. On the basis of our research, we can point out that in the 21st century, a creative human resource should become an important factor in the development of the economy, which has creative thinking in all areas of the public economy and the ability to make and implement economic decisions. Creativity will eventually be the main potential and tool in the economy with traditional ways of thinking and management together. The leaders of socio-economic and scientific-technical progress will be only those companies that master the science of creative management of socio-economic development. Only these enterprise companies, organizations will effectively develop at the stage of the creative economy and will be able to move to mechanisms and tools of creative management of socio-economic development. It is clear that in the first stage of the innovative economy, employers will pay a lot of attention to engineering and technical staff, specialists who will have high professional knowledge, skills, competencies, high intelligence and creativity of thinking, ambition and "aggression". Keywords: creative economy, trend of progress and regression, non-standard administrative decisions, socio-economic relations Unity system, innovative activity, creative management.

The Impact of Public Debt on Economic Growth

One of the main areas of inquiry nowadays is how government debt influences the growth of the economy. Researchers have come to different conclusions regarding the manner in which public debt consequences growth in the economy. As a result, this essay examines how public debt affects an economy or a group of economies' ability to grow. The paper examines the effect of the federal debt on commercial growth by compiling and evaluating relevant research from 2018 to 2023. Threshold is a crucial piece of reference information for examining the process by which public debt has influenced expansion in the economy. The objective is to evaluate the consequence of debt incurred by governments on the development of the economy, determining whether it is favorable or adverse. If the ratio of debt to GDP falls below a certain threshold, it indicates that the public economy is positively contributing to economic growth. A higher threshold value also suggests that the economy can handle additional public responsibilities, increasing the likelihood of popular support for economic expansion. This implies that there exists a complex and nonlinear relationship.

Фінансова діяльність селянського самоврядування у другій половині ХІХ ст.: зауваги мирового посередника М. Скібінського

The purpose of the study is to analyze comments of myrovi poserdnyky on the financial activities of peasant self-government, problems and shortcomings in the economy of rural communities in the second half of the 19th century. The methodological basis of the research is the principle of historicism and objectivity, the anthropological approach became a priority in the research, according to which the important role of the individual is noted, who, being in an administrative position in the bodies of peasant self-government or the state institution of peasant management, could by his actions improve or worsen the work of the structure. The scientific novelty of the study consists of the source analysis of M. Skibinsky's monograph, which describes his reflection on the problems of managing financial and material flows in peasant administrations. Conclusions. Introduced by the Peasant Reform of 1861, peasant self-government caused radical changes in the administrative-territorial structure of the village and the management of rural communities. Thus, the peasant estate, the most numerous in the Romanov empire, had to organize itself according to the model proposed by the legislator, to ensure the functioning of self-governing structures, on which a number of functions of the executive power, including the fiscal. However, tax collection was only one of the many financial tasks of peasant self-government. The intricacies of accounting, including the formation of the public budget, were a difficult task for the officials of the newly formed volost and village boards. However, the government did not foresee either time or resources to train the appropriate personnel in the peasant self-government bodies, at least for the key positions of the village chief, scribe, and village headman. The legislator chose a less expensive way for the state treasury to exercise control over peasant self-government and introduced the institute of myrovi poserdnyky. These officials came from local nobles, they had quite broad powers and important tasks, especially in the first years of the implementation of the Peasant Reform. First of all, in the case of the creation of peasant self-government, such as the organization of elections to their boards, clarification of their functions and powers to peasant officials. The role of the myrovi poserdnyky for peasant self-governance is not clear-cut, the activity of the institution as a whole needs careful analysis. Studying the personal experience of myrovi poserdnyky deserves special attention. For example, the myrovi poserdnyky from the Podilsk province, M. Skibinskyi, demonstrated an active position in improving the economic situation and financial work of peasant self-government. M. Skibinskyi expressed sincere concern about problems in peasant self-government, particularly in their finances. M. Skibinskyi set out his considerations and recommendations on streamlining the financial work of peasant self-government and improving economic affairs in rural communities in the book "Peasant Public Economy: Public Capital". The analysis of the financial activity of the peasant self-government in the second half of the 19th century and the remarks of the myrovi poserdnyky M. Skibinsky about it are analyzed in the article.

Credit Channel Transmission of Monetary Policy: How to Promote Growth in Indonesia?

Credit plays a significant part in supporting the public economy and as a driver of financial development. Banking facilitates households and companies as deficit spending units to finance their consumption and investment. This encourages the economic growth through increased aggregate demand. This research aims to analyze the transmission of monetary policy in Indonesia through credit channel, how the monetary policy affects economic growth. For monthly data 2017-2022, with the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and Vector Auto Regressive (VAR), the research results show that economic growth provides a negative response to consumption shocks on the household liquidity effect credit channel. While through the balance sheet channel, economic growth responds positively to investment shocks. The balance sheet channel is more effective in transmitting monetary policy credit channels targeting economic growth in Indonesia during the research period. Investment as an engine of growth is achieved through optimizing the role of banking intermediation in productive rather than consumer financing because it has a greater multiplier effect on the economy

Screening and affinity optimization of single domain antibody targeting the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), lead to a crisis with devastating disasters to global public economy and health. Several studies suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N protein) is one of uppermost structural constituents of SARS-CoV-2 and is relatively conserved which could become a specific diagnostic marker. In this study, eight single domain antibodies recognized the N protein specifically which were named pN01-pN08 were screened using human phage display library. According to multiple sequence alignment and molecular docking analyses, the interaction mechanism between antibody and N protein was predicted. ELISA results indicated pN01-pN08 with high affinity to protein N. To improve their efficacy, two fusion proteins were prepared and their affinity was tested. These finding showed that fusion proteins had higher affinity than single domain antibodies and will be used as diagnosis for the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2.

ЦИФРОВІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ УПРАВЛІНСЬКОГО ОБЛІКУ В ДЕРЖАВНОМУ ТА ПРИВАТНОМУ СЕКТОРІ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ

Under martial law, public and private sector entities have found themselves in a rather difficult financial situation, which, accordingly, negatively affects efficiency of their functioning and requires a comprehensive reorientation of the strategy and tactics of managing their activity. Accounting system is the information content for building an effective management system, an important subsystem of which is management accounting in the digital environment of Ukrainian software products. This, in turn, determines relevance of the study. The purpose of the article is to research and substantiate the necessity and peculiarities of Ukrainian management accounting digital technologies and cloud services usage at public economy sector institutions as well as private sector enterprises, in order to increase their economic efficiency and to ensure the accounting data security in war conditions. In the course of the study, the author used general scientific theoretical methods of cognition: system analysis - to clarify the main categories of the study; visual interpretation - to visualize screen forms and dialog modes of functioning of software products and cloud services with the implementation of management accounting functions. The article makes an attempt to substantiate the need to introduce digital management accounting technologies in the public and private sectors of the economy in order to improve their efficient functioning under martial law in the context of post-war recovery of the national economy. The author proves the necessity of introducing digital management accounting technologies and specialized cloud services into the practice of public and private sector entities in order to increase efficiency of their functioning in the context of difficult financial situation and martial law in Ukraine and to ensure the required level of security of accounting reporting data. The article comprehensively substantiates the peculiarities of use and the need for practical implementation of Ukrainian digital management accounting technologies and cloud services in the activities of public and private sector institutions, which made it possible to objectively reveal the range of software products from domestic developers. Prospects for further research have be defined as follows: to provide a theoretical and practical justification for the need to introduce actuarial accounting into the modern Ukrainian digital environment by separating it into a separate module "Actuarial Accounting" with the implementation of the procedure for transforming financial statements into actuarial management reporting in the context of European integration trends in the Ukrainian economy.

Auctions Versus Fixed Prices: Lessons from a Procurement Pilot

Abstract Objectives Private health care providers are often acquired through procurement auctions to produce publicly financed services. In this study, we examine the costs and benefits of auctions compared to fixed price procurements. We analyze a procurement pilot that was conducted by Kela, the largest rehabilitation organizer in Finland. Kela piloted fixed prices instead of an auction in two different services in 2020. Data and methods Our data includes all procurements both for inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation courses by Kela in years 2012-22. The data includes 455 procurement auctions, which received 2584 bids, and 4 pilot procurements of fixed prices, which received 166 bids. Altogether 10 providers were contracted in the pilot procurements of the first service whereas the last two pilot procurements attracted 153 providers. Our preliminary results are based on simple statistical and graphical analysis regarding bid prices and their dispersion. Results Our preliminary main finding is that competition, calculated as number of bids per auction, is correlated with prices in the procurements. The main challenge of fixed prices is to determine the appropriate price-level. We find that the prices were set to be attractive in the pilots, as all providers who previously participated in auctions accepted the price, and several new providers entered the market in the pilot procurements of the second service. Conclusions Efficiently organized public procurements can yield large fiscal saving for the public economy. The procurements give information about the number of providers offering the service and their price. Fixed pricing eliminates the competitive setting, which means that the price is often set too high to ensure the availability of services. Key messages • Efficiently organized public procurements can yield large fiscal saving for the public economy. • Fixed pricing eliminates the competitive setting, which means that the price is often set too high to ensure the availability of services.

The Hidden Economic Consequences of Migraine to the UK Government: Burden-of-Disease Analysis Using a Fiscal Framework.

Background: Migraine is a highly prevalent and incapacitating neurological disorder associated with the highest global disability burden in people aged 15 to 49 years. Europe has the fourth-highest prevalence of migraine, after North America, South America, and Central America, and above Asia and Africa. Migraine leads to relatively modest direct healthcare expenditure but has substantial indirect costs due to reduced productivity. Methods: The economic burden of migraine was estimated in comparison with the general population of the United Kingdom (UK) using an analytical fiscal modeling framework applying the government cost perspective. Published measures of migraine's impact on labor participation were applied to rates of economic activity/inactivity of the general population. The model estimates lifetime changes to earnings from employment, direct and indirect taxes paid, and financial support requirements over the life course. Incremental differences between those affected and unaffected by migraine are reported as net fiscal consequences to public accounts. Fiscal costs are reported as the discounted average per capita over a 20-year time horizon and for the entire annual UK cohort with prevalent migraine. Results: People affected by migraine are more likely to be absent from work, unemployed, and disabled, and to retire early. A 44-year-old individual affected by migraine was associated with £19 823 in excess fiscal costs to the UK government, £1379 per year living with the condition, compared with someone not affected by the disease. Annually, migraine was estimated to represent £12.20 billion to the public economy, approximately £130.63 per migraine episode. The model predicted annual productivity losses in the health and social care workforce to be £2.05 billion and total annual productivity losses to be over £5.81 billion. Conclusions: This fiscal analysis monetizes the occupational consequences of migraine to the UK government, both in terms of lost tax revenue and transfer payments. The findings are substantial and useful to characterize disease severity and to inform the body of evidence considered by decision makers appraising the cost-effectiveness of health technologies.

The Hidden Economic Consequences of Migraine to the UK Government: Burden-of-Disease Analysis Using a Fiscal Framework

Background: Migraine is a highly prevalent and incapacitating neurological disorder associated with the highest global disability burden in people aged 15 to 49 years. Europe has the fourth-highest prevalence of migraine, after North America, South America, and Central America, and above Asia and Africa. Migraine leads to relatively modest direct healthcare expenditure but has substantial indirect costs due to reduced productivity. Methods: The economic burden of migraine was estimated in comparison with the general population of the United Kingdom (UK) using an analytical fiscal modeling framework applying the government cost perspective. Published measures of migraine’s impact on labor participation were applied to rates of economic activity/inactivity of the general population. The model estimates lifetime changes to earnings from employment, direct and indirect taxes paid, and financial support requirements over the life course. Incremental differences between those affected and unaffected by migraine are reported as net fiscal consequences to public accounts. Fiscal costs are reported as the discounted average per capita over a 20-year time horizon and for the entire annual UK cohort with prevalent migraine. Results: People affected by migraine are more likely to be absent from work, unemployed, and disabled, and to retire early. A 44-year-old individual affected by migraine was associated with £19 823 in excess fiscal costs to the UK government, £1379 per year living with the condition, compared with someone not affected by the disease. Annually, migraine was estimated to represent £12.20 billion to the public economy, approximately £130.63 per migraine episode. The model predicted annual productivity losses in the health and social care workforce to be £2.05 billion and total annual productivity losses to be over £5.81 billion. Conclusions: This fiscal analysis monetizes the occupational consequences of migraine to the UK government, both in terms of lost tax revenue and transfer payments. The findings are substantial and useful to characterize disease severity and to inform the body of evidence considered by decision makers appraising the cost-effectiveness of health technologies.

Immunochromatographic test-system for express diagnostics of rabies

Relevance. Rabies is included in the group of transmissible viral zooanthroponoses that globally affect public health and the public economy. In Russian Federation, according to the State Standard 26075-2013, the method of virus isolation is a priority for the diagnosis of rabies, followed by detection by the method of fluorescent antibodies (MFA), however, the call of the World Health Organization to abandon research using animals makes it relevant to further develop and improve diagnostic methods in vitro.The purpose of the study. Designing a test system based on immunochromatographic analysis (IHA) for rapid diagnosis of rabies.Methods. Colloidal gold nanoparticles (CGN) with an optimal diameter (25–30 nm) were synthesized by citrate reduction of chloroauric acid and morphometrically characterized by the results of transmission electron microscopy. The conjugation of CGN with anti-rabies antibodies was carried out by non-covalent cross-linking, as a result of which stable conjugates were obtained with an immobilization coefficient of 91.8 ± 1.7%.Results. The classical scheme of direct (sandwich) was used IHA, in which the liquid phase (a sample containing the desired antigen) binds to labeled specific antibodies and, during migration through the solid phase, forms a colored complex with applied specific antibodies in the test zone («sandwich» NCHKZ-antibody — antigen — antibody). ICA was performed with positive, negative and heterologous antigens. The results of the study of samples by ICA were in direct correlation with the results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and MFA and demonstrated 100% specificity. The presented data confirm the functionality of ICA for the detection of rabies virus antigen in pathological material.

Evolution of households and private farms of the population in Russia

Personal subsidiary farms are the most important sector of the agrarian economy, a factor of survival and ensuring food security for most people, providing more than half of the food in the country. The purpose of the research was to analyze the evolution of the formation of households and small farms of the population in Russia. The evolutionary and chronological development and formation of Russian household farmsteads and private farms of the population have been presented in the article. The main stages of the development of households of the population as the most important socio-economic institution and contribution to the agricultural sector of the economy are substantiated. We believe that the eff ective and successful development of private farms will signifi cantly reduce the time frame for the implementation of the food problem and the independence of the country. The income level of the rural population is 3 times lower than the national average. An increase in production volumes in subsidiary farms will help to reduce this gap and solve the country’s food security. Eff ective state support for smallscale farming and personal subsidiary farms is the most important basis for the eff ective development of agricultural production and food security of the country. The system of state support should be aimed at the development of livestock industries in private farms. In this regard, fi nancial resources are needed for the construction of livestock facilities and their equipment, feed and young animals are needed. Without the effective assistance of the state and the provision of funds, the development and diversification of private farms is not possible, farmers have nowhere to take or borrow them, and feed and young farm animals can be obtained in the public economy on mutually beneficial and agreed terms of cooperation.

The Role of Government Expenditure on Regional Economic Resilience During Pandemic Covid-19

The GDP growth rate in the second quarter of 2020 YoY decreased by 5.32%. This contraction was triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic which had an impact on economic activities. The policy of restricting the mobility of people and the closure of various business sectors has resulted in social and economic problems. This study examines government fiscal instruments to maintain the sustainability of the public economy. The analysis used in this study is a mixed method. Empirical testing is done by using regression techniques. The research variables include regional economic performance, spending on the prevention of COVID-19, spending on social safety nets, and spending on handling economic impacts. The research is also based on a questionnaire conducted with local governments regarding health performance and economic recovery efforts. The data used is a cross-section of the period at the end of the second quarter of 2020. The test results prove that the budget reallocation used for spending on COVID-19 disease control and social safety net spending affects improving the regional economy during the study period with p-values of 0.021 and 0.000. The government, through the Sub-National Budget, continues to refocus spending for economic recovery.

Республика Бурятия в панораме 100-летия: исторические вехи и достижения

Goals. The article aims to consider some key historical milestones and achievements in Buryatia’s nation-state building for over 100 years. The paper analyzes the conditions for the emergence of Buryat-Mongolian autonomy, and the factors that prompted reorganizations of the Republic’s political structure in the context of changes witnessed in the nationwide political agenda. Special attention is paid to the contribution of the Republic to the Great Victory, certain analytical emphases be laid on present-day challenges, achievements and development prospects. Materials and methods. The work examines unpublished documents stored at the State Archive of the Russian Federation, Russian State Archive of Sociopolitical History, and State Archive of Buryatia. The principles of historicism and consistency prove instrumental enough in reconstructing the process of nation-state building in Buryatia, identifying specific features, and tracing general trends of state development in the Republic’s political life. Results. On 30 May 1923, the Presidium of the All-Russia Central Executive Committee decided to unite Siberian and Far Eastern autonomous domains (oblasts) of Buryat-Mongols into one autonomous socialist Soviet republic centered around the city of Verkhneudinsk. It is then and there that the statehood of Buryat-Mongols — consolidated by a single territory, economic integrity, and historical ties of all resident peoples — was proclaimed. The shaping and rapid development of industries in the Republic, transformations in agriculture, education and health care converted the territory of Buryatia into a strong supporting point that would render every possible assistance to the nation during the Great Patriotic War. The post-war years up to the 1960s and early 1970s became a period of progressive development in all spheres of life. At the all-Union level, merits of the Republic were distinguished with the Order of Lenin (1958), Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972), and Order of the October Revolution (1973). Events of the late 1980s and the subsequent collapse of the USSR served as a test of state viability to the Republic. The economic depression led to an unprecedented deterioration of the social situation which could actually result in a severest interethnic conflict. However, the accumulated experiences of cross-cultural interaction, flexible administrative and managerial systems, high educational and scientific levels of the population, and a unified language environment proved instrumental in neutralizing negative trends and strengthening constructive ones — as part of interethnic dialogue within the new statehood of Russia. Despite the complicated processes of the 1980s–1990s, Buryatia confirmed its loyalty to the principles of federalism and integrity of Russia. Another important milestone was the 1994 adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Buryatia. Over the past hundred years, the Republic has developed as a major political/legal entity of the Russian Federation — in cultural, economic, and other aspects. Nowadays, the peoples of Buryatia — regardless of faith and ethnic identity — join efforts to develop public economy and culture, shape a common destiny of the Republic and the country on the basis of friendship, harmony, and mutual understanding.

The Representative of Natıonal Economy Policy of the Early Republican Period During Armistice Period: Ottoman Public Economy Party and its Economic Program

Osmanlı Ahali İktisat Fırkası Mütareke Döneminin siyasi partilerinden birisidir. Bu fırka, siyaset sahnesine millî ekonomi görüşünü benimsemek suretiyle dâhil olan ilk siyasi örgüttür. Fırka programı, devletin istikbaldeki yönetimini esas alan siyasi, sosyal, iktisadi ve zirai alanlarda birçok hükmü içermektedir. Millî oluşunun yanında demokratik ve çağdaş bir görünüm de arz eden program; Esâsiyât, Teşkilât, Dâhilî, İçtimaî, Maarif, Adlî, Malî, Umranî (Bayındırlık), Ziraî ve İktisadî şeklindeki 10 bölüm ile bunların altındaki 143 maddeden müteşekkildir. Programda, ülkenin dönem itibariyle içerisinde bulunduğu ekonomik ve siyasi dar boğazdan çıkması için gerekli uygulamaları ve izlenecek politikayı içeren hükümlere yer verilmiştir. Bu hükümlerin bir kısmı; Türkiye’nin ilk anayasası olan 1921 tarihli Teşkilât-ı Esasiye Kanunu, Atatürk dönemi millî ekonomi politikaların belirlendiği 17 Şubat-4 Mart 1923 tarihli İzmir İktisat Kongresi ve I. TBMM tarafından 8 Nisan 1923’te yayımlanan seçim beyannamesi (Dokuz Umde) gibi erken Cumhuriyet dönemi belgelerinde de yer almıştır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada; Osmanlı Ahali İktisat Fırkası programında yer alan bir kısım hükümlerin, erken Cumhuriyet dönemine ait adı geçen belgelerdeki maddelerle karşılaştırması yapılmıştır. Böylelikle de Mütareke Döneminde kurulan Osmanlı Ahali İktisat Fırkasının Cumhuriyet’e geçiş sürecindeki etkileri ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.