Public Donors Research Articles

The Rise of Non-Governmental Disaster Relief in China

This paper explores the emergence of a highly networked and capable non-governmental organization (NGO) community in disaster relief in China. It provides a review of the growth of non-governmental actors in the relief field since the 2000s, and examines the most important platforms and networks in the field, focusing on their strategies of maintaining a broad-based partnership, developing self-capacity, and enhancing the overall interorganizational connectivity. With an in-depth look at one of the most successful joint nongovernmental relief operations in Lushan in 2013, the paper also explicates how NGOs can break down state monopoly over disaster information management, public donation and relief operation. This research finds that during crisis times, non-governmental actors carry out relief missions effectively in parallel with state agencies. The rise of non-governmental disaster relief sheds light on one of many trajectories of civil society development in China where social autonomy is earned by innovation, public support and improved self-capacity.

Public Perception of Cadaver Organ Donation in Hunan Province, China.

Our aim was to (1) survey public' perception and attitudes toward organ donation and (2) analyze the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and willingness to donate. We developed a questionnaire, and conducted the survey with stratified random sampling. Overall, 600 residents, aged≥18 who resided in Hunan, and 600 undergraduates from 3 universities in Hunan were surveyed randomly. For this study, 1085 valid questionnaires were completed, with a response rate of 90.4%. Of the 1085 participants, 581 (53.5%) were students, 504 (46.5%) were residents, and 519 (47.8%) were male and 566 (52.2%) female. The mean accuracy rate was 71.96%, and the students' mean accuracy rate was slightly higher than that of the resident population (73.06% vs 70.68%, respectively). The results showed that 82.2% of public support organ donation, and 53.5% were willing to donate their organs after death. Students scored higher than the residents (88% vs 75.6% and 55.6% vs 51.2%). Nearly 1.8% felt that organ donation was against their religion, 14.9% thought it was important to ensure the integrity of the body, 71.7% agreed that organ donation allowed a positive outcome after a person's death, and 61.5% agreed that organ donation represented a continuation of life, to help families cope with grief. Age and gender were related to attitudes. Public knowledge of organ donation and their attitudes were correlated positively (r= 0.666). Public knowledge of organ donation is poor, biased, and incomplete, and based on television, movies, and communication networks. Positive attitudes toward donation displayed in the surveys were not matched by actual organ donation.

PEMBIAYAAN PENDIDIKAN MADRASAH (Studi Kasus pada MI Arrosidiyah Sumberagung Rejotangan Tulungagung)

Funding is one of necessary inputs in education; it is necessary in order to implement all policies and programs to achieve the goals of the school and the quality of education. Madrasah as Islamic education institutions provide a major contribution of education in Indonesia, but not all Islamic school gets adequate education costs from the government. This study aims to determine how education funding of Islamic education in the MI Arrosidiyah Sumberagung Rejotangan Tulungagung. This study used a qualitative approach. The study was conducted through the source data from informants and documents, through data collection techniques such as observation, interviews, and documentation, as well as using data analysis techniques of data reduction, data presentation, and verification. The results showed (1) Budgeting education plan in Madrasah RKAM, needs 2014 budget of 84.22 million rupiahs sourced from the BOS funds 71.92 million rupiahs, BPPDGS, 10.8 million rupiahs, and the public donation of 1.5 million rupiahs. (2) use of budgeting the biggest MI Arrosidiyah used for teacher salaries amounted to 63.60%, next to school facilities by 10.41%, and the smallest funding to increase the competence of teachers by 2.98%. The unit cost 338,870.98 rupiahs while the amount of student unit, cost per hour; 273.85 Rupiahs. (3) Accountable education funding is transparent to the school committee, fundraising and teachers, and to Kementerian Agama Kabupaten Tulungagung.

Party Finance Law in Australia: Innovation and Enervation

Abstract The drivers (and inhibitors) of political finance reform are complex and overlapping. The case of Australia is an intriguing one. By international standards, regulation of political finance at the national level in Australia is laissez-faire and inertial. Since 2010 however, half the states and territories have adopted holistic party finance systems designed to limit the influence of money in electoral politics. These reforms have included caps on expenditure and donations, generous public funding and tighter donation disclosure. This article explores both the emerging constitutional constraints on—and political drivers of—this flourishing of reform. Whilst there is evidence of party machines seeking security in enhanced public funding, there is limited evidence to support the cartel thesis. Overall these developments highlight the potential for experimentation and cross-fertilization in a federal system, suggesting that reform is episodic but infectious, rather than a manifestation of any inexor...

A Study of the Impacts of Non-Patient Revenues on Operating Efficiencies of Medical Institutions

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the determinants of non-patient revenues in the Taiwan hospitals. Methods: Using the 2012-2014 financial statements of hospitals in Taiwan as examples, the structure of hospital non-medical activity proceeds are analyzed using descriptive statistics. In addition, nonparametric statistics and regression model were used to investigate the impact of hospital non-medical activity proceeds. Results: During the sampling period, the hospital non-medical activity proceeds accounted for 9.29% of the total hospital operating revenues, of which the major source is investment income accounting for 28.55% of the hospital non-medical activity proceeds. Among the hospital characteristics, medical centers and hospital non-medical activity proceeds show a positive correlation; medical activity income and loss show a positive correlation with rental income; public and private hospitals and donation and rental income show a negative impact. Conclusions: Non-medical activity proceeds have growing importance in hospital financial performance. Other than hospital ownership and medical levels that are the main impact factors, non-metropolitan hospitals are also committed to increasing donation and rental income. Hospitals suffering medical losses have more incentives to engage in nonmedical activities in order to lessen their financial strain.

Grundtvigs betydning for samfundet

Grundtvig’s Impact on SocietyThis article revisits the assumption commonly made in literature aboutthe significance of N.F.S. Grundtvig to Danish society, that his importancehardly can be overrated. In a re-evaluation of his influence 1) onthe Danish welfare state, 2) on the first folk high schools, and 3) on theDanish constitution of 1849, the study comes to the following mainlynegative conclusions: 1) While he is credited for intitiating the Danishwelfare state model, in fact, he did not want poor relief to be financed by ageneral tax. Grundtvig is often quoted as saying that there are “a few havingtoo much, and fewer too little.” This statement is often misinterpretedto mean that Grundtvig desired a matrix for general state driven egalitarianredistribution of funds. The opposite is true. 2) While he is called thecreator of the folk high school, the fact is that the first advanced school forpeasants in the Oldenburg Monarchy was erected in Rendsburg in 1842.It sparked the initiative to establish a similar school for Danes in Rødding(established 1844), which was only indirectly inspired by Grundtvig. In1856 a public donation celebrating his 70th birthday three years earlierenabled Grundtvig to open a folk high school in his own name. However,he did not have much to do with it. The ties between the folk high schoolmovement and Grundtvig did not grow stronger until the 1860’s. 3) Andfinally, regarding Grundtvig’s role in the creation of the 1849 constitution,Grundtvig favoured freedom of speech and belief. It has been arguedthat liberalism in general and John Locke in particular inspired him. AndGrundtvig has been canonized as one of the fathers of Danish democracyand as a champion of freedom in general. In fact, however, he spoke outin favour of absolutism as late as 1850. If Grundtvig is to be interpretedas a contender of natural law, the possible inspiration from Thomas Hobbesmust be taken into consideration. Having undeniably strong traits ofliberalism in his political portfolio, the elements of conservatism cannotbe ignored

Effects of Ethical Management of Retail Enterprises in Korea on Corporate Image and Purchase Intention

Purpose - The study aims to investigate the effects of ethical management on corporate image and purchase intention. Research design, data, and methodology - The study employs monthly time series data from October 2013 to November 2013, analyzing variables to verify hypotheses. These concern three questions on marketing communication, five on public interest business activities, four on donation & sponsorship, two on donation & sponsorship activities, six on corporate image, four on volunteer service, and five on demographic characteristics. Results - Hypothesis 1, "Ethical management in marketing communication, public interest business, donation & sponsorship, and volunteer service positively affects corporate image," was partially adopted with significant regression of marketing communication, public interest business activity, and donation & sponsorship. Hypothesis 2, "Ethical management such as marketing communication, public interest business, donation & sponsorship, and volunteer service positively affects purchase intention," was partially adopted with significant regression of marketing communication and public interest business. Hypothesis 3, "Corporate image positively affects purchase intention," was adopted at significant regression. Conclusions - Ethical management influenced purchase intention and corporate image.

Information sources, donation knowledge, and attitudes toward transplant recipients in Australia.

Knowledge is linked consistently with organ donation attitudes, willingness, and consent. Negative information about donation and the recipients of donation can affect public opinion and donation willingness. However, it is unclear which information sources are most important in forming knowledge, particularly in Australia where little prior research exists. To identify information sources that may inform Australians' organ donation knowledge and attitudes toward transplant recipients. 1487 Australian residents aged 18 years or older who completed an online survey. Self-reported knowledge, information sources, and attitudes toward transplant recipients. Participants felt fairly well informed about organ donation, particularly if they registered donation wishes, were female, and were older. More than half reported their driver's license, television news, and discussion with family/friends as donation information sources. However, information sources contributing to knowledge were personal experience, online, hospital, government campaign, discussion with family/friends, Medicare, doctor's surgery, and the newspaper. Differences based on registration status, sex, and age, were found. Discussion with family/friends and movies or television shows, as well as not having seen information in a newspaper or doctor's surgery, contributed to positive attitudes toward recipients, although the variance explained was small. People felt more informed by personal, medical, and government information sources than by mass media. Family discussion was not only a common information source but also contributed significantly and positively to both donation knowledge and attitudes toward recipients. Further exploration of information sources contributing to donation knowledge and community attitudes toward transplant recipients among young men is needed.

Making the case for directed organ donation to registered donors in Israel

BackgroundThe number of deceased donor organ donations in Israel is lower than average when compared to other Western World countries. To address the organ gap, the 2008 Organ Transplantation Law provides new interventions, including important incentives to donors (and their families). The most notable of these was granting priority to registered donors (i.e., people on the waiting list who signed a donor card). The current study presents the normative arguments as well as the first documentation of public attitudes in Israel towards another possible incentive – allowing individuals to influence the allocation of their organs by permitting them to designate, to direct their donated organs [DD] to other registered donors, instead of the current allocation based primarily on medical criteria.MethodsA structured phone survey of 695 Israelis was conducted during Feb-March 2012. The sample is representative of the Israeli society in terms of age mix and gender, with adequate representation of the Arab and ultra-orthodox Jewish subgroups.ResultsAmong all Israelis, 68% stated a willingness to donate their organs, but only 16% reported to have already signed a donor card. 85% stated their interest in receiving an organ if the need arises. Overall, 64% of respondents felt that DD to a group of others who have registered as donors is justified, and the rate was remarkably higher in the Arab group (84%), and lower in the religious and ultraorthodox Jewish groups (52% and 50% respectively).ConclusionsThe majority of the Israeli public supports organ donation and its proven benefits. Thus, organ recovery policy should be grounded in a strong communitarian strategy as we all stand to benefit from cooperation. However, current legislation and practices are modeled on individual disposition based on an opt-in legal framework. DD allows personal choices of to-be donors that might interfere with social interests, principles, and values such as equal access to care (i.e. organs) or justice. However, based on the result of this survey, the conceptual case of DD to other registered donors should be viewed more favorably (while the details should be addressed in future analyses), as DD is not expected to be rejected by the public at the outset. From a normative perspective, it is possible to support an allocation scheme that allows DD to other registered donors, where individual preferences that promote just sharing of the burden (donating organs) as well as the benefits (receiving an organ) of transplantation medicine are respected. Yet, DD to other registered donors should be understood and portrayed as a transition step towards a more communitarian model, and as a signal of solidarity by sharing organs as a public good rather than as an exercise of a quasi-property right.

Improving the Drive: A Case Study for Modeling Public Radio Member Donations Using the Theory of Planned Behavior

Public radio is increasingly dependent on effective fundraising for its survival. As a result, it is helpful to examine how psychology theories might increase the understanding of public radio donation. This case study explored the potential for using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to model public radio members' donation intentions. Results of a survey of 690 public radio members indicated that the TPB was a significant predictor of donation intentions although not all the TPB factors contributed to the model. Findings suggest the TPB can be a useful theory for informing public radio fundraising campaign strategies and message tactics.

Abstract ED03-01: Minority and rural population views and consent preferences for biospecimen and biobank donation.

Abstract Advances in medicine and public health require diverse population participation in biospecimen donation as well as clinical trials where biospecimen collection is included. This is increasingly related to improving our understanding of the factors related to cancer and other disease outcomes and etiology. Barriers to biospecimen and biobank donation for underserved communities are poorly understood especially for minority and rural communities who experience delays in translation of research results, lower participation in clinical trials and delays in technology transfer. On Maryland's rural Eastern Shore, formative research and evaluation of educational programs and materials on biospecimen donation was undertaken. Supported by an NCI grant, this presentation will describe research results, biospecimen educational programs targeting the public and health professionals and donation barriers in a rural and diverse community on Maryland's Eastern Shore. Recommendations for planned quantitative studies as well as educational modules for community physicians and nurses will be discussed. Citation Format: Claudia R. Baquet. Minority and rural population views and consent preferences for biospecimen and biobank donation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr ED03-01.

US public cord blood banking practices: recruitment, donation, and the timing of consent

Cord blood has moved rapidly from an experimental stem cell source to an accepted and important source of hematopoietic stem cells. There has been no comprehensive assessment of US public cord blood banking practices since the Institute of Medicine study in 2005. Of 34 US public cord blood banks identified, 16 participated in our qualitative survey of public cord blood banking practices. Participants took part in in-depth telephone interviews in which they were asked structured and open-ended questions regarding recruitment, donation, and the informed consent process at these banks. Thirteen of 16 participants reported a variably high percentage of women who consented to public cord blood donation. Fifteen banks offered donor registration at the time of hospital admission for labor and delivery. Seven obtained full informed consent and medical history during early labor and eight conducted some form of phased consent and/or phased medical screening and history. Nine participants identified initial selection of the collection site location as the chief mode by which they recruited minority donors. Since 2005, more public banks offer cord blood donor registration at the time of admission for labor and delivery. That and the targeted location of cord blood collection sites are the main methods used to increase access to donation and HLA diversity of banked units. Currently, the ability to collect and process donations, rather than donor willingness, is the major barrier to public cord blood banking.

Analysis of stored and transplanted cord blood units from KoreaCORD: reappraisal of banking guidelines and selection strategy

We analyzed the characteristics of stored and transplanted cord blood (CB) units from the Korean network for public CB donation (KoreaCORD) to reassess the banking guidelines and optimize CB selection based on cell dose and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatching. We retrospectively reviewed data, with regard to total nucleated cell (TNC) count and HLA match in the KoreaCORD registry from August 2001 to December 2010. A total of 21,914 CB units have been registered, of which 904 units (4.1%) contained less than 5 × 10(8) TNCs, which did not meet the present storage criteria for public CB banking in Korea. Although the proportion of stored CBs providing TNC of 5 × 10(8) to 7.9 × 10(8) was 45.7%, only 22.0% of all transplanted CBs were derived from these stored CBs. In the single CB transplantation setting, 79% (85/108) of CB units provided 4 × 10(7) TNCs/kg or more in the transplanted one-mismatch (1-MM) CB units and 51% (19/37) of CBs provided 6 × 10(7) TNCs/kg or more in the transplanted 2-MM CB units. The minimal requirement of TNCs for banking of CB units for public banking should be evaluated and increased to support the selection of CB units with higher cell doses, especially for use in the 1- and 2-MM transplant settings.

Modelling the Members’ Intentions to Give

Public broadcast stations in the USA are often dependent on effective fundraising for their survival. Raising money from audiences has become an important avenue through which those non-profit broadcasting organizations build their budgets. Listener/viewer support of these stations has plateaued or declined in recent years. As a result, it may help to examine how psychology theories might be used to inform our understanding of public donation behaviour. This case study involving 983 US public broadcasting donors explored the potential for using the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to model their donation intentions from three perspectives: ( a) public broadcasting donors in general, ( b) public radio donors, and ( c) public television donors. Additionally, an extended model of the TPB incorporating guilt was tested. Results suggested that not all factors of the traditional TPB contributed to the donation intentions for the different modes of public broadcasting. The addition of guilt to the model increased the explanatory power of the TPB model. Findings indicate the TPB could be a useful tool for understanding the behaviour of donors to non-profit or public broadcasting organizations and has the potential to inform campaign strategies and message development.

How does the general public view posthumous organ donation? A meta-synthesis of the qualitative literature

BackgroundMany individuals are unwilling to become posthumous organ donors, resulting in a disparity between the supply and demand for organ transplants. A meta-synthesis of the qualitative literature was therefore conducted to determine how the general public views posthumous organ donation.MethodsThree online databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus) were searched for articles published between January 1990 and May 2008 using the following search terms: organ donation, qualitative, interview. Eligibility criteria were: examination of beliefs about posthumous organ donation; utilization of a qualitative research design; and publication in an English peer-reviewed journal. Exclusion criteria were examining how health professionals or family members of organ donors viewed posthumous organ donation. Grounded theory was used to identify the beliefs emerging from this literature. Thematically-related beliefs were then grouped to form themes.Results27 articles from 24 studies met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. The major themes identified were: religion, death, altruism, personal relevance, the body, the family, medical professionals, and transplant recipients. An altruistic motivation to help others emerged as the most commonly identified motivator for becoming an organ donor, although feeling a sense of solidarity with the broader community and believing that donated organs are put to good use may be important preconditions for the emergence of this motivation. The two most commonly identified barriers were the need to maintain bodily integrity to safeguard progression into the afterlife and the unethical recovery of organs by medical professionals. The influence of stakeholder groups on willingness to become an organ donor was also found to vary by the level of control that each stakeholder group exerted over the donation recovery process and their perceived conflict of interest in wanting organ donation to proceed.ConclusionsThese findings afford insights into how individuals perceive posthumous organ donation.

Peran Lembagakeuangan Publik Islam dalam Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Masyarakat

The article discusses about the role of public Moslem finance institution viewed in the context of economic public endeavor. This problem emerges in public because the public Moslem finance institution in Indonesia does not take in part proportionally yet to mate public prosperity in Indonesia whereas the research of the language and literature Center in UIN by Syarif Hidayat¬ullah and Ford Foundation results that the potention of funds (Zakat, Infak, Shodaqoh) and donation of Moslems in Indonesia (amount Rp 19.3 billions) managed by the public Moslem finance institution can be used for people prosperity. Besides, it is supported with the big number of Moslems in Indonesia. Therefore, there are two important things to be focused on this article. First, why can't the fund in public Moslem finance institution, like ZIS and donation, in Indonesia be more efficient in a maximum way to realize the prosperity? Then, how to develop the public finance institution in Indonesia? Keywords: infak,sedekah, Indonesia, zakat

Reflections and Visions: 50 Years of Presidential Addresses

Reflections and Visions: 50 Years of Presidential Addresses

CONTROVERSIAL RESULTS OF ORGAN DONATION PROMOTING PROGRAMS IN HUNGARY

P139 Aims: After the completion of the second year of its operation Hungarotransplant, the Hungarian organ exchange organization has analysed the effects of its organ donation promoting activity on the number of organ donations and transplantations. Methods: Several factors are influencing the donation activity. The factors considered most relevant were divided into two groups according to their positive or negative impact on the number of donor reports. The effects of these factors on the final outcome were analysed. Results: Donation promoting factors: 1. Centralization of donor reporting system 2. Hospital education program based on Transplant Procurement Management (TPM) method 3. Recruiting and educating donation links offering them the diagnostic on-line tools of the Donor Action Program translated into Hungarian 4. Regular hospital visiting program 5. Well defined public relation policy Donation inhibiting factors: 1. Limitations by financing method and technique in extension of transplant programs 2. Capacity limitations in the single heart and liver transplant centres 3. Difficulties in realization of international organ exchange initiatives 4. Subsequently low utilization of extra renal organs 5. Controversial emotional impact of organ wastage on ICU personnel The donation promoting efforts have exceeded the limiting factors resulting in an overall increasing transplantation activity. The cumulative effects of all these factors resulted in a continuous increase in donor reports but a steady state in the number of actual donations in the second year.FigureConclusions: Correlation between the number of actual donations and transplantations could be found neither in kidney nor in other organ transplantations: the sum of the transplanted organs rose by 8 % even in the second year. We have concluded that the shortage of organs in Hungary is not among the main limiting factors of transplantation activity. Accession of Hungary to the EU can facilitate the integration of the national donation-transplantation program into a wider international cooperation that can increase the donation promoting factors and can eliminate most of the factors with negative impact.

Hemochromatosis patients as voluntary blood donors.

The present study was designed to investigate hemochromatosis patients' suitability as blood donors as well as their perceptions and experience with the current public donation system. Participants were gathered from a list of current hemochromatosis patients (n=120) and members of the Canadian Hemochromatosis Society (n=1000). Of the 1120 surveys mailed out to these groups, 801 surveys were returned completed. The sample respondents had a mean age of 57.44 years (SD=12.73; range 19 to 87 years), and 57% were men. It was found that 20% (160) of the respondents have donated blood since their diagnosis; however, only 12% of the respondents indicated that they use voluntary blood donation as a means of maintaining their iron levels. Forty per cent of the respondents indicated that they had been refused from voluntary donation. Despite the fact that in May 2001 the Canadian Blood Services, in collaboration with the Canadian Hemochromatosis Society, began a promotion campaign to encourage hemochromatosis patients to become voluntary blood donors, the present study found that 15% of the respondents reported having been refused from the voluntary blood donation service due to the diagnosis of hemochromatosis. With respect to quality of life, it was found that individuals who donate blood were generally healthier with respect to physical functioning and bodily pain, however, these findings may indicate that hemochromatosis patients who are healthier are better able to donate at public blood banks, rather than that voluntary blood donation has an effect on the donors' physical functioning over phlebotomy clinic users. These study findings suggest that although there may be other medical factors limiting individuals from donating, hemochromatosis patients are interested in being voluntary blood donors and this potential resource is currently under-used.

A household model of charitable contributions and tax incentives

The aim of this paper is to present a theoretical model of the monetary contributions made by households to nonprofit organizations, and to analyse the effect of tax incentives according to the different tax systems currently in force in the European Union Member States. This model is estimated by means of data drawn from the Family Expenditure Survey and the Regional Accounts in Spain covering the period 1990–91. We analyse the effects that different variables and tax incentives have on household decisions. The results indicate that the decisions to donate, and how much to be donated, are taken sequentially and are significantly influenced by household characteristics, the provision of public funds and donation price. The analysis of the Spanish tax system indicates that the model generates donation incentives.