Public Demand Research Articles

Academic Profile of Teachers Affected by Poor Performances in Philosophy in the Final Year of Secondary School in Yaounde and Mbalmayo, Cameroon

Objective: The aim of this article is to examine the extent to which the teacher's academic profile can help to improve the performances of students in the final year of literary classes in philosophy. Methodology: This article is part of the field of Education Sciences, specifically in Discipline Didactics. The study is of an experimental type, centred on the reality of the educational facts that surround the practice of teaching philosophy. With the help of measuring instruments such as the questionnaire, test papers and observation guide, this approach made it possible to understand the determinants of performances in philosophy mentioned above. Results: The academic profile of the teacher constitutes a fundamental characteristic in the teaching practice of a discipline. Thus, in organised and structured teaching systems, only those who have the aptitudes to teach can really be admitted to teaching. This presupposes initial training in the subject coupled with appropriate professional training. In this way, we can partly understand the public authorities' demand for a selection process to recruit and train philosophy teachers. Discussion: The teaching of philosophy is based on a requirement of qualification and academic profile for the teacher, although it is more often referred to as a matter of vocation. In any case, a teacher with a vocation, unless he or she is gifted, is first and foremost concerned with training, with a view to practicing the profession of his or her heart with passion. This training predisposes them not only to be masters of their subject, but also to be able to overcome the socio-professional hazards characteristic of the educational environment. Conclusion: Philosophy is the subject in which students in the final year of secondary school perform worst. Consequently, this subject is increasingly feared and considered by learners to be their ‘bête noire’. Consequently, students' performances in philosophy can be improved thanks to ........

Public demand of anti-rabies vaccination prophylaxis for contacts of two rabies victims

Public demand of anti-rabies vaccination prophylaxis for contacts of two rabies victims

Evaluation of a cost-effective photoelectric sensor for daylight harvesting in smart public lighting systems

Global warming concerns, along with international agreements and regulations, reflect a broader effort to change the public's high energy demand in recent years. Smart public lighting systems are gaining popularity due to their energy-saving capabilities, reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, and improved public comfort. However, transitioning to smart public lighting requires careful planning and multiple stages. This is not only to accommodate public behavior, revise scenarios, and test citizen acceptance but also due to the necessary infrastructure investments. Smart public lighting incorporates new technologies, often with a breakeven point that takes several years to reach. To promote the widespread adoption of smart public lighting, it is essential to produce relatively expensive components in large quantities and explore cost-effective solutions. This research focuses on investigating a cost-effective photoelectric sensor for smart public purposes. The primary originality of this study lies in identifying a cost-effective photoelectric sensor that can replace technically equivalent but more expensive sensor solutions for indoor and outdoor lighting control purposes.

Analisis Pengaruh Rasio Kompresi Dan Persentase Etanol Pada Bahan Bakar Terhadap Kinerja Mesin Otto 4 Langkah

The public demand for better vehicle performance is increasing. Increasing the compression ratio and fuel octane is one solution to improve vehicle performance. This study aims to determine the effect of increasing the compression ratio and ethanol mixture in fuel on the power and torque of the 125 cc Otto engine. The method used is an experiment using a dynotest. The compression ratio was varied to 8.9, 9.2, and 9.6, with ethanol mixtures of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The test data were analyzed using the two-way ANOVA method. The results showed that increasing the compression ratio and ethanol mixture can increase engine power and torque. The highest peak power and torque occurred at a compression ratio of 9.6 with 15% ethanol, which was 6.11 kW and 10.23 N.m. A compression ratio of 9.2 produces 6.07 kW of power and 10.07 N.m of torque at 15% ethanol. A compression ratio of 8.9 produces 5.62 kW of power at 15% ethanol and 9.73 N.m of torque at 10% ethanol.

Evolution of Digital Health and Exploration of Patented Technologies (2017-2021): Bibliometric Analysis.

The significant impact of digital health emerged prominently during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite this, there is a paucity of bibliometric analyses focusing on technologies within the field of digital health patents. Patents offer a wealth of insights into technologies, commercial prospects, and competitive landscapes, often undisclosed in other publications. Given the rapid evolution of the digital health industry, safeguarding algorithms, software, and advanced surgical devices through patent systems is imperative. The patent system simultaneously acts as a valuable repository of technological knowledge, accessible to researchers. This accessibility facilitates the enhancement of existing technologies and the advancement of medical equipment, ultimately contributing to public health improvement and meeting public demands. The primary objective of this study is to gain a more profound understanding of technology hotspots and development trends within the field of digital health. Using a bibliometric analysis methodology, we assessed the global technological output reflected in patents on digital health published between 2017 and 2021. Using Citespace5.1R8 and Excel 2016, we conducted bibliometric visualization and comparative analyses of key metrics, including national contributions, institutional affiliations, inventor profiles, and technology topics. A total of 15,763 digital health patents were identified as published between 2017 and 2021. The China National Intellectual Property Administration secured the top position with 7253 published patents, whereas Koninklijke Philips emerged as the leading institution with 329 patents. Notably, Assaf Govari emerged as the most prolific inventor. Technology hot spots encompassed categories such as "Medical Equipment and Information Systems," "Image Analysis," and "Electrical Diagnosis," classified by Derwent Manual Code. A patent related to the technique of receiving and transmitting data through microchips garnered the highest citation, attributed to the patentee Covidien LP. The trajectory of digital health patents has been growing since 2017, primarily propelled by China, the United States, and Japan. Applications in health interventions and enhancements in surgical devices represent the predominant scenarios for digital health technology. Algorithms emerged as the pivotal technologies protected by patents, whereas techniques related to data transfer, storage, and exchange in the digital health domain are anticipated to be focal points in forthcoming basic research.

Exploring the effects of public transport subsidies on satisfaction and ridership

The determinants of public transport demand are multifaceted, necessitating consideration of various factors that extend beyond the objective aspects of operation. In addition to travel time and costs, it is imperative to comprehend psychosocial factors influencing public transport usage to enhance policies geared toward fostering ridership and sustainable mobility. Empirical evidence suggests that subjective attributes, such as satisfaction and attitudes, exert a discernible influence on travel behavior and the utilization of public transport. Nevertheless, these linkages remain largely unexplored, especially within the context of large public transport networks in cities of the Global South. This paper aims to address this gap by evaluating the impact of demand-side subsidies in the form of travel vouchers on public transport ridership to understand the mediating effect of satisfaction levels according to the users’ socioeconomic characteristics. These satisfaction levels are related to overall satisfaction with transport, employment and educational opportunities, and life. To achieve this, a large-scale randomized controlled experiment was conducted in Bogotá, Colombia, involving a sample of frequent public transport users (N = 1,607). The participants were divided into a treatment group, which received the travel vouchers loaded onto their smart travel cards for four months, and a control group. Hybrid-ordered logit models were employed to estimate the average number of weekly trips undertaken before, during, and after the intervention. The result shows an increase in ridership by the treatment group, which does not solely depend on improved affordability; but is influenced by a complex interplay of socioeconomic factors and shifts in satisfaction levels. This confirmed that travel satisfaction can contribute to increased public transport demand.

Applying the WHO-INTEGRATE evidence-to-decision framework in the development of WHO guidelines on parenting interventions: step-by-step process and lessons learnt

BackgroundDevelopment of guidelines for public health, health system, and health policy interventions demands complex systems thinking to understand direct and indirect effects of interventions within dynamic systems. The WHO-INTEGRATE framework, an evidence-to-decision framework rooted in the norms and values of the World Health Organization (WHO), provides a structured method to assess complexities in guidelines systematically, such as the balance of an intervention’s health benefits and harms and their human rights and socio-cultural acceptability. This paper provides a worked example of the application of the WHO-INTEGRATE framework in developing the WHO guidelines on parenting interventions to prevent child maltreatment, and shares reflective insights regarding the value added, challenges encountered, and lessons learnt.MethodsThe methodological approach comprised describing the intended step-by-step application of the WHO-INTEGRATE framework and gaining reflective insights from introspective sessions within the core team guiding the development of the WHO guidelines on parenting interventions and a methodological workshop.ResultsThe WHO-INTEGRATE framework was used throughout the guideline development process. It facilitated reflective deliberation across a broad range of decision criteria and system-level aspects in the following steps: (1) scoping the guideline and defining stakeholder engagement, (2) prioritising WHO-INTEGRATE sub-criteria and guideline outcomes, (3) using research evidence to inform WHO-INTEGRATE criteria, and (4) developing and presenting recommendations informed by WHO-INTEGRATE criteria. Despite the value added, challenges, such as substantial time investment required, broad scope of prioritised sub-criteria, integration across diverse criteria, and sources of evidence and translation of insights into concise formats, were encountered.ConclusionsApplication of the WHO-INTEGRATE framework was crucial in the integration of effectiveness evidence with insights into implementation and broader implications of parenting interventions, extending beyond health benefits and harms considerations and fostering a whole-of-society-perspective. The evidence reviews for prioritised WHO-INTEGRATE sub-criteria were instrumental in guiding guideline development group discussions, informing recommendations and clarifying uncertainties. This experience offers important lessons for future guideline panels and guideline methodologists using the WHO-INTEGRATE framework.

Investigating urban mobility through multi-source public transportation data: A multiplex network perspective

The integration of multi-source and diverse spatio-temporal travel data provides a comprehensive insight into urban mobility. Using data from Shenzhen's public transportation system, this study presents an analytical framework based on multiplex networks to examine variations in multi-mode public transportation usage (metro, bus, taxi, and shared bike) and their correlation with the built environment. This framework encompasses the analysis of network topological characteristics, centrality, and communities. The examination of network topological characteristics reveals that the multiplex transportation network exhibits high global accessibility and local connectivity. Network centrality analysis, focusing on weighted outdegree centrality, captures the patterns of public transportation ridership. Centrality modeling, employing the light gradient boosting machine, demonstrates a nonlinear relationship between ridership and the built environment. Factors including population density, residential land use percentage, entertainment service density, restaurant density, and metro station density consistently exhibit positive correlations with ridership across different times of the day. The community structure analysis, using consensus community detection, indicates that distinct urban areas exhibit clustering behavior based on public transportation demand patterns, forming distinct communities that closely align with the functional zoning of urban planning. These findings could provide valuable insights for the strategic planning of transportation services and the built environment.

Behaviour change interventions addressing antibiotic treatment seeking behaviour for respiratory tract infections in primary care settings: A scoping review protocol

Objective This scoping review aims to synthesise the extent and type of evidence on behaviour change interventions which address antibiotic treatment seeking behaviour for respiratory tract infections in the primary care/community setting. Introduction Antimicrobial Resistance is recognised as a global health and economic threat by the World Health Organization and World Bank. Several lines of evidence point to patient and public demand as a key driver of inappropriate antibiotic use. Current policy initiatives acknowledge the need to prepare for the future by managing public expectations regarding antibiotics, especially for influenza-like illness and other respiratory tract infections. These initiatives emphasise the importance of designing and evaluating effective interventions that generate actionable knowledge for policy and practices related to the appropriate use of antibiotics. Behaviour change interventions, in this context, can aim to modify patients' attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours regarding antibiotics. Inclusion criteria Identified studies will describe behaviour change interventions aimed at potential patients/participants within the primary care/community setting that address patient expectations of antibiotic use for respiratory tract infections. Diagnoses for respiratory tract infections will be classified by ICD-10 criterion. Methods This scoping review will search the literature in Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, and Google Scholar to explore behaviour change interventions used to reduce expectations of antibiotics for respiratory tract infections in primary care. This review will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines for scoping reviews. It will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews.

Model to estimate urban public services demand, by zone, using geographic information systems

Para el diseño y operación de cualquier servicio público, un elemento básico es determinar el número de personas a quienes se les prestará el servicio, no importando si es agua potable, drenajes, transporte o electricidad. Sin embargo, cuando los conglomerados urbanos son grandes o tienen ciudades dormitorio, la estimación de la población a servir se vuelve compleja, sobre todo porque los censos poblacionales por lo regular solo consideran la población residente en un territorio. Así, un distrito comercial o financiero puede tener una población residente relativamente pequeña, pero una población flotante considerable que, aunque solo trabaje, estudie o visite la zona, requiere los servicios básicos (agua, drenaje, etc.). Las mediciones de tráfico dan un valor global de cuántas personas ingresan a un municipio o territorio, pero difícilmente determinan cómo se distribuyen en las zonas urbanas. El modelo propuesto aprovecha las ventajas de los sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) para ubicar la demanda, calculando un estimado de la población a servir, en función de los metros cuadrados construidos y tipo de uso; esto permite no sólo determinar la población residente y flotante de una región, sino también sectorizar y delimitar áreas específicas para obtener los datos de población a servir en un sector, definiendo volúmenes de agua, redes, plantas potabilizadoras, tamaño de drenajes y descargas sanitarias, así como dimensionar plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR), o necesidades de transporte y servicio eléctrico. El modelo se aplicó en la zona urbana del municipio de Guatemala, Guatemala, ubicado en América Central, obteniéndose la población residente y flotante por cada una de las zonas. El modelo permite definir la población flotante, estimarla a futuro con base en las proyecciones de área construida y ajustarlo conforme ocurran los cambios.

Service to demands and corruption tolerance: brazilian voters' perception of “rouba, mas faz” policy

Purpose: The research aimed to verify the influence of meeting public demands on the perception of tolerance of Brazilian voters towards the “rouba, mas faz” policy. Although a social unison of rejection of corruption in politics is perceived, there is a possibility that voters relax this disapproval in the face of the results that managers offer to communities. Methodology: Study of quantitative approach, as for the procedures, a survey was used, with a questionnaire and study of scenarios, of tolerance to “rouba, mas faz”, as a research instrument. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and presentation in percentages were used for the answers to assertions and scenarios. Results: The results indicate that Brazilians demand honest politicians, although for almost 25% of the population every politician is corrupt, without distinction; for 80% of respondents the main cause of problems in Brazilian public management is political corruption; approximately 70% of voters do not use transparency portals to decide their vote, although 80% claim to research the candidates' history before making their decision. Contributions of the Study: Aspects related to the median voter theory were perceived, since, although Brazilian voters demonstrate intolerance to corruption, the profile with the average characteristics of the population tends to vote for that candidate who promises to meet their needs. In addition, in general terms, 7% of the sample would re-elect a very corrupt politician, as long as he is very productive, while 24% would tolerate corruption, as long as it occurs on a small scale and is accompanied by works and benefits to society, implying that there is, in general terms, to a certain degree, the influence of meeting public demands on voters' tolerance of the “rouba, mas faz” policy in Brazil.

Policy responsiveness and its administrative organisation in China

Scholarly literature on effective policy responsiveness and its administrative organisation in China remains scant. To address this gap, this article explores the administrative elements that impact policy responsiveness, with particular emphasis on the role of response agencies. The authors propose a theoretical framework that underscores two essential dimensions: political authority and interest homogeneity of response agencies. Using online petition data and fiscal expenditure records, the article demonstrates that local governments effectively address public demands, especially concerning environmental issues. Specifically, policy responsiveness significantly improves when government response agencies demonstrate a high level of political authority and share homogeneous interests with citizens. These conclusions emphasise the need to incorporate administrative perspectives when examining policy responsiveness.

Мисливствознавство та мисливські лабораторії в Україні за 100 років: трансформації ідей та інституцій

The study is devoted to the history of game management laboratories as one of the most obscure pages of Ukrainian theriology. The prerequisites for the formation of such laboratories as a system of applied research related primarily to ‘useful’ fauna are considered. These laboratories form a continuous chain of research centres that have existed in different cities. They were founded in 1929 by V. Averin in Kharkiv, developed by A. Mygulin and his followers in Zavorychi (1936–1962), K. Kopein at the fur farm in Kolo-Mykhailivka near Vinnytsia (1963–1973), and M. Evtushevsky in Cherkasy (1973–2004). The final phase was completed by two academic game management laboratories: at the Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (in 1975–1989, led by V. Kryzhaniv¬skyi) and the Institute of Forestry of the Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Sciences (in 1991–2022, in Oleshky, led by I. Sheihas). The stages of research development in a series of successive transformations, in the wake of socio-political events and changes in public demands are analysed. The distinct sequence and, in fact, continuity of their existence in time (despite their movement in space) indicates a corresponding demand for them from the state, including the support of state budgetary programmes. Their tasks were constantly changing, and each period had its own specifics. The first period (Kharkiv) was supposed to put the system of survey, monitoring, and rational use of game resources on a scientific basis, as well as to streamline and direct the work of hunting communities. The second phase (‘Zavorychi’) was focused on providing the state with the necessary amount of fur for the needs of international trade and (undoubtedly) the military. The third phase remains the most obscure and is most likely associated with the formation of elite hunting grounds. The fourth phase (Cherkasy) was characterised by increased attention to fur farming and a waning interest in hunting as such. The fifth phase (Kyiv and Oleshky) was characterised by a cooperation with the State Committee of Forestry, the Ukrainian Society of Hunters and Fishermen, and certain (elite) farms. It is shown that the origins of many well-known scientific schools in Ukraine are related to hunting practices and that game management laboratories became leaders in developing action plans to maintain populations of game animals.

Pertimbangan Hukum Hakim Dalam Kasus Tindakan Pencurian Kendaraan Bermotor Yang Di Lakukan Oleh Anak

Introduction: one of the motor vehicle theft cases is the Ambon District Court decision No. No.12/PID.SUS-ANAK/2021/PN.AMB which states that Ammar Peisamal alias Ammar was convicted of "grave theft" as explained in the Criminal Code article 363 paragraph (1).Purposes of the Research: This study aims to examine and discuss the actions of the perpetrators who have fulfilled the elements in Article 363 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code and examine and discuss the basis for the judge's legal considerations in imposing a prison sentence of 2 years and 6 months on the perpetrator.Methods of the Research: the research method used is normative legal research. The research approach is a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The sources of legal materials used are primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The technique of gathering legal materials through literature studies and then analyzed through perspective using qualitative methods.Results of the Research: The results showed that the Ambon District Court Judge stated in his decision that the defendant had been legally and convincingly proven to have committed the crime of stealing this case and imposed a prison sentence on the defendant for 2 (two) years and 6 (six) months. The public prosecutor's indictment, the public prosecutor's demands and the judge's considerations in his decision have fulfilled all the elements of the offense and the conditions for imposing a sentence on the defendant. This is based on the examination at trial where the evidence submitted by the public prosecutor includes the statements of the witnesses and the statements of the accused which are interrelated. The testimony of the defendant admitted his actions and regretted it.

Knowledge, attitudes, practice, and public health education demand regarding PARI prevention: a cross-sectional study among Chinese undergraduates.

The purpose of this study was to assess the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of university students in China regarding the need for PARI and public health education. A cross-sectional online and offline survey was conducted in China website through Wenjuanxing and in different cities such as Changsha Hunan Province, Shanghai, Chongqing and in different public scenarios, such as hospitals, universities, and commercial venues between September 1 and September 7, 2023, using a 28-question questionnaire designed and reviewed by multidisciplinary experts. A total of 4,096 respondents were recruited for this study, with 3,957 valid questionnaires. The mean knowledge score was 1.84 ± 0.52, the mean attitude score was 2.12 ± 0.51, and the mean practice score was 3.18 ± 0.55. Regression analyses found that: region, grade, school, and weekly anaerobic exercise time were influences on the knowledge score; region, grade, school, and weekly anaerobic exercise time were influences on the attitude score; region, grade, school attended, weekly anaerobic exercise time and weekly anaerobic exercise time as influences on the practice score. Subgroup analyses revealed that undergraduates from southern regions and 985 schools had higher knowledge attitude scores and lower practice scores. As the grade level increased, the knowledge and attitude scores showed a V-shaped trend and the behavior scores showed an inverted V-shaped trend. Correlation analysis found a positive correlation between knowledge and attitude scores, and a negative correlation between both and behavior, respectively. The public health education needs survey found that undergraduate students generally preferred guided instruction methods and content centered on the RICE principles, they preferred learning through books and pamphlets, and they were happy to see relevant content promoted in the campus environment. This study shows that Chinese undergraduate students have less knowledge, neutral attitudes, and good behaviors regarding PARI prevention. Special attention should be paid to meeting the needs of undergraduate students for public health education to equip them with relevant knowledge so that they can better behave in PARI prevention.

LEGAL PROVISION OF SOIL (LAND) MELIORATION IN UKRAINE

Melioration is a powerful factor affecting the soil and soil cover, which changes the direction, periodicity and speed of soil processes and regimes, and leads to a gradual transformation of soils. The evolution of soils under the influence of various types of land reclamation is characterized by varying degrees of changes in chemical, physico-chemical, and agrophysical properties, and in the case of the complex application of various types of land reclamation, high agricultural culture acquires a positive direction, improving soil properties. In the case of a violation of the comprehensive implementation of meliorational effects and agrotechnical measures for the cultivation of agricultural crops, low resource provision, a negative balance of organic substances and an imbalance of macro- and microelements can be formed in the soil. Another determining factor in the change in the purpose of melioration effects on the soil is the transition to the ecological imperative of the agrosphere. This direction is the strategic goal of land reclamation in the foreseeable future, which is of great importance for Ukraine, as the world's leading agrarian state. Solving the problem of investments in the field of soil meioration, which arose due to the disorganization of the legal management of soil and land resources in the conditions of increased natural and anthropogenic loads, global climate changes, violation of the structural and landscape organization of the territory and technical requirements in the system of balanced land use, is gaining increasing relevance, perspective and public demand A feature of law-making practice in Ukraine are numerous environmental laws and departmental regulations, but their implementation is too slow. One of the areas of implementation of the provisions and requirements established by regulatory legal acts in the field of soil reclamation is the development of a regulatory and methodological framework in this field. To ensure the unity and effectiveness of the implementation of regulatory documents at different levels, it is necessary to develop and approve lists of documents, in particular standards, which, in the case of voluntary application, are proof of compliance with the requirements of the current legislation on land reclamation, their use and monitoring. Along with the existence of existing laws, it is necessary to adopt already developed draft laws "On soils and their fertility", "On soil monitoring", "On the removal of degraded and unproductive lands for conservation", "On soil insurance". The Law of Ukraine "On Land Leasing" needs to be revised, which needs to be supplemented in the direction of soil protection obligations on the part of tenants by increasing the minimum lease terms and improving the economic mechanism for stimulating the sustainable use and management of land resources, including their protection from degradation. Keywords: soils, melioration, soil protection, legal support.

THEORETICAL ISSUES OF THE STUDY OF A NEW MODEL OF PUBLIC MANAGEMENT

The purpose of the theoretical paper is to present and discuss the evolution of the adoption of a New Public Governance agenda improving management, accountability, transparency, public participation, integrity and quality of public services. Based on the literature, the debate on the adoption of a new public administration program appears to be original and relevant for understanding the changes taking place in public administration. The results of the discussions show that the evolution of public sector management is directly related to public demands for improved governance, transparency, accountability, wider public participation and the quality of public services. The findings of the study show that new public management manifests promises in meeting public policy and service needs in a more democratic and transparent manner at a lower cost. These changes impact the functioning of government and public administration, which opens the chances to new ideas in public management theories and public sector management strategies.

Health care workers’ qualitative descriptions of ethically challenging situations evoking moral distress during Covid-19

Background: The high public demand for healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic and strict infection control measures, coupled with threat of severe illness and death, and limited resources, led to many healthcare workers (HCWs) experiencing ethically challenging situations (ECSs). Objective: To systematically explore first-hand accounts of ECS-evoking moral distress among HCWs during this public health emergency. Research design: This was an open cohort study. All participants were asked whether they had been in ECS-evoking moral distress during the pandemic. Those who had were asked to describe these situations. Answers were systematically analyzed according to three levels of root causes for ECSs, using thematic analysis. Participants and research context: In January 2022, 977 HCWs from four Norwegian university hospitals participated. Ethical considerations: The study received ethical approval from the Norwegian Ethical Review Authority (No. 130944). Results: In total, 508 participants (52%) reported that they had experienced ECS-evoking moral distress during the pandemic, whereof 323 provided a qualitative description. We found that while a few reported ECSs caused at the patient level, and some described situations at the unit/team level, the vast majority reported situations caused at the system level, predominantly related to resource scarcity, particularly poor staffing. Conclusion: Our findings strongly indicate that efforts to mitigate moral distress among HCWs should be targeted at the system level. More specifically, the study findings highlight resource limitations, particularly poor staffing, as a major cause of moral distress during the pandemic.

Speaking of reform: Experimental insights into influencing police executives' perspectives on civilian oversight

AbstractResearch summaryThis study investigates how information about public opinion and peer practices influences police executives' views on civilian review boards. We applied structural topic modeling in an experimental paradigm, a novel approach diverging from traditional experimental survey methods, to the open‐ended responses of 1331 police executives collected in an original survey experiment. This technique enables the capture of subtle shifts in belief directly from the executives' own words. The experiment systematically varied the information provided to police executives, including state‐level public opinion data from a representative sample of 16,840 U.S. residents, and peer practices in major city police agencies. Our findings reveal that police executives, although generally aligned in their views, demonstrate a readiness to update their beliefs when presented with cohesive local public opinion and information about peer practices in policing.Policy implicationsIn a democratic society, the core policy beliefs of police executives critically shape the existence and efficacy of civilian oversight mechanisms. Our findings demonstrate the adaptability of police executives in updating their policy positions, reflecting their commitment to informed decision making in response to the dynamic nature of police governance. We find that police executives are willing to update their beliefs related to the public's ability to oversee policing in an unbiased and qualified manner when presented with information about reforms adopted by peer agencies. In contrast, information about public demand for more aggressive forms of oversight can lead to a backlash, increasing the likelihood of police executives to favor existing oversight mechanisms and to doubt the public's qualification. For executives, reformers, and scholars, these findings highlight the limitations of public opinion and benefits of peer influence as mechanisms for policy learning in policing.

Recommendations for eligibility criteria concerning bariatric and metabolic surgical and endoscopic procedures for obese Hong Kong adults 2024: Hong Kong Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Position Statement.

The surgical management of obesity in Hong Kong has rapidly evolved over the past 20 years. Despite increasing public awareness and demand concerning bariatric and metabolic surgery, service models generally are not standardised across bariatric practitioners. Therefore, a working group was commissioned by the Hong Kong Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery to review relevant literature and provide recommendations concerning eligibility criteria for bariatric and metabolic interventions within the local population in Hong Kong. The current position statement aims to provide updated guidance regarding the indications and contraindications for bariatric surgery, metabolic surgery, and bariatric endoscopic procedures.