Type Of Pubescence Research Articles

Variability of the sexual reproductive part in stinging nettle Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae): From flower to genet

AbstractStinging nettle, Urtica dioica L., is a widely distributed subdioecious long‐rhizomatous plant. Within a single population growing in the territory of the Zvenigorod Biological Station of Lomonosov Moscow State University, eight plots were selected in stinging nettle thickets to study the variability of the sexual reproductive part in U. dioica depending on internal and external factors. As monoecious ramets are relatively common in the studied population, four gender forms were distinguished based on the ratio of male and female flowers. On 156 ramets of different gender forms and 36 genets, it was shown that predominantly male plants are shorter, while predominantly female plants have larger and more widely spread inflorescences compared to other gender forms. The pubescence type (spreading or appressed unicellular hairs) shows the greatest repeatability within the merigenet. True monoecy in stinging nettle is widespread: male and female flowers of different gender forms were found in 10 out of 36 genets. The most common inflorescence architecture types in the studied population were proxigynous and basigynous. Both normal pistillate and normal staminate flowers, as well as flowers with morphological abnormalities formed based on flowers of different sexes can be found on the same ramet, which suggests the presence of paradioecious lability.

Фармакогностическое исследование сырья Nepeta pannonica

Фармакогностический анализ лекарственного растительного сырья является важным этапом введения вида в официальное использование. Объектом исследования являлись надземные органы Nepetapannonica(семейство Lamiaceae), для которого выполнен макро- и микроскопический анализ. Определены следующие диагностические признаки на макроскопическом уровне: лист — форма листовой пластинки, тип жилкования; стебель — тип ветвления побега, окраска, супротивное расположение листьев, слабое опушение; соцветие — расположение цветков; чашечка цветка — форма зубцов, тип опушения, мелкая ребристость; венчик цветка — форма и размеры, окраска. В качестве микроскопических признаков сырья определены форма клеток эпидермиса верхней и нижней сторон, участков над жилками; диацитные устьица, наличие мелких многоклеточных трихом и крупных эфирномасличных железок в строении листа, стебля, чашечки и венчика цветка; разделение мезофилла на столбчатую и губчатую ткани на поперечном срезе листа.

Amauropelta yabotiensis (Thelypteridaceae), a new species from Biosphere Yabotí Reserve (Misiones, Argentina) and its taxonomic relationships.

The Yabotí Biosphere Reserve (Prov. Misiones, Argentina) with 221,155 ha, represents one of the southernmost relicts of the Paranaense forest. Currently, a project is being developed in the area to inventory and describe the ferns and lycophytes. As a result of these studies, we identify a new species of Amauropelta, A. yabotiensis. Within this genus, it belongs to the group of species with uncinate hairs and presents a unique combination of diagnostic features, including the type of pubescence on the rhizome scales, the shape of the fronds and segments and type of venation. Here, we described and illustrated the species and we analyzed its taxonomic affinities and geographic distribution. Additionally, we provided a distribution map and a key to distinguish it from other Amauropelta species from Misiones province. With this new finding, we highlighted the importance of the Yabotí Reserve as a reservoir of biodiversity in the region.

Three New Species of Lauraceae

Three new species of Lauraceae are described and illustrated and their relationships are discussed. One new species, Beilschmiedia vohemarensis van der Werff, is endemic to Madagascar and differs from the similar B. microphylla (Kosterm.) Kosterm. in its type of pubescence and habitat. Licaria monsalveae van der Werff is restricted to the Choco region of Colombia and differs from the similar L. brasiliensis (Nees) Kosterm. in its tomentulose, not appressed pubescence. Ocotea sacculifera van der Werff is only known from Bolivia and differs from all other species of Ocotea Aubl. in its pouchlike domatia.

Taxonomic Characteristics of Vegetative Organs for Invasive Species of Reynoutria Hook.

Species of the genus Reynoutria Hook. were originally intentionally introduced from East Asia and in the twentieth century, three of them were successfully naturalized in Europe: R. sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Nakai, R. japonica Houtt. and their cultigenous hybrid R. × bohemica Chrtek & Chrtkova, which arose in the secondary distributional range of the parent species. As the taxa of the genus Reynoutria bloom very late, in late September-October, the characteristics of their leaves – shape, and type of pubescence – are mainly used as diagnostic ones. Identification of the species is often difficult, so this paper aims to identify diagnostic characters of their leaves in the secondary distribution range. Spontaneous invasive populations in Luxembourg, the Czech Republic, and Russia have been investigated. Comparisons have been made with plants growing in the natural range in Japan. Morphological characters were studied using a Keyence VHX-1000E digital microscope and an LEO 1430 VP scanning microscope. R. sachalinensis was found to be well distinguished from other species by its larger leaves with a heart-shaped base and a non-retracted apex. On the underside of the leaf, there are long uniseriate filiform trichomes along the lateral veins or outside the veins and peltate glands with 4-, 6- or 8-cell heads. For R. × bohemica, the presence of unicellular conical trichomes on the midrib was found to be a diagnostic feature in plants growing in Middle Russia (but not always) and is not applicable to plants from Czech populations, from which this species was actually described! In the taxonomic description of R. japonica, it has been suggested that the maximum height of the shoots should be significantly reduced (from 3 m to 1 m), as in the natural range this taxon has prostrate shoots. Plants of the secondary range with tall shoots are likely to be really R. × bohemica hybrids. It has been suggested that in Eastern Europe R. japonica grows generally very rare and predominantly in culture, and the information about most plants from invasive populations described in the literature as R. japonica should in fact be attributed to the hybrid complex R. × bohemica.

The study of anatomical diagnostic signs of raw material of some Agastache species as quality indicators for standardization

The basic stage of medicinal plant material standardization is the determination of authenticity by external and microscopic characteristics. There is a wide range of plants widely used in folk medicine, which have not yet entered the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. Great interest is paid to representatives of the genus Agastache J.Clayton ex Gronov, which are widely used in eastern medicine for inflammatory processes of the gastrointestinal tract and urinary system treatment and also for colds treatment; externally - for dermatitis of fungal origin and seborrhea treatment. These representatives are promising for cultivation in Ukraine.The aim of our research is the microscopic analysis of the vegetative and generative organs structure of the different aged individuals Agastache foeniculum and A. urticifolia, the selection of a complex of anatomical diagnostic features that can be used in identity and quality indices establishment.Materials and methods. Investigation of anatomical indices of leaves, petioles, stems of different age groups of A. foeniculum and A. urticifolia at juvenile and generative stages of ontogenetic development was conducted using a microscope XSP-146TR. The collections fund was used from the Botanical Garden n.а. acad. O.V. Fomin Kyiv National University named after. T. Shevchenko. Mira-preparations were made from the surface of freshly assembled and fixed raw materials. Samples of raw materials were collected on experimental sites of the Botanical Garden. acad. O.V. Fomin Kyiv National University named after. T. Shevchenko in early May, June 2016-2017.Results. A comparative microscopic analysis of the structure of vegetative and generative organs of different species of A. foeniculum and A. urticifolia has been carried out, correlations have been made in the changes of anatomic indicators of different organs according to the stage of ontogenetic development of plants. It is established that these changes are primarily due to the increase of vegetative organs in the size and are manifested in particular in reducing the abundance of their pubescence in the transition of individuals to the generative stage, particularly the number of glandular trichomes is smaller on generative stage for both species. Conclusions. According to the results of the anatomical research, it can be argued that determining the type of pubescence, its localization and abundance can serve as a reliable criterion for the diagnosis of the studied species, as well as the establishment of identity and quality indices of medicinal plant raw materials during standardization.

Two new species of Besleria (Gesneriaceae) from the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia

Besleria physaloides and B. silverstoneana, two new species of Gesneriaceae from the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia, are here described and illustrated. These two new species are similar in their vegetative morphology. However, there are differences in pubescence type and reproductive structure, especially sepals, petals, and gynoecium, between these and the other species of the genus. The two species are sympatric and grow along forest borders. The pollen morphology of the new species is also described in this study

A review of the species of the genus Adoxomyia Kertész, 1907 (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) with bicolorous antennae and a description of a new species, Adoxomyia subruficornis sp. n. from Middle Asia

Morphological features of the species of the genus Adoxomyia Kertesz, 1907 with bicolorous antennae in females were studied for the first time. Significant diagnostic characters are discussed, e.g., the structure of the head, the type of pubescence on the frons and face, the shape and coloration of the scutellar spines, and the morphology of the genitalia (the synstemum, the basal part of the epandrium, and the aedeagus). A new species, Adoxomyia subruficornis sp. n., is described from Uzbekistan and Tajikistan; it differs from A. ruficornis (Loew, 1873) in a dense pale pubescence on the frons, pale scutellar spines, elongate median projection of the synstemum, and rounded epandrial processes.

Diversity of leaf pubescence in bread wheat and relative species

Interspecific hybridization and polyploidization are the characteristic processes of evolution in the world of plants. The allopolyploid genomes undergo numerous structural rearrangements associated with the adaptation of separate genomes to each other. An important issue is to establish which part of the total diversity of genes characteristic of the ancestral forms have been preserved and manifested in the complex genomes. The aim of this work was to compare the diversity of the adaptive morphological trait-leaf pubescence among the relatives and the ancestors of hexaploid wheats to establish the variability of its phenotypic manifestation as a result of evolution and domestication. This was achieved through the study of quantitative characteristics of leaf pubescence among 47 representatives of di-, tetra- and hexaploid species of genera Triticum and Aegilops, the donors of the individual genomes of the allopolyploid Triticum species. Quantification of leaf pubescence was based on automated counting of the trichome number (N) and trichome length (L) estimation on a leaf fold and calculation of the pubescence index H (L/N). The species with different sets of elementary genomes differed for the type of pubescence. The ploidy level affected only the trichome length and the index of pubescence HL/N. The density of the hairs was affected by the individual genomes A and B, whereas genome D significantly influenced all of the studied pubescence parameters. The diploid species showed the largest variability while the cultivated durum wheats lacked pubescence. Bread wheat demonstrated pubescence characterized by a close correlation between N and L.

Phanoceroides Hinton, 1939: description of new species, morphology of larvae, and revised taxonomic position of the genus (Coleoptera: Elmidae) based on molecular evidence.

The monotypic genus Phanoceroides was initially classified within the subfamily Elminae, based solely on the distribution and type of pubescence on the body surface. Although a close relationship with Larainae was suggested (Hinton 1939, Maier 2013), its taxonomic position and phylogeny remained unresolved. Based on newly collected material, we describe here P. fernandesi sp. n. and document morphological characters and differences of adults and larvae of P. aquaticus Hinton, 1939 and P. fernandesi sp. n. To clarify the taxonomic position of Phanoceroides within Elmidae, we used molecular data (cox1 and mtDNA). The results support position of the genus within the subfamily Larainae with Hypsilara Maier & Spangler, 2011 as a close relative.

Host Plant Resistance to Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in Diverse Soybean Germplasm Maturity Groups V Through VIII.

Initially discovered in Georgia in 2009, the exotic invasive plataspid, Megacopta cribraria (F.), has become a serious pest of soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Managing M. cribraria in soybean typically involves the application of broad-spectrum insecticides. Soybean host plant resistance is an attractive alternative approach; however, no commercial soybean cultivars have been identified as resistant. During 2013 and 2014, we compared 40 and 44 soybean genotypes, respectively, for resistance to M. cribraria in a split-plot design under natural insect infestation in small-plot experiments. Soybean genotypes were selected to maximize diversity with respect to maturity group, pubescence type, leaf shape, seed size, nitrogen fixation, drought tolerance, seed protein content, and pest resistance. Megacopta cribraria egg masses, nymphs, and adults were counted during the growing season to identify potentially resistant soybean genotypes. Soybean seed yield was measured in insecticide-protected and unprotected conditions to determine tolerance to M. cribraria feeding. In both years, a range of host plant resistance was observed. The fewest M. cribraria adults and nymphs were found on narrow-leaf, small-seeded cultivars 'N7103' and 'Vance,' as well as the nonnodulating cultivar 'Nitrasoy.' Additionally, N7103 and Vance were among the least susceptible genotypes to M. cribraria oviposition in the field. Most 'Benning' cultivar insect-resistant near-isogenic breeding lines also displayed moderate levels of resistance to M. cribraria . Seed yields of Vance and N7103 were less affected by M. cribraria in 2013 than most other soybean genotypes. These results may be useful to soybean breeders to develop cultivars with resistance to M. cribraria.

Partitioning of eggplant cultivars in north central Nigeria using gross vegetative and reproductive characters

Eggplants emanating from a gene bank were studied. The aim was to partition and separate the cultivars into species level on the basis of their variable characters. Seeds were obtained from the seed gene bank of the University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria, and planted in the university research farm. Forty nine (49) cultivars at full maturity were examined using thirty (30) vegetative and thirty three (33 reproductive characters. Among the cultivars, the following characters remained unvaried: bud position (terminal), leaf type (simple), leaf arrangement (alternate), pubescence type (puberulent), venation type (pinnately netted), petal cohesion (fused), ovary position (superior), corolla shape (companulate), anther type (basifixed), filament adhesion (free) and symmetry of flower (actinomorphic). Some characters were moderately varied but not important to separate the cultivars. The prominent variables that formed the basis of partitioning the species are: leaf sizes, leaf shapes, leaf apices, number of leaf produced, plant height, number of days to produce flower, number of days to yield fruit, quantity of fruit produced (yield), fruit sizes, fruit colour, fruit shape, fruit stripe, fruit groove, fruit taste, fruit position, colour of petal and influorescence type. Based on these features, the cultivars are separated into eight (8) different taxonomic groups that may be assigned specific circumscription and named accordingly by taxonomists.

Морфологія та васкулярна анатомія квітки Aconitum lasiocarpum (Rchb.) Gáyer subsp. Lasiocarpum (Ranunculaceae Juss.)

The results of detailed investigation on morphological and anatomical organization of flower of Aconitum lasiocarpum (Rchb.) Gáyer are presented. It was established that current species has common features of the structure with other representatives from the genus Aconitum L. However, it differs by the shape and the size of the helmet, the number and the type of pubescence of the carpels, as well as the character of pubescence of the tepals, pedicels and bracteoles. It was shown that the tepals have trilacunar three-traced vascularization, while the filaments and nectaries – unilacunar one-traced vascularization. Similar types of innervation of stamens and nectaries (probably of staminodial origin). Suggest its common morphogenesis and homeotic origin. Since in the case of homoplasy, stamens and nectaries are unlikely to have the same organization of its vascular system which is functionally unjustified in the case of nectaries. Each of the carpels has three main vascular bundles (one dorsal and two ventral) which produce branched system of anastamoses and together supply the ovules. The special feature of gynoecium innervation is a fusion of the ventral ribs of adjoining carpels in the receptacle. These data are the basis for next comparative morphological and phylogenetic study which could be applied for verification and support of current hypotheses of evolution of a ranunculaceous flower. Keywords: Aconitum, floral morphology, vascular anatomy, nectaries.

A new species of Geotrigona Moure from the Caribbean coast of Colombia (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

A new species of the Neotropical stingless bee genus Geotrigona Moure from the Caribbean coast of Colombia is described and figured. Geotrigona joearroyoi sp. n. belongs to the fulvohirta species group and is distinguished on the basis of color and type of pubescence on the metasomal terga. New geographical records and an updated key to the species of Geotrigona are provided.

INHERITANCE OF PUBESCENCE TYPES IN MELON (CUCUMIS MELO L.): HISPID, GLABROUS AND PUBERULENT

The stems, petioles, and major veins of leaves are covered with bulbous-based bristles (hispid stem and leaf) in normal melon plant. The stem and leaf glabrous is a mutant controlled by a pair of recessive genes (gl). An unusual stem and leaf mutant was described in melon, this mutant is characterized by stem, petioles, and major veins of leaves are puberulent. The objective of these experiments was to study the genetic relationship of three pubescence traits. Two crossed were used to study the inheritance of pubescence type P A (M453, hispid) × P B (M455, puberulent), P B (M455, puberulent) × P c (M292, glabrous); and two sets of six generations (P A , P B , F 1 , F 2 , BC 1A , BC 1B and P B , P C , F 1 ', F 2 ', BC 1B ', BC 1C ') were developed. Based on performance of the 1st set of six generations, In the F 1 and BC 1A generation, all plants was normal (hispid) stem, the F 2 and BC 1B individuals segregated at the ratio showed the data were consistent with a 3:1 and 1:1 expected ratio respectively. It was confirmed that the puberulent type was inherited as a single recessive gene. The phenotype in another six generations of the cross P B ×P c showed F 1 'plant were normal (hispid), the ratio of BC 1B ' and BC 1C ' individuals segregated normal: puberulent and normal: glabrous were 1:1. The F 2 ' individuals showed three phenotype: normal, puberulent, glabrous, and the data of F 2 ' individuals segregated confirmed a good fit of 9 (normal): 3 (puberulent): 4 (glabrous) ratio, It shows that puberulent was non-allelic to glabrous, and that glabrous is recessive epistatic to puberulent. As a puberulant mutation, it is potentially useful in seeds production, genetic, and biochemical studies.

A new species of the Brazilian genusChresta(Asteraceae, Vernonieae) from Bahia

A new species of the genus Chresta Vell. ex DC. (Vernonieae, Asteraceae) from the Brazilian state of Bahia is described and illustrated. The new species resembles Chresta pinnatifida (Philipson) H.Rob. but differs in having solitary glomerules, leaf bases clasping the stem and 35–40 capitula per glomerule. It can be distinguished from Chresta harleyii and Chresta martii, the other two species of the genus with pinnately lobed leaves, by the type of pubescence, leaf blade bases and florets number. In addition, a key to distinguish all the species of the genus is presented. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 157, 587–590.

Fruits and seeds of Craigia bronnii (Malvaceae – Tilioideae) and associated flower buds from the late Miocene Inden Formation, Lower Rhine Basin, Germany

Abundant, well-preserved fruits of Craigia bronnii (Unger) Z. Kvaček, Bůžek et Manchester in various ontogenic stages have been found together with associated dispersed seeds and flower buds from a fossiliferous layer of late Miocene age within the Inden Formation in the Hambach open-cast lignite mine near Düren, the Lower Rhine Basin. Detailed morphological, anatomical features, along with characteristics of the in situ pollen provide new information on this arboreal element, which was widely distributed in the European Tertiary. The flower buds, previously described as Tilia gieskei Pingen et Gregor, are similar both to Tilia and Craigia, which are closely related extant genera. We interpret them to belong to the same species as the fossil fruits because of co-occurrence, and shared type of pubescence. The pollen is tricolporate with microreticulate, heterobrochate sculpture, thin endexine, and a thick footlayer. We caution that it could be difficult to distinguish Craigia and Tilia pollen without the combination of LM and SEM features and it is likely that many reports of Tilia, and Tilia-like pollen from the Tertiary of Europe may actually correspond to Craigia. Although the fruit morphology of these fossils conforms precisely to that of extant Craigia, this fossil plant differs in some respects (pollen sculpture, position of hilum) from the extant Craigia yunnanensis W.W. Smith et W.E. Evans, a relict of southern China. The associations of taxa, in which C. bronnii often occurs, including Taxodiaceae and hygrophilic broad-leaved deciduous trees and herbs, support the interpretation that it thrived in wetland habitats such as the Inden vegetation. Elsewhere in the European Tertiary, it entered also into the non-swampy parts of mesophytic forests. Hence its ecological tolerance may have been wider than that of its extant relatives.

Gochnatia (Asteraceae, Mutisieae) and the Gochnatia Complex: Taxonomic Implications from Morphology

Gochnatia is one of the largest genera of the tribe Mutisieae (Asteraceae) and has been traditionally characterized by its homogamous capitula with isomorphic corollas. A morphological study of Gochnatia and associated genera, i.e., Actinoseris, Chucoa, Cnicothamnus, Cyclolepis, Hyalis, lanthopappus, Nouelia, Pleiotaxis, and Wunderlichia, was carried out to evaluate the circumscription of Cochnatia and its sections, and the affinities of this complex of genera. The characters studied involve habit, leaf features (consistency, pubescence type, shape, margin, and venation), types of capitulescence, involucre features (shape, size, phyllary series, pubescence, and shape), paleae, floret features (morphology, sex, number, color of corolla, anthers, style shapes, achenial pubescence, and pappus). Analysis of these features revealed: (1) although Cochnatia is highly variable in most of the characters studied, it can be defined by this suite of features: isomorphic to subdimorphic corollas, apiculate anther appendages, and smooth style branches; (2) sections of Gochnatia needed to be re-evaluated. As result of this, two sections, i.e., sect. Discoseris and sect. Pentaphorus, are confirmed; two sections are proposed, i.e., sect. Glomerata sect. nov. and sect. Rotundifolia sect. nov.; three sections are redefined, i.e., sect. Hedraiophyllum, sect. Leucomeris, and sect. Gochnatia, while sect. Anastraphioides is formally published; and (3) the combination of apiculate anther appendages and smooth style branches is unique to Actinoseris, Cnicothamnns, Cyclolepis, Gochnatia, Hyalis, lanthopappus, and Nouelia within the Mutisieae. This group of genera is recognized here as the Gochnatia complex, with Cochnatia as the basal genus of this complex. Chucoa, Pleiotaxis, and Wunderlichia do not belong to the Gochnatia complex.

Patterns of intraspecific diversification in the Piriqueta caroliniana complex in southeastern North America and the Bahamas.

We use chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation and nested clade phylogeographic analyses to infer the historical processes that have contributed to the high level of morphological and ecological diversification present in a group of herbaceous perennials (the Piriqueta caroliniana complex) in North America and the Bahamas. The presence of morphologically distinct and intercompatible varieties (morphotypes) that can be distinguished based on suites of taxonomic characters (e.g., leaf shape, pubescence type, stature) and contrasting habitat affinities (from marshes to dry pinelands and sand scrub) makes this group particularly appropriate for studies of intraspecific diversification. To examine the distribution of haplotypes among populations, we sampled 467 individuals from 55 locations in Florida, Georgia, and the northern Bahamas (Grand Bahama and Abaco) and screened each individual for cpDNA variation using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and heteroduplex analyses. We develop a one-step haplotype phylogeny for this group and use the geographic distributions of haplotypes and clades to test specific phylogeographic hypotheses using the methods developed by Templeton and his colleagues (Templeton 1998). In general, the distribution of haplotypes was strongly influenced by limited dispersal distances, with the more recently derived haplotypes having much lower levels of dispersion and lower frequencies in populations than the ancestral haplotypes. The patterns of clade and haplotype dispersion and displacement and the distribution of morphotypes imply at least three cases of long-distance dispersal and one case of historical fragmentation. The historical patterns inferred for populations of Piriqueta are consistent with known biogeographical events, historical vegetation change, and the concordant patterns of multiple Pleistocene refugia that have been observed for a number of other taxa in southeastern North America.

PATTERNS OF INTRASPECIFIC DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PIRIQUETA CAROLINIANA COMPLEX IN SOUTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA AND THE BAHAMAS

We use chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation and nested clade phylogeographic analyses to infer the historical processes that have contributed to the high level of morphological and ecological diversification present in a group of herbaceous perennials (the Piriqueta caroliniana complex) in North America and the Bahamas. The presence of morphologically distinct and intercompatible varieties (morphotypes) that can be distinguished based on suites of taxonomic characters (e.g., leaf shape, pubescence type, stature) and contrasting habitat affinities (from marshes to dry pinelands and sand scrub) makes this group particularly appropriate for studies of intraspecific diversification. To examine the distribution of haplotypes among populations, we sampled 467 individuals from 55 locations in Florida, Georgia, and the northern Bahamas (Grand Bahama and Abaco) and screened each individual for cpDNA variation using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and heteroduplex analyses. We develop a one-step haplotype phylogeny for this group and use the geographic distributions of haplotypes and clades to test specific phylogeographic hypotheses using the methods developed by Templeton and his colleagues (Templeton 1998). In general, the distribution of haplotypes was strongly influenced by limited dispersal distances, with the more recently derived haplotypes having much lower levels of dispersion and lower frequencies in populations than the ancestral haplotypes. The patterns of clade and haplotype dispersion and displacement and the distribution of morphotypes imply at least three cases of long-distance dispersal and one case of historical fragmentation. The historical patterns inferred for populations of Piriqueta are consistent with known biogeographical events, historical vegetation change, and the concordant patterns of multiple Pleistocene refugia that have been observed for a number of other taxa in southeastern North America.Corresponding Editor: M. Dudash