Pt100 Temperature Sensor Research Articles

Large Efficient Intelligent Heating Relay Station System

The design of large efficient intelligent heating relay station system aims at the improvement of the existing heating system in our country, such as low heating efficiency, waste of energy and serious pollution, and the control still depends on the artificial problem. In this design, we first improve the existing plate heat exchanger. Secondly, the ATM89C51 is used to control the whole system and realize the intelligent control. The detection part is using the PT100 temperature sensor, pressure sensor, turbine flowmeter, heating temperature, detection of user end liquid flow, hydraulic, and real-time feedback, feedback signal to the microcontroller through the heating for users to adjust, realize the whole system more efficient, intelligent and energy-saving.

Peltier Effect Based Temperature Controlled System for Dielectric Spectroscopy

The temperature control system was designed and built for application in dielectric spectroscopy. It is based on the dual-stage Peltier element that decreases electrical power and no cryogenic fluids are required. A proportional integral derivative controller was used to keep the temperature stability of the system. A Pt100 temperature sensor was used to measure temperature of the sample mounting stage. Effect of vacuum isolation and water-cooling on accuracy and stability of the system were also studied. With the incorporation of vacuum isolation and water-cooling at 18 °C, the temperature of the sample under test can be controlled in the range of -40 °C to 150 °C with temperature stability ± 0.025 °C.

Optimization of Hemp Seeds (Canapa Sativa L.) Oil Mechanical Extraction

The interest in hemp (Canapa Sativa L.) in the last decade is greatly increased for its multiplicity of uses: food; textile industry; cosmetics and biochemical. In addition, hemp seed oil is a great source of high quality nutrients and has multi-purpose natural remedies and It could be used as edible oil containing about 80% of essential fatty acids (excellent ratio of omega-6 to omega-3). The aim of this study was the optimization of hemp seeds oil mechanical extraction parameters in order to have a higher oil yield. The hemp variety was Futura 75, cultivated in Castelvolturno (CE), Southern Italy. Harvest has been carried out in September 2016 with a mechanical harvester. The test has been carried out using a mechanical screw press, powered by 2.2 kW electric motor, using an 8 mm nozzle. The variable parameters were: temperature of extraction (50 °C and 70 °C), measured with a temperature sensor placed on press head; two rotational screw speeds (22 rpm and 32 rpm) and seeds pre-treatment (heated at 50 °C for 1h in a laboratory oven and not heated). The processed samples weighted 1000 g each. After the extraction, oil was centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 20 minutes with an laboratory centrifuge to determine the yield of pure oil as percentage of extracted oil (g) on the total oil extractable basis. During the tests, the performances of the press were monitored: initial and final extraction temperatures have been recorded with a RTD (Pt100) temperature sensor; extraction time was recorded with a laboratory stopwatch. Results show that the combination of high extraction temperature and slow rotational screw speed has a positive effect on oil yield as well as seeds pre-treatment. Further studies are scheduled in order to evaluate the effect of extraction parameters on oil quality in terms of acidity, sensory profile, volatile compounds and fatty acids composition.

Experimental and numerical investigation of natural convection in a rectangular cuboid filled by two immiscible fluids

Three-dimensional natural convection in a rectangular cuboid filled by two immiscible fluids of water and air at different liquid height ratios has been studied experimentally and numerically. An uniform flux heater is located on one of the side walls and the other side-walls are insulated with insulator materials. Top and bottom walls are set at a constant cold temperature. Measurements are carried out for different liquid height ratios of AR=0.5, 0.625, 0.75 and 0.875 and Rayleigh numbers of Ra=1.4×108, 2.79×108, 6.98×108 and 8.37×108. Height, width and length of the cuboid enclosure are 400mm, 200mm and 400mm respectively. The surface temperatures of the heated wall are measured using the LM-35 electronic sensors while twenty cylindrical watertight slots for inserting the PT100 temperature sensor are placed on midline (Z=0.5) of opposite side wall of the heated wall, so the sensor probe can slides through the slots horizontally. They are distributed on the midline (Z=0.5) as a vertical array with same distances. Also in this paper, a 3D computational work has been carried out to analyze the natural convection numerically. The finite volume approach is utilized for numerical solutions of the continuity, momentum and energy transport equations. The numerical and experimental results are compared and a good consistency was observed. Measurements and numerical results of the temperature distributions between vertical and horizontal walls for different fluid interface height ratios and Rayleigh numbers are presented. The variation of average Nusselt number along the heater with Rayleigh number and liquid interface aspect ratio are obtained. An uncertainty analysis is also done for experimental data.

Irradiation Campaign in the EOLE Critical Facility of Fiber Optic Bragg Gratings Dedicated to the Online Temperature Measurement in Zero Power Research Reactors

The control of temperature during operation of zero power research reactors participates to the overall control of experimentation conditions and reveals itself of a major importance when measuring neutronic parameters such as multiplication factors. Within the framework of the refurbishment of the MASURCA facility, the development of a new temperature measurement system based on the optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology is under consideration. In a first step, a series of FBGs is irradiated in the EOLE critical facility with the aim to select the most appropriate. Online temperature measurements are performed during a set of irradiations that should allow reaching a fast neutron fluence of nearly $5\cdot 10^{14}$ n.cm $^{-2}$ and a total gamma dose lower than 4 kGy. The results obtained, especially the Bragg wavelength shifts during the irradiation campaign, are discussed in this paper and compared to data from standard PT100 temperature sensors to highlight possible radiation effects on sensor performances. Work to be conducted during the second step of the project, aiming to a feasibility demonstration using a MASURCA assembly, is also presented.

Experimental set up of a magnetoelectric measuring system operating at different temperatures

The magnetoelectric effect is the phenomenon whereby through a magnetic stimulation can be produced an electrical response or vice versa. We implement a magnetoelectric voltage measuring device through the dynamic method for a different range of temperatures. The system was split into an electric set and an instrumentation and control set. Design and element selection criteria that the experimenter must take into account are presented, with special emphasis in the design of the sample holder, which is the fundamental component that differentiates the system operating at high temperature and the one operating at room temperature. The experimental equipment consists of an electromagnet with DC magnetic flux density (B) in a range of (0.0 to 1.6) KOe, a Helmholtz coil which operates with a sinusoidal B between (0.0 and 0.016) KOe and a PT100 temperature sensor. A tubular heating resistance, a Checkman temperature control and an SSR 40A were used for controlling the temperature. As an application of the system, the transverse and longitudinal magnetoelectric coefficient was measured for a thin film of BiFeO3 at room temperature and 307K. It was observed that the behaviour of the longitudinal and transverse magnetoelectric coefficient matches the reported value and decreased with increasing temperature.

Thermal Performance Testing of a Flat Plate Solar Air Heater Using Optical Measurement Technique

Experimental test set up at laboratory scale has been developed for thermal performance testing of flat plate solar air heater with simulated solar radiation intensity; 600W/m 2 . A test cell of size 1m x 0.5m x 0.1m was fabricated. Three designs namely (i) plane absorber (ii) transverse V- porous ribs and (iii) inclined V-porous ribs of absorber are tested. All the experiments are conducted with artificial solar radiation and in natural convection. Performances of these three designs have been compared on the basis of overall thermal efficiency and thermal gradient along normal to the base. Thermal gradient has been determined by laser beam deviation method. PT-100 temperature sensors have also been used to validate the optical results of thermal gradient. The overall thermal efficiencies of these designs have been found as 14.91%, 17.24% and 20.04% respectively. It has also been seen that thermal gradient tends to reduce with increase in efficiency.

Thermal effects of stator potting in an axial-flux permanent magnet synchronous generator

Axial-flux machines often have certain problems with heat transfer as shrink fitting of the stator core in the housing is not an option, unlike in the case of radial-flux machines. In this paper, we study how potting of the stator affects the thermal behavior of a 100 kV A axial-flux generator. The axial-flux permanent magnet (PM) generator is of a one-rotor-two-stator type construction. A liquid cooling system is applied on the stator frame, and the potting material in the end-winding region thermally connects the end winding to the housing heat sink. The design principle of the cooling system is presented in detail. Simplified thermal models based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are used to analyze the temperature distribution through the machine. The theoretical results are verified by measurements. For comparison, one stator of the prototype generator is potted with Ceramacast 675-N material while the other stator is not potted. In each stator there are 14 Pt-100 temperature sensors. As the temperature values between the potted and unpotted stator are compared, it is found that the temperatures differ from each other by approx. 10% at the end windings under load condition. The application of the potting material also provides the rotor cooling.

Design of High Precision Temperature Sensor Based on Platinum Resistance

for Pt100 platinum resistance temperature measurement system has low accuracy, duplicate hardware circuit design and other issues, the articles design a high-precision temperature measurement system with Pt100 platinum resistance. With Pt100 temperature sensor, article takes STM32F103 as the control center through filtering, amplification and other signal conditioning circuit and a method of combining software look-up table to compensate the nonlinear compensation, thus achieving high-precision temperature measurement. Research results show that the system has a measurement accuracy high stability, scalability, and other characteristics.

Investigation of natural convection in cubical enclosure using laser induced fluorescence

Temperature measurements are extremely important and they are used in many technical and engineering processes, including the analysis of natural convection. In contrast to the commonly used thermocouples and Pt100 temperature sensors, which allow point temperature measurements, laser induced fluorescence technique (LIF) allows the imaging of temperature fields throughout the area. An obvious disadvantage of thermocouples and Pt100 sensors is the possibility that the probes can affect the fluid flow, changing its structure. This problem does not appear in LIF measurements and better accuracy of temperature mapping is obtained. This work focuses on describing one-color LIF technique (using one fluorescent dye) in theoretical and practical terms. The experimental set-up is described, as well as a number of operations required to get the temperature field of the whole domain. The results of the natural convection process analysis in the configuration of one side wall heated and the opposite one cooled, with the use of laser induced fluorescence technique are presented.

Experimental Study on Calibration Model Based on Pt100 Temperature Sensor

In order to improve measuring-temperature accuracy of the PT100 temperature sensor, we conduct multi-point calibration experiment. The BP neural network based on LM algorithm can process experimental data and the least square method can fit out more accurate formula that express the relationship between the temperature and resistance. It is available that this arithmetic that the interrelated experiment demonstrate its accuracy improve precision of the PT100 temperature sensor.This arithmetic can be applied to the calibration test.

Loss measurement and analysis for the prototype generator with HTS stator and permanent magnet rotor

A prototype HTS synchronous generator with a permanent magnet rotor and HTS armature windings was developed. The rated armature frequency is 10Hz. The cryogenic Dewar is tightly surrounded outside the iron core. Both HTS coils and the iron core were cooled by using conduction cooling method. During the process of no-load running, the no-load loss power data were obtained through the torque measurement. The temperature evolution characteristics of the stator was measured by PT-100 temperature sensors. These results show that the no-load loss power at around 77K are much larger than that at room temperature. The possible reason for the no-load loss increment is discussed. The ac loss power of one individual HTS coil used in this generator was also tested. Compared with the iron loss power, the ac loss power is rather small and could be neglected.

The Chimeric Approach Reveals That Differences in the TRPV1 Pore Domain Determine Species-specific Sensitivity to Block of Heat Activation

The capsaicin-, heat-, and proton-activated ion channel TRPV1, a member of the transient receptor potential cation channel family is a polymodal nociceptor. For almost a decade, TRPV1 has been explored by the pharmaceutical industry as a potential target for example for pain conditions. Antagonists which block TRPV1 activation by capsaicin, heat, and protons were developed by a number of pharmaceutical companies. The unexpected finding of hyperthermia as an on-target side effect in clinical studies using polymodal TRPV1 antagonists has prompted companies to search for ways to circumvent hyperthermia, for example by the development of modality-selective antagonists. The significant lack of consistency of the pharmacology of many TRPV1 antagonists across different species has been a further obstacle. JYL-1421 for example was shown to block capsaicin and heat responses in human and monkey TRPV1 while it was largely ineffective in blocking heat responses in rat TRPV1. These findings suggested structural dissimilarities between different TRPV1 species relevant for small compound antagonism for example of heat activation. Using a chimeric approach (human and rat TRPV1) in combination with a novel FLIPR-based heat activation assay and patch-clamp electrophysiology we have identified the pore region as being strongly linked to the observed species differences. We demonstrate that by exchanging the pore domains JYL-1421, which is modality-selective in rat can be made modality-selective in human TRPV1 and vice-versa.

Design of Pt100 Temperature Measuring System Based on System-on-Chip for C8051F410

In order to reduce development costs, improve system stability and reliability, we designed high precise temperature measuring system with system-on-chip of C8051F410 as control core, using three wire constant current sources to drive Pt100 temperature sensor. The Operational principle and design basis of current source, signal conditioning and modulus convert circuits are analyzed, and also given circuit structure and circuit parameters. Experimental results show that absolute error is less than 0.15°C and accuracy level is 0.02 that can achieve real-time measure with high precisions in -50°C ~ 500°C range.

Symmetric miniaturized heating system for active microelectronic devices

To qualify interconnect technologies such as microelectronic fine wire bonds for mass production of integrated circuit (IC) packages, it is necessary to perform accelerated aging tests, e.g., to age a device at an elevated temperature or to subject the device to thermal cycling and measure the decrease of interconnect quality. There are downsides to using conventional ovens for this as they are relatively large and have relatively slow temperature change rates, and if electrical connections are required between monitoring equipment and the device being heated, they must be located inside the oven and may be aged by the high temperatures. Addressing these downsides, a miniaturized heating system (minioven) is presented, which can heat individual IC packages containing the interconnects to be tested. The core of this system is a piece of copper cut from a square shaped tube with high resistance heating wire looped around it. Ceramic dual in-line packages are clamped against either open end of the core. One package contains a Pt100 temperature sensor and the other package contains the device to be aged placed in symmetry to the temperature sensor. According to the temperature detected by the Pt100, a proportional-integral-derivative controller adjusts the power supplied to the heating wire. The system maintains a dynamic temperature balance with the core hot and the two symmetric sides with electrical connections to the device under test at a cooler temperature. Only the face of the package containing the device is heated, while the socket holding it remains below 75 degrees C when the oven operates at 200 degrees C. The minioven can heat packages from room temperature up to 200 degrees C in less than 5 min and maintain this temperature at 28 W power. During long term aging, a temperature of 200 degrees C was maintained for 1120 h with negligible resistance change of the heating wires after 900 h (heating wire resistance increased 0.2% over the final 220 h). The device is also subjected to 5700 thermal cycles between 55 and 195 degrees C, demonstrating reliability under thermal cycling.

KSTAR thermal shield

The thermal shield intercepts thermal radiation from the components at room temperature to superconducting magnet at 4.5 K. The thermal shield of KSTAR is divided into three categories: vacuum vessel thermal shield, port thermal shield, and cryostat thermal shield. Tube-on-panel is the basic configuration of KSTAR thermal shield. The layout of the tubing has been designed to get the temperature distribution of 80 K. The shield is designed to be cooled down by flowing gaseous helium at 18 bar in the tube. After the installation, helium leak test was intensively performed to confirm leak tightness of cooling pipes of which length are about 703 and 2544 m for vacuum vessel thermal shield and cryostat thermal shield, respectively. On April 3, 2008, the cool down of the KSTAR started and during the operation the temperature was monitored by PT-100 temperature sensor. This paper describes the overalls of thermal shield work from design to installation, and reports the results of the KSTAR thermal shield during initial operation.

Thermomechanical stress analysis and measurement in quasi-monolithic integration technology (QMIT)

This paper is dedicated to thermomechanical stress measurement and analysis with a new technology for microwave and millimeter-wave applications called quasi-monolithic integration technology (QMIT). A measurement-based method and a three-dimensional (3-D) finite-element simulator are applied to achieve the thermomechanical stress distribution under different temperatures for the different structures fabricated by QMIT. A closed-loop temperature measurement system consisting of a Pt-100 temperature sensor, a Peltier element, and a digitally controlled current source enables temperature measurements with a resolution of better than 0.1/spl deg/C. The surface profiles on the silicon substrate around the active devices have been measured using scanning probe microscopy (SPM), surface profiling (DEKTAK) (Veeco Instruments Inc., New York), or white-light interferometry [Tarraf et al. (2004)]. The measured results show very good agreement with the results of theoretical model calculations. The simulation results reveal a much lower induced thermomechanical stress for the enhanced QMIT structure than the earlier concept of QMIT, which results in a better lifetime and reliability for this technology.

EFFECTS OF BULB TEMPERATURE ON DEVELOPMENT OF HIPPEASTRUM

EFFECTS OF BULB TEMPERATURE ON DEVELOPMENT OF HIPPEASTRUM

A sandwich-designed temperature-gradient incubator for studies of microbial temperature responses

A temperature-gradient incubator (TGI) is described, which produces a thermal gradient over 34 aluminium modules (15×30×5 cm) intersected by 2-mm layers of partly insulating graphite foil (SigraFlex Universal). The new, sandwich-designed TGI has 30 rows of six replicate sample wells for incubation of 28-ml test tubes. An electric plate heats one end of the TGI, and the other end is cooled by thermoelectric Peltier elements in combination with a liquid cooling system. The TGI is equipped with 24 calibrated Pt-100 temperature sensors and insulated by polyurethane plates. A PC-operated SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) software (Genesis 4.20) is applied for temperature control using three advanced control loops. The precision of the TGI temperature measurements was better than ±0.12°C, and for a 0–40°C gradient, the temperature at the six replicate sample wells varied less than ±0.04°C. Temperatures measured in incubated water samples closely matched the TGI temperatures, which showed a linear relationship to the sample row number. During operation for 8 days with a gradient of 0–40°C, the temperature at the cold end was stable within ±0.02°C, while the temperatures at the middle and the warm end were stable within ±0.08°C ( n=2370). Using the new TGI, it was shown that the fine-scale (1°C) temperature dependence of S o oxidation rates in agricultural soil (0–29°C) could be described by the Arrhenius relationship. The apparent activation energy ( E a) for S o oxidation was 79 kJ mol −1, which corresponded to a temperature coefficient ( Q 10) of 3.1. These data demonstrated that oxidation of S o in soil is strongly temperature-dependent. In conclusion, the new TGI allowed a detailed study of microbial temperature responses as it produced a precise, stable, and certifiable temperature gradient by the new and combined use of sandwich-design, thermoelectric cooling, and advanced control loops. The sandwich-design alone reduced the disadvantageous thermal gradient over individual sample wells by 56%.