Pt100 Temperature Sensor Research Articles

Influence of Temperature Sensor (Pt100) Accuracy on the Interpretation of Experimental Results of Measuring Temperature on the Surface

This article presents the impact of accuracy of sensors, or more specifically Pt100 temperature sensors, on result analysis of experimental studies. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out consisting in measuring the temperature on the surface of a partition - a concrete wall, beneath its insulation layer. The tested surface was separated from external environment and could only be influenced by the wall structure. Therefore, the expected result of the experiment, i.e. the difference in temperature sensor readings in identical locations on both sides of the partition, should reach a value close to 0. This article also presents the values of absolute error for sensors which were determined before their installation on the surface, and on which their location depended. The obtained deviations were included in the results of the experiment, which led to a decrease in temperature differences on both sides of the partition, in some cases even reaching the expected value of 0. This analysis showed how important it is to know the measurement error and then eliminate it in result interpretation.

Implementation of Linear Regression Method for Calibration and Temperature Measurement on PT100 Temperature Sensor

The PT100 temperature sensor, a type RTD (resistance temperature detector), is widely employed in industries, particularly for steam boiler temperature regulation. Precise temperature measurement is vital for operational efficiency and safety maintenance. Utilizing linear regression for calibrating and measuring temperature with the PT100 sensor integrated with Arduino Uno and LCD I2C is proposed to enhance accuracy. Testing involved assembling the PT100 sensor with Arduino Uno and LCD I2C. Test data were employed for linear regression to derive the calibration equation. Measurements were conducted by comparing PT100 sensor readings with a digital thermometer across a temperature range of 30ºC to 75ºC at 5ºC intervals, with each temperature point tested five times. Results exhibit good accuracy in temperature measurement with the PT100 sensor, featuring low error and percentage error. The standard deviation indicates consistent measurement. Integration of the PT100 temperature sensor with Arduino Uno and LCD I2C, coupled with linear regression for calibration, yields a precise temperature measurement system. Testing against a digital thermometer demonstrates highly accurate outcomes. This developed system finds application in high-precision temperature measurement for steam boiler operations.

Temperature Control System for Albumin Extraction and Pasteurization Process of Snakehead-Fish (Channa striata)

One of the crucial proteins present in the plasma of human blood is albumin. Among the freshwater fish species, the snakehead-fish is noteworthy for its high albumin content. However, many participants in the snakehead-fish albumin industry, particularly in home and traditional industries, often neglect the importance of maintaining precise temperature and time during the extraction process. Prolonged exposure to high temperatures during extraction can lead to a decrease in albumin levels. This study aimed to develop a temperature control system for the snakehead-fish albumin extraction apparatus. The system had the capability to accurately measure and maintain the heating temperature within the range, and monitor the process. The evaluation of the design's compliance with predetermined specifications and operational principles was presented. The PT100 temperature sensor was used to measure the temperature within the extraction apparatus, and the microcontroller processed the temperature data to regulate the dimmer level through a control mechanism. The temperature control system utilizing on-off control was anticipated to generate temperatures ranging from 60-70°C during the extraction phase and maintain temperatures below 43°C during pasteurization. The test results of the extraction process utilizing a lower setpoint of 63°C and an upper setpoint of 67°C, revealed that the maximum temperature recorded was 68.95°C, while the minimum temperature was 60.99°C.

Monitoring and Data Acquisition System for a 3kW Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System

This research aimed to design and implement a wireless monitoring and data acquisition system using LabVIEW for a 3 kW Solar Fuel Cell Reactor. The system incorporated advanced technologies like Raspberry Pi 3B+, Arduino Nano, PT100 temperature sensors, voltage divider, ACS758, and calibrated cells for precise irradiance sensing. It adhered to the IEC-61724-2017 standard and utilized a 3D-printed housing with a DIN rail fastener for durability and convenience. During a 5-day test period, the study examined the impact of temperature on the photovoltaic module, revealing variations of up to 3 °C among cells, leading to parameter dispersion and performance losses. Temperature also showed an inverse relationship with voltage, with higher temperatures resulting in decreased efficiency and a maximum surface temperature of 52.31 °C. The research also explored the effect of irradiance, finding a direct correlation between irradiance and generated current. Notably, extreme solar irradiance events occurred, with the highest value reaching 1245.90 W/m2 for 6 s at 11:39:13 on June 10, 2023, and the longest event lasting 176 s at 1219.77 W/m2, occurring at 11:34:17. The collected indicators provided reliable information on energy generation by the SFCR under specific environmental conditions.

Determination of Thermal Time Constant of a Pt100 Temperature Sensor in Still Oil Using the Time Derivative Method

AbstractAn alternative method was developed to determine the thermal time constant of a relatively cumbersome temperature sensor in still oil. A relationship between the take‐off gradient, initial temperature, thermal time constant, and final steady‐state temperature was deduced. An experiment was then performed using a Pt100 temperature sensor to test the veracity of the relationship. The Pt100 temperature sensor was subjected to five different step changes in temperature from an initial temperature of 60 °C. This resulted in five exponential curves with five different take‐off gradients. The linearization method was used to determine the thermal time constant as a control experiment. The new method was then applied to the same data set. It agrees very well with the linearization method within the limits of experimental error.

The Open acidification Tank Controller: An open-source device for the control of pH and temperature in ocean acidification experiments

Ocean acidification is the process by which the increase in atmospheric CO2 causes a corresponding increase in seawater CO2 and results in lowering the seawater pH. While this process is likely to have substantial impacts on marine ecosystems, research into the effect of ocean acidification has been limited by the high costs of quality tools to perform ocean acidification treatments in the lab. The Open Acidification Tank Controller is designed to reduce the cost of ocean acidification research by providing a device that can monitor and control pH and temperature of aquaria as well as or better than commercially available research-grade devices, but for less than $250 USD per aquarium. The device is centered around an Arduino Mega 2560 and is assembled into a 3D printed housing. It monitors pH using a BNC glass pH probe and temperature using a three-wire waterproof PT100 temperature sensor. The Open Acidification Tank Controller also features web-based parameter reporting, and data storage to a micro-SD card. This device can hold aquarium pH and temperature at given setpoints, ramp between two values over a user-defined time period, or produce a sine-wave fluctuation in values.

Arduino-Based Data Acquisition Device Design for Specific Heat Determination of Hot Vegetable Oil

Vegetable oil is commonly used for cooking and frying at high temperatures. Information on the oil's specific heat in a process can help estimate the time and energy spent to reach a particular temperature. However, finding an accurate and affordable instrument for measuring specific heat at high temperatures was complex. This study aimed to design a prototype data acquisition device (DAQ) that can support the specific heat of high-temperature vegetable oil determination using the Joule experiment and Newton's correction. This study had two stages: prototype design/construction and prototype testing. The DAQ prototype consisted of a PZEM-003 power sensor, a PT100 temperature sensor, a relay, and an Arduino Mega 2560. The measurement results were displayed on an LCD and recorded in Microsoft data streamer. The prototype was tested by comparing the temperature, voltage, and current with commercial instruments resulting in accuracy and precision of 99.97% (99.95%), 99.97% (99.86%), and 99.99% (99.86 %), respectively. Performance tests showed that the specific heats of canola, corn, and sunflower oils at 100°C based on DAQ data analyzed separately were 2.119 J/kg.°C, 2.082 J/kg.°C, and 2.458 J/kg, respectively. The specific heat values were close to those in the reference, with an accuracy of 94.22%, 97.29%, and 99.80%, respectively. Keywords: ATmega2560, DAQ, Heat capacity, Hysteresis, Vegetable oil

Energy Efficiency of Multi-Technology PV Modules under Real Outdoor Conditions—An Experimental Assessment in Ghardaïa, Algeria

Energy efficiency and ratio performance are two key parameters for the analysis of the performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules. The present paper focusses on the assessment of the efficiency of four different photovoltaic module technologies based on energy efficiency and ratio performance. These PV modules were installed at the Applied Research Unit in Renewable Energy (URAER) in Algeria and were used to provide experimental data to help local and international economical actors with performance enhancement and optimal choice of different technologies subject to arid outdoor conditions. The modules studied in this paper are: two thin-film modules of copper indium selenide (CIS), hetero-junction with intrinsic thin-layer silicon (HIT) and two crystalline silicon modules (polycrystalline (poly-Si), monocrystalline (mono-Si)). These technologies were initially characterized using a DC regulator based on their measured I-V characteristics under the same outdoor climate conditions as the location where the monitoring of the electrical energy produced from each PV module was carried out. The DC regulator allows for extracting the maximum electrical power. At the same time, the measurements of the solar radiation and temperature were obtained from a pyranometer type Kipp & ZonenTM CMP21 and a Pt-100 temperature sensor (Kipp & Zonen, Delft, Netherlands). These measurements were performed from July 2020 to June 2021. In this work, the monthly average performance parameters such as energy efficiency are given and analyzed. The average efficiency of the modules over 12 months was evaluated at 4.74%, 7.65%, 9.13% and 10.27% for the HIT, CIS, mono-Si and poly-Si modules, respectively. The calculated percentage deviations in the efficiency of the modules were 8.49%, 18.88%, 19.74% and 23.57% for the HIT, CIS, mono-Si and poly-Si modules, respectively. The low variation in the efficiency of the HIT module can be attributed to the better operation of this module under arid outdoor conditions, which makes it a promising module for adaptation to the region concerned.

The Precise Temperature Measurement System with Compensation of Measuring Cable Influence

The article presents an active bridge system that enables the solution of a significant problem consisting in ensuring correct indications of temperature values in a wide measuring range for a Pt100 temperature sensor with properties defined by the standard (EN-60751 + A2). The presented active bridge system combines the properties of the measuring amplifier with the stabilization of the current value in the branch in which the Pt100 sensor was placed. The article focuses on the comparison of the temperature measurement in a typical resistance bridge and the measurement made in the developed active bridge, which has also become the subject of a patent. For the performed tests, in which the correctness of the temperature measurement system operation was verified, and on the basis of the obtained results, the quality of temperature measurements was compared in a wide range of changes.

A straight-forward, inexpensive, low power continuous-flow µPCR chip using PCB-based heater electrodes with uniform temperature distribution

A relatively high-efficiency, two-step type continuous flow microfluidic device for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is presented in this work. The heater electrodes are designed and fabricated based on 0.25 µm-thick two-layer standard printed circuit board (PCB) technology. Temperature uniformity in different temperature zones of PCR plays a key role in increasing process efficiency. By properly designing meander shaped electrodes, relatively good temperature uniformity and high PCR efficiency is realized. A symmetrical structure is demonstrated for the arrangement of the electrodes, where the annealing electrode is placed between two denaturation electrodes. In this way, we have favorably used the thermal cross talk between the two temperature zones in order to create a relatively uniform temperature in the annealing electrode. Heat spreaders between meander lines in denaturation electrodes are used to distribute temperature uniformly, in contrast to the literature, where complex optimization methods are adopted. This eliminates the need to use bulky heat spreaders such as copper or aluminum blocks which are commonly used to uniformize temperature in continuous flow µPCRs. As a result, the number of components and the overall size of the device and consequently the complexity and fabrication cost decreases. On the other hand, the thermal mass is reduced, which in turn reduces the power consumption of the system. The temperature measurements are first performed with contact PT100 temperature sensors and then the results are verified by a thermal camera. The temperature difference measured by PT100 sensors approximately matches the standard deviation obtained from the thermal camera in a specific area. For the denaturation electrode these values are 1.14 °C and 1.2 °C, respectively. A maximum absolute temperature difference of 1 °C is measured for the annealing electrode. The fabricated microchip with dimensions of 50 mm × 40 mm is tested by an 88 base-pair DNA sample from the human housekeeping gene with a power consumption of less than 0.82 W. A relatively remarkable amplification efficiency is achieved to prove the efficacy of our inexpensive PCB electrodes.

Preliminary thermal characterisation of an active latent thermal energy storage system using PCM

Preliminary results of energy charging/discharging processes in a latent thermal energy storage system are reported. A novel design of a rotative scrapper heat exchanger has been studied. Paraffin RT44HC is employed as a phase change material. A Coriolis flowmeter is employed for measuring the mass flow through the prototype, and PT100 temperature sensors are used for measuring the inlet and exit temperature of the heat transfer fluid.

Experimental Investigation of Heat Losses from a Heat Pipe Based Parabolic Trough Collector used for Direct Steam Generation

The performance of a thermosiphon based parabolic trough collector (PTC) used for direct steam generation depends largely on the heat losses of the solar thermal system. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the heat losses in a thermosiphon based solar thermal system that used a linear receiver with a PTC for the generation of low temperature steam. A locally constructed PTC was used to concentrate sun rays to a linear copper pipe enclosed in an evacuated glass tube and held at the focal line of the PTC to heat water and generate steam. Circulation of the water in the closed-loop solar thermal system was through natural convection. A solar meter was used to measure the incident radiation flux at the experimental site and PT100 temperature sensors were installed at different points of the system to measure the temperature distribution within the system. The thermal efficiency and overall heat losses of the system were investigated by fitting the experimental data to standard equations. The results showed that the instantaneous thermal efficiency of the system was 46.48%, 43.1% and 45.32% respectively for three days examined. The overall heat losses in the system were 1211.95, 974.32 and 911.26 kwh per day respectively for the three days investigated. Heat losses from the tank accounted for over 83% of the losses for all the days examined. The evacuated glass tube reduced heat losses from the receiver to very low values of 2.31, 1.63 and 1.43 KWh per day respectively for the three days tested. The use of a better insulating material on the tank was recommended to reduce convective and conductive heat losses, thereby enhancing the performance of the system.

Design of Mine Temperature Measurement System

This paper introduced a method of mine temperature measurement. The system used PT100 temperature sensor as sensing unit, constant current source composed of operational amplifier as excitation source, amplification circuit and A / D conversion circuit to process the output signal of Pt100 sensor, and STM32F103 microprocessor was used for data calculation and display, and the temperature data was converted into a 485 signal for long-distance transmission and temperature measurement system. The experimental results show that the system has high temperature measurement accuracy, wide measurement range, and low cost. Reliable measurement of temperature parameters in coal mines can be carried out, which is of great significance to ensure coal mine safety production.

Development and testing of a cryogenic induction motor with a novel Dewar structure

A Dewar is the key structure of motors with high temperature superconducting (HTS) armature windings. Traditional Dewars use total immersion cooling, which can cause additional mechanical losses and challenges for rotary sealing. To avoid these problems, a novel Dewar structure was developed with partial immersion cooling. A 15 kW cryogenic induction motor with the designed Dewar was then developed. Its stator core and the coil were cooled with liquid nitrogen through partial immersion cooling. We studied the thermal insulation performance of the Dewar, and the running performance of the cryogenic induction motor. The temperature characteristics of the stator core were measured by PT-100 temperature sensors. Results show that the stable temperature of the stator is 76.5 K. Under no-load conditions, the slip rate of the motor is 0.02 with the no-load current being 30 A at 350 V of the stator voltage. The no-load loss power at low temperature is much larger than that at room temperature. These results suggest that the partial immersion cooling is effective, which validates the reliability of the designed Dewar structure, and that running performance of the motor designed is desirable.

Online monitoring and analysis of TBM cutter temperature: A case study in China

Excessive cutter temperature during TBM tunnelling may cause severe cutter wear, mud cake formation, or even blockage of the cutterhead. It will increase construction costs and safety risks. Therefore, in this study, based on the PT100 temperature sensor and wireless transmission technology, a set of cutter temperature online monitoring system has been developed and applied to an TBM construction in-site. Statistical analysis of the in-site temperature data shows that: (1) During excavation, the cutter temperature range was about 13–25 ℃. (2) When penetration is less than 32.4 mm/r, the relative temperature change (ΔT) will increase as the installation radius increases. On the contrary, as the installation radius increases, the ΔT decreases first, then increases. (3) The ΔT is affected by the flow velocity of sludge (PTR). When PTR decreases, if the heat lost by the sludge is higher than the heat generated by the penetration, the ΔT will decrease.

Solar-driven melting dynamics in a shell and tube thermal energy store: An experimental analysis

The integration of an array of two evacuated-tube solar collectors with a latent thermal energy storage system has been accomplished, in order to study the heat transfer characteristics during solar-driven melting. A shell-and-tube heat exchanger is employed for energy storage purposes, using 30 kg of paraffin RT70HC in the shell side. A tube bundle uniformly distributed accommodates 12 tube passes, allowing a total mass flow of 100–1000 kg/h of water for inducing turbulent-flow in the tube side. A Coriolis flowmeter is employed for measuring the mass flow through the tubes, and PT100 temperature sensors are used for measuring the inlet and exit temperature of the heat transfer fluid. Outside wall temperature is measured in different cross-sections of the tubes using T-type thermocouples, which capture the buoyancy plume of the PCM induced over the tubes during phase change. Vertical and horizontal temperature probe arrays in the shell characterize the thermal stratification that occurs during melting. Liquid fraction and energy storage during three different scenarios of solar irradiance are computed. The relation between the primary energy source and the heat transfer dynamics of the LTES are described, considering the constraints in terms of maximum PCM operating temperature and achievable liquid fraction.

Development of Methodology for Determining the Physical Properties of Natural and Innovative Materials

The high energy consumption of buildings in the various sectors of society, the exploitation of natural resources and the use of fossil fuels make it necessary to research constructive alternatives that can reduce the impact on the planet. The use of thermal insulation in buildings is important for the reduction of energy consumption, however, most of the materials developed are manufactured generating high rates of pollution. This study starts with the use of natural elements (corn cob / soybean straw / pine bark) and innovative elements (vacuum / slimstone plate), in order to improve energy efficiency of buildings. The methodological development of the work began in the selection of materials and development of facade cladding boards. The determination of the thermal conductivity was analyzed using a heating plate and PT100 temperature sensors, determination of the apparent and actual density, and analysis of the material composition using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). After the development of the analyzes, the natural slabs and recycled slimstone showed significant results, with thermal conductivity lower than 0.07 W / m.k.

On-turbine multisensors based on Hybrid Ceramic Manufacturing Technology

Abstract The contribution evaluates the potential of piezoresistive multilayer ceramic sensory solutions using Low or High Temperature Cofired Ceramics (LTCC/HTCC) for on-turbine sensors. Relevant ceramic materials were characterized and evaluated with regard to applicability and reliability under application-like conditions. A multilayer ceramic sensory element was designed including a ceramic embedded pressure sensing membrane, a Pt100 temperature sensor and ceramic integrated wiring. Appropriate sealing methods to implement the ceramic into metal housings as well as electrical connection solutions were worked out, which allow for an operation under the increased temperatures (> 300°C) of the application. A system concept, including sensory element, signal conditioning electronics, mechanical and electrical interfaces is part of the investigation.

The Combined Relative Uncertainty of Measurement Results by Prototype Semi-Automated Calorimetric Chamber

Abstract The paper presents an evaluation of the combined relative uncertainty of the result of direct step temperature measurements aimed at evaluation of the indirect measurements of the specific thermal capacity of the heat insulating concrete by means of a pair of resistive cable thermometers fitted with Pt100 temperature sensors and integrated into a computer-controlled calorimetric chamber. In particular, it is a proposal of evaluation of the overall relative uncertainty of the measurement of partial temperatures measured in equidistant time steps, in a relatively wider time interval. In practice, the uncertainty of the result of step temperature measurements is most often declared only by the instrument uncertainty specified by the manufacturer. The exact evaluation of the result of the measurements of thermal and temperature material parameters measured by the calorimetric comparison method is required by the fact that the investigated samples are made of newly designed non-tabulated building materials and that the measurements are made by a prototype device.

Research and design of semiconductor laser temperature stabilization system in laser system

The power output stability of semiconductor laser in the laser system is closely related to the working temperature. As the control precision is not high and control speed of temperature control system is slow in the laser system, this paper discusses a new temperature stabilization system. This system gets laser temperature by PT-100 temperature sensor, and uses the least squares fitting to process the temperature data, thus to ensure the temperature measurement accuracy of 0.01 ℃. And the system adjusts the temperature by PID controller whose parameter is optimized by particle swarm optimization algorithm. Simulation experiments and actual test show that of the temperature system can quickly stabilize the temperature of laser, the time of adjustment is less than 11 s. And the fluctuations of temperature is about 0.02 ℃ after the system reaching the steady state. Compared with the traditional temperature control method, the system can achieve self-tuning of parameters and automatically adjust the temperature, the laser temperature in the high-power laser system has a good stability.