Psychotropic Research Articles

Effects of a school-based substance use prevention education on psychoactive substance knowledge, attitudes and behaviours among young people

Effects of a school-based substance use prevention education on psychoactive substance knowledge, attitudes and behaviours among young people

Aberrance in default mode and executive network activity underlie working memory deficits in addictive disorders: A preliminary, exploratory case-control study

BackgroundAddiction can alter neural processes during rest and cognitive performance. Subjects with addictive disorders exhibit preoccupation and anticipation for the psychoactive substance when idle and cognitive deficits, during tasks. Methods128 channel EEG was recorded in sixty subjects (30, with alcohol, opioid and internet addiction; 30 controls) during rest and while performing working memory task to ascertain underlying differences in cortical activity between the groups while at rest and during performance of the task. Artifactually clean data was then subjected to source analysis using sLORETA software in both the groups. ResultsEEG cortical source analysis in subjects with addictive disorders showed significant activation of areas of Default Mode Network (DMN) and reduced activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFC), an area known to be involved in executive function, during performance of task. However, control subjects demonstrated significantly reduced activation in areas of DMN; and increased activation of DLPFC during task performance. ConclusionInability to suppress DMN inhibits reallocation of neural resources to areas of executive functioning leading to working memory deficits in subjects with addictive disorder.

Fluorofentanyl and Novel Synthetic Opioids in Accidental Overdose Deaths.

One of the quickest-growing subclasses of novel psychoactive substances is novel synthetic opioids (NSO), which are categorized as fentanyl analogs (fentalogs) or non-fentanyl opioids that bind to the mu-opioid receptor. Increased detections of NSO have been observed in the United States. However, limited information on their prevalence outside of the East Coast is available. This study details the prevalence of NSO, specifically fluorofentanyl, in the biological and drug paraphernalia specimens of accidental overdose deaths in San Francisco in 2022. A recently developed and validated LC-MS-MS method was utilized for the analysis of over 250 NSO. Out of the 649 accidental overdose deaths in 2022, 617 cases were available for blood analysis, with at least one NSO detected in 48 cases (7.8%). Fentalogs were detected in all 48 cases, with fluorofentanyl being detected in 40 cases. In postmortem femoral blood, estimated concentrations of fluorofentanyl ranged from 0.1 to 8.9 ng/mL, and 0.05 to 85 ng/mL in urine. Polysubstance use with NSO was seen with fentanyl (89.6%), methamphetamine (70.8%), cocaine (33.3%), and heroin (18.8%). NSO, mainly, fluorofentanyl were observed in matched drug paraphernalia. This report documents the migration of fluorofentanyl to the West Coast, specifically California.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in e-liquids by pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are a series of synthetic substances that mimic the effects of natural cannabis and cause more serious toxicity and public safety issues. SCs, with a wide variety and fast update rate have become the most abused family of new psychoactive substances. A pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method has been developed to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze SCs in e-liquids using pyrolysis products as analytical targets, which can effectively expand the detection range of SCs. In qualitative analysis, diluted e-liquids were pyrolyzed in the microfurnace at 800, 600, and 300 ℃, respectively, followed by separation and analysis through gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. SCs in the e-liquids were determined by both shared and characteristic pyrolysis products combined with the EI mass spectrometry of their parent compounds. ADB-BUTINACA and 5F-MDMB-PICA were successfully identified in five e-liquid samples seized by local police. Furthermore, five popular SCs in the illegal market, ADB-BUTINACA, 4F-ABUTINACA, 4CN-CUMYL-BUTINACA, 4F-MDMB-BICA, and 5F-MDMB-PICA, were quantitatively analyzed based on their characteristic pyrolysis products as the analysis targets. The results indicated that the linear range of ADB-BUTINACA was 2–200 μg/mL, while those of 4F-ABUTINACA and 4CN-CUMYL-BUTINACA were 1–200 μg/mL. For 4F-MDMB-BICA and 5F-MDMB-PICA, the linear range was 5–500 μg/mL. The linear correlation coefficients of determination of five SCs were greater than 0.994. The limit of detection (S/N=3) for five SCs was 0.25–2.50 μg/mL, and the limit of quantification (S/N=10) was 0.50–5.00 μg/mL. This quantitative method was applied to five positive samples in real cases. The results showed that the concentrations of ADB-BUTIANCA and 5F-MDMB-PICA in the positive samples were 751.32–4810.10 μg/mL and 1109.41 μg/mL, respectively. The current research provides a validated pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method, with simple pre-treatment, fast operation and wide screening range, to accurately identify and quantify SCs in e-liquid samples without reference materials.

'You mean you're not doing it already?' A national sentinel toxico-surveillance system for detecting illicit, emerging and novel psychoactive drugs in presentations to emergency departments.

Patients presenting to the ED after using illicit drugs, including novel psychoactive substances, are a unique source of information on substances that are directly causing acute harm in the community. Conventionally, illicit drug intoxications are assessed and managed in EDs based on self-report and presenting symptoms, with no objective data on the causative agent. The Emerging Drugs Network of Australia (EDNA) is a national toxico-surveillance system that provides analytic data on these drugs, from sentinel Emergency Departments. It is a collaborative national network of emergency physicians, toxicologists, forensic laboratories and public health authorities. The key benefit of EDNA is the capacity to provide timely laboratory-confirmed toxicology data on emerging drug-related threats in the community. This leads to improvements in clinical, forensic laboratory and public health harm reduction responses, reflecting rapid translation of the research.

Relationship Between Sexual Dysfunction and Quality of Life in Psychiatric Patients Receiving Regular Treatment: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Sexual dysfunction (SD) is a significant issue among psychiatric patients on psychotropic medications. This study aims to compare SD in patients using antipsychotics and antidepressants. To evaluate the prevalence of SD and its effect on the quality of life among psychiatric patients on medications. A cross-sectional study had been conducted with 150 participants (50 with schizophrenia, 50 with affective disorders, and 50 controls). SD was evaluated employing the Psychotropic-Related Sexual Dysfunction Questionnaire (PRSexDQ) and the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX). The Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire-Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF) was used to measure the quality of life. Data analysis techniques included Spearman's correlation test, one-way ANOVA, chi-square test, and descriptive statistics. SD prevalence was 42% in affective disorders, 64% in schizophrenia, and 18% in controls. SD significantly correlated with a longer duration of psychotropic use and negatively impacted quality of life. SD is prevalent among psychiatric patients on long-term medication, highlighting the need for strategies to manage these side effects.

Jail-Based For-Profit Mental Health Providers and Treatment Engagement After Release.

This study compared mental health treatment engagement among people with serious mental illness after release from jails that had either a for-profit (N=3 jails) or a nonprofit mental health provider (N=7 jails). Across the 10 jails, data were collected in 2019 for 1,238 individuals with serious mental illness. Data included demographic characteristics (age, race-ethnicity, gender, geography, and jail type) and behavioral health variables (previous mental health treatment, psychotropic medication use, substance use, and receipt of jail-based mental health services). Logistic regression was used to predict treatment engagement during the year after release, stratified by type of jail-based mental health provider, in analyses controlled for demographic and behavioral health variables. Almost half (46%, N=573) of the individuals had stayed in jails with a for-profit mental health provider; the other half (54%, N=665) had stayed in jails with a nonprofit provider. In the year after release, 37% (N=458) of all individuals engaged in mental health treatment, and 63% (N=780) did not. Those who had stayed in a jail with a for-profit provider were significantly less likely to engage in mental health treatment during the year after release (AOR=0.59, 95% CI=0.42-0.83, p<0.01), compared with those in jails having a nonprofit provider. Staying in a jail with a for-profit mental health provider was associated with reduced postrelease engagement with community service providers. Less engagement with services during a pivotal time after release may increase behavioral health crises that erode individuals' well-being and may raise downstream costs due to further criminal legal involvement and emergency care use.

Chronic Cannabis users exhibit altered oscillatory dynamics and functional connectivity serving visuospatial processing.

Cannabis is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the United States. While multiple studies have associated acute cannabis consumption with alterations in cognitive function (e.g., visual and spatial attention), far less is known regarding the effects of chronic consumption on the neural dynamics supporting these cognitive functions. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) and an established visuospatial processing task to elicit multi-spectral neuronal responses in 44 regular cannabis users and 53 demographically matched non-user controls. To examine the effects of chronic cannabis use on the oscillatory dynamics underlying visuospatial processing, neural responses were imaged using a time-frequency resolved beamformer and compared across groups. Neuronal oscillations serving visuospatial processing were identified in the theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-14 Hz), and gamma range (56-76 Hz), and these were imaged and examined for group differences. Our key results indicated that users exhibited weaker theta oscillations in occipital and cerebellar regions and weaker gamma responses in the left temporal cortices compared to non-users. Lastly, alpha oscillations did not differ, but alpha connectivity among higher-order attention areas was weaker in cannabis users relative to non-users and correlated with performance. Overall, these results suggest that chronic cannabis users have alterations in the oscillatory dynamics and neural connectivity serving visuospatial attention. Such alterations were observed across multiple cortical areas critical for higher-order processing and may reflect compensatory activity and/or the initial emergence of aberrant dynamics. Future work is needed to fully understand the implications of altered multispectral oscillations and neural connectivity in cannabis users.

Review on Toxicological Aspect of Ahiphena (Papaver)

Ahiphena (papaver) is one among Upavisha which is air-dried latex juice obtained from unripe capsules of white poppy. White poppy is botanically classified as Papaver somniferum and belongs to family Papaveracea The name poppy is derived from Latin meaning sleep inducing. The Ayurvedic text Rasa Tarangini Included Ahiphena (papaver) among eleven Upavishas . Opium yields wide range of natural, semi synthetic and synthetic alkaloids namely morphine, thebaine, codeine and papaverine which is commonly use in medicine. Semi synthetic heroin, hydro morphine, oxymorphone, oxycodone and synthetic meperidine, methadone, levarphanol , diphenoxylate, fentanyl, proposophene. Opium and its alkaloids cause drug dependence and it is most commonly abused substances after cannabis. Opioids are the main drugs of abuse in Asia, Europe and much of Oceania. The opium act of 1857 empowers only Central Government to cultivate poppy plants and manufacture opium with the help of farmers authorized by Government. The opium act 1878 prohibits import, export, transportation, possession and sale of opium. The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 includes opium as narcotic and psychotropic substances and consumption of opium and its leads to imprisonment for one year or with fine or with both. Schedule-E (1) of Drugs &amp; Cosmetics Act, 1940 has included opium in list of poisons. This study design to present all toxicological aspect of Ahiphena in Ayurvedic and contemporary View to treat people of opium poisoning and counselling in drug abuse.

Structural basis of psychedelic LSD recognition at dopamine D1 receptor

Understanding the kinetics of LSD in receptors and subsequent induced signaling is crucial for comprehending both the psychoactive and therapeutic effects of LSD. Despite extensive research on LSD's interactions with serotonin 2A and 2B receptors, its behavior on other targets, including dopamine receptors, has remained elusive. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of LSD/PF6142-bound dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1)-legobody complexes, accompanied by a β-arrestin-mimicking nanobody, NBA3, shedding light on the determinants of G protein coupling versus β-arrestin coupling. Structural analysis unveils a distinctive binding mode of LSD in DRD1, particularly with the ergoline moiety oriented toward TM4. Kinetic investigations uncover an exceptionally rapid dissociation rate of LSD in DRD1, attributed to the flexibility of extracellular loop 2 (ECL2). Moreover, G protein can stabilize ECL2 conformation, leading to a significant slowdown in ligand's dissociation rate. These findings establish a solid foundation for further exploration of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) dynamics and their relevance to signal transduction.

Ayahuasca Tourism: Curating Authenticity in Transformative Times (Field Note)

ABSTRACT: Motivated by multiple factors collectively related to what is often termed the Psychedelic Renaissance, people increasingly consume psychedelics for recreational, medicinal, psychotherapeutic, and even spiritual or religious reasons. In the broader psychedelic ecosystem, ayahuasca (a psychoactive "tea" made from plants indigenous to the Amazon jungle) is becoming one of the more popular psychoactive substances. Ayahuasca churches, retreat centers, and informal "circles" are forming in multiple countries around the world; however, many people who want to drink ayahuasca travel to or near the Amazon, where they seek what they deem an authentic shamanic ayahuasca experience. The lure of authenticity draws people to the Amazon, where they encounter a rather diverse ayahuasca ecosystem. The limited historical and archaeological data suggest that this diversity predates colonialism; however, various factors including the tourists themselves are now agents of change.

The Influence of Stakeholder Interests on Safety Outcome Reporting in Psychedelic Research and Implications for Science Communication.

Psychedelics are a group of psychoactive substances which produce complex and subjective changes to consciousness and carry unique safety considerations. There is a growing body of work investigating the use of psychedelics for mental health treatment alongside increasing socio-cultural and political acceptance. This rapid evolution has prompted corporations to fund psychedelic clinical trials, leading to a potential rise in conflicts of interest in relevant studies and publications. However, the body of evidence for the safety and efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for psychiatric illnesses is early. There is concern regarding the introduction of bias in psychedelic clinical trials and the selective reporting of results amidst and beyond corporate involvement. At a crucial time in psychedelic drug reform, this paper explores the safety concerns associated with psychedelics, the potential influences of financial stakeholders on safety outcome reporting and the importance of balanced science communication in maintaining public health and safety.

Epilepsy in inmate patients seen in a high complexity reference hospital in Colombia: A cross-sectional study.

To describe the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of imprisoned patients with epilepsy seen at Samaritana University Hospital (HUS) in Bogotá D.C., between January 2017 and November 2020. Cross-sectional cohort study of inmate patients over 18 years of age seen at HUS between January 2017 and November 2020, with a discharge diagnosis of epilepsy. A descriptive univariate analysis of patient sociodemographic and clinical characteristics was carried out. Overall, 92 patients were included, 95.7% were males with a median age of 32 years (IQR: 26-44); 65% were assessed in the outpatient clinic; median hospital length of stay was 2 days (IQR: 0) and 7.6% required admission to the intensive care unit; 75% had focal onset epilepsy, 63.04% with undetermined etiology 31.52% with structural causes. Polytherapy was found in 53.3%, valproic acid being the most frequently used antiseizure medication in 59.78%; lack of adherence was reported in 15.22% and inadequate seizure control in 81.52%; status epilepticus occurred in 5.34%. A total of 31 EEG recordings and 53 brain images were performed, of which, 29% and 39.62%, respectively, were abnormal. Non-epileptic paroxysmal events were diagnosed in 5.34%, while organic or psychiatric comorbidities were found in 25%, and the use of psychoactive substances was documented in 17.39%. Upon discharge, 93.47% had no disability, and only 45.65% returned for outpatient follow-up. The clinical profile was of men in the fourth decade of life with focal onset epilepsy characterized by high seizure frequency, most of whom were receiving antiseizure medication, with a high proportion of polytherapy. The results are a point of departure for prospective studies designed to identify points to intervene and improve healthcare for inmates with epilepsy. Inmates are a vulnerable proportion of persons with epilepsy. In this group there are significant differences compared to the general population, especially with greater psychiatric comorbidity and worse control of epileptic seizures due to difficulties in accessing medical care, antiseizure medication and diagnostic tests. We found that the most characteristic population is made up of men in the fourth decade of life with a high frequency of seizures, most of whom were receiving multiple antiseizure medication This study is the first of its kind in Latin America and it is an initial approach to epilepsy in inmates.

Prescription Patterns in Jails Before and Since the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multisite Serial Cross-Sectional Investigation.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, jails were advised to reduce facility census, particularly the growing population of those with medical/behavioral health vulnerabilities that increased susceptibility to adverse outcomes. Although jail census decreased across the nation in the initial days to months following pandemic declaration, there are minimal data regarding the health status of those who remained in jail. The current investigation aspired to describe jail census trends before/since the onset of COVID-19 and offer snapshots of temporal changes and context for prevalence estimates of medical/behavioral health conditions in jail detainees from 2019 to 2023. Using a serial cross-sectional design, prescription information for individuals residing in 18 jails across the United States on June 30 of each respective year was extracted and categorized using MediSpan's ontological system to determine prevalence estimates of prescribed agents/products. Although data evidenced an initial 31% census reduction (followed by gradual return to prepandemic rates), prescribing patterns for all major therapeutic drug classes steadily increased, with 10% more individuals prescribed at least one agent in 2023 than 2019. The largest increases were observed for behavioral health agents (e.g., 32.4% of the sample was prescribed psychotropic agents in 2023 compared with 25.7% in 2019). We provide considerations for future investigations.

Uric Acid as a Biomarker for Mood Disorders: A Comparative Study of Blood Uric Acid Levels Correlating With the Symptom Severity and Treatment Response.

Background Bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are two mood disorders whose pathophysiology may involve the purinergic system. Elevated uric acid levels, associated with this system, can impact various behaviors in individuals affected by these conditions. In addition to genetic predisposition, blood uric acid levels can be impacted by various factors, including metabolic syndrome, the consumption of psychoactive medications, and other underlying kidney conditions such as gout. Objective The study aims to investigate the relationship between blood uric acid levels and mental health conditions, specifically BPAD subtypes (manic and depressive) and MDD. The study also examines changes in blood uric acid levels following treatment and evaluates the effectiveness of different treatment approaches in reducing uric acid levels. Methodology To be eligible to participate, individuals must have a confirmed diagnosis of BPAD (manic or depressive type) or MDD, according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Blood uric acid levels were measured at both baseline and follow-up assessments. Symptoms were assessed weekly using standardized rating scales (Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D)) until treatment response was achieved, which was defined as a 50% reduction in initial scores on both scales. We used ANOVA to examine the differences among the three patient groups and paired sample t-tests to examine the changes in means before and after treatment conditions. Results A significant positive correlation was found between the severity of illness and serum uric acid levels across all three patient groups: those with BPAD-mania, BPAD-depression, and MDD. Notably, patients with BPAD-mania patients had significantly higher serum uric acid levels (5.2±0.9 mg/dL) compared to those with BPAD-depression (4.8±1.0 mg/dL) and MDD (4.0±1.1 mg/dL). After treatment, all patient groups exhibited a decrease in serum uric acid levels. The reduction in serum uric acid levels was pronounced in all patient groups, with decreases of 3.1±0.8 mg/dL in patients with BPAD-mania, 3.1±0.9 mg/dL in those with BPAD-depression, and 3.5±1.1 mg/dL in those with MDD. The study showed that the reduction in serum uric acid levels was significantly correlated with the severity of illness in patients with BPAD-mania, but not in those with BPAD-depression or MDD. Furthermore, the study found that treatment with lithium carbonate, sodium valproate, or carbamazepine was equally effective in reducing serum uric acid levels, regardless of the mood stabilizer used. Conclusion The study supports that dysfunction in the purine system might play a significant role in the development and progression of BPAD, suggesting that this phenomenon is not solely due to chronicity or medication exposure. This study also introduces a fresh perspective on the underlying biological processes that contribute to the development of BPAD and also sheds light on new treatment regimens targeting uric acid reduction in treating patients with bipolar disorder.

Resource-rational psychopathology.

Psychopathology is vast and diverse. Across distinct disease states, individuals exhibit symptoms that appear counter to the standard view of rationality (expected utility maximization). We argue that some aspects of psychopathology can be described as resource-rational, reflecting a rational trade-off between reward and cognitive resources. We review work on two theories of this kind: rational inattention, where a capacity limit applies to perceptual channels, and policy compression, where the capacity limit applies to action channels. We show how these theories can parsimoniously explain many forms of psychopathology, including affective, primary psychotic, and neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as many effects of psychoactive medications on these disorders. While there are important disorder-specific differences and the theories are by no means universal, we argue that resource rationality offers a useful new perspective on psychopathology. By emphasizing the role of cognitive resource constraints, this approach offers a more inclusive picture of rationality. Some aspects of psychopathology may reflect rational trade-offs rather than the breakdown of rationality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Interactive Properties of Alkaloids from Datura stramonium, Moringa oleifera, and Carica papaya with Human Receptor Proteins of Psychoactive Compounds from Cannabis sativa and Nicotiana tabacum

Interactive Properties of Alkaloids from Datura stramonium, Moringa oleifera, and Carica papaya with Human Receptor Proteins of Psychoactive Compounds from Cannabis sativa and Nicotiana tabacum

Synthetic cannabinoid identification in cases associated with blue lotus and valerian root vaping products.

Synthetic cannabinoids emerged in the early 21st century and have continued to evolve and flourish to present day. Like other novel psychoactive substances (NPS), synthetic cannabinoids have been sold under the guise of legitimate products. Some examples include "potpourri," "incense," and herbal material. Between May 2020 and December 2023, the United States Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory, Drug Chemistry Division (USACIL) received 29 seized drug cases mentioning "blue lotus" or "valerian root." In 90% of these cases, at least one exhibit contained one or more synthetic cannabinoids. During the same timeframe, the Armed Forces Medical Examiner System, Division of Forensic Toxicology received 65 toxicology cases that contained synthetic cannabinoids and/or their corresponding metabolites where case history mentioned "blue lotus." The most frequently observed synthetic cannabinoids between laboratories were 5F-MDMB-PICA, ADB-BUTINACA, and MDMB-4en-PINACA. Innocuous branding and marketing may deceive law enforcement, investigators, and healthcare providers into believing that the adverse effects of erratic behavior, sedation, slurred speech, and hallucinations are a result of toxicity from botanical extracts (e.g. apomorphine and nuciferine in blue lotus). Due to the dangerous nature of these NPS, synthetic cannabinoid screening is recommended for all cases where there is suspected use of vaping products suggested to contain "blue lotus" or "valerian root" as vendors continue to conceal the presence of these compounds.

Kratom-From natural remedy to addictive drug and back

Kratom/ketum is apsychoactive herbal preparation that has been used for along time as aremedy and performance-enhancing substance in Southeast Asia. The advancement of globalization is making kratom increasingly more available in the western world, where it is becoming increasingly more used. The current research on kratom and its ingredients is presented. An overview of the use and effects of kratom is exemplary given on the basis of reports. The instrumentalization of the drug and its consequences up to the development of addiction are discussed. Consumption is accompanied by several instrumentalizeable effects so that kratom is used as atherapeutic substance in the self-management of pain, anxiety and depression as well as other substance addictions. Another benefit comes from the performance-enhancing effects on physical work and in a social context. Consumption is usually well controlled, rarely escalates and has few and mostly mild aversive side effects. The danger arises from consumption particularly when there is an escalation of the dose and from mixed consumption with other psychoactive substances. The main alkaloid mitragynine and the more potent 7‑hydroxy-mitragynine are considered mainly responsible for the effect. Both have acomplex pharmacology that involves partial µ‑opioid receptor agonism. Epidemiological, clinical and neurochemical studies have shown that kratom only has alimited addictive drug profile, which might suggest amedical use as aremedy or substitute in addiction treatment.

Application of International Law in Tackling Money Laundering

Money laundering has become a complex and challenging global issue, this complexity is compounded by its cross-border nature, which demands effective international cooperation in its handling and the application of international law to be key to comprehensively combating trafficking and preventing the proliferation of proceeds of crime. International law related to trafficking has evolved rapidly in recent decades. Beginning with the 1988 Vienna Convention on Psychotropic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, various international legal instruments have been formulated to define trafficking, criminalize its perpetrators, and strengthen cooperation between states. For example the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (Palermo Convention) of 2000 and Recommendation 40 of the FATF, In 2022, the Center for Financial Transaction Reporting and Analysis (PPATK) fully disclosed the amount of Money Laundering (TPPU) which reached IDR 183.88 trillion. Indonesia has ratified various international legal instruments related to TPPU and implemented them in national regulations. Law Number 23 of 2003 concerning Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing is the main legal basis in Indonesia. PPATK, as a UIF (Financial Intelligence Unit), plays an important role in collecting, analyzing, and disseminating information related to TPPU to relevant authorities.