Psychosocial Behavior Research Articles

Socioeconomic status and health behaviors as predictors of changes in self-rated health among older persons in Israel.

There is a considerable body of scientific knowledge about factors associated with self-rated health (SRH), a common measure of health status. However, less is known about the factors associated with changes in SRH over time. In order to fill this gap, the aim of the current study was to examine a combination of socioeconomic, psychosocial, and health behaviour variables in explaining changes in SRH among older adults. The study used data from two time periods in Israel of the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) to analyse the predictive contribution of Time 1 socioeconomic, psychosocial and behavioural variables and changes in these variables over time to changes in SHR. The sample included 1,549 older persons interviewed at baseline (years 2009-2010) and four years later (year 2013). Using bivariate and multivariate regression models, the findings show that 26 percent and 23 percent of the participants reported either improvement or a deterioration in their SRH, respectively. Decline in SRH was predicted by a combination of Time 1 socioeconomic (subjective assessment of a household's ability to make ends meet), psychosocial (QoL and in trust in people), and behavioural factors (moderate physical activity) and decline in these factors over time. The findings demonstrate that changes in those variables make an additional significant contribution for explaining changes in SRH. The findings suggest that in addition to identification of low SES, poor psychosocial and behavioural factors as risk factors to poor SRH changes in these factors should be monitored among older populations.

Psychosocial school environment and health risk behaviours of adolescents in Bulgaria: results from multilevel analysis.

The paper aims to study the relationships between psychosocial school environment and health risk behaviours (cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, drunkenness, bullying perpetration and early start of sexual life) in a representative sample of Bulgarian adolescents. We apply multilevel analysis, using data from the Bulgarian 2017/2018 "Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC)" Study. There is a significant variation between schools in Bulgaria in the proportions of students who smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol, get drunk and have an early start of sexual life. Lower school satisfaction is significantly associated with higher odds of smoking and drunkenness. The effect of school pressure differs for smoking and bullying perpetration. The effect of student support also differs for certain types of health risk behaviours. Higher student support is positively associated with frequent alcohol consumption and drunkenness. The relationship between teacher support and alcohol abuse is negative. There is a significant association between characteristics of psychosocial school environment and Bulgarian adolescents' risk health behaviours (cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, drunkenness, bullying perpetration). Comprehensive and effective health promotion policies in Bulgarian schools are needed in order to facilitate healthy lifestyles.

Association of mid sleep time and social jetlag with psychosocial behaviour of Indian population during COVID-19 lockdown.

Background: India, being the third worst affected country from COVID-19 pandemic at the time of study, faced complete lockdown to minimize community transmission that confined people to social isolation for extended durations.Design and Methods: Therefore, we conducted an online questionnaire-based survey for the Indian population after 37 days of complete lockdown to assess the integrative effects of such home restriction and social isolation on mid-sleep time, social jetlag, and their associated psychosocial behavior. From the reports of sleep onset and waking-up times before and during lockdown as obtained from a total of 1511 respondents of ≥18 years, midsleep time (MST) and social jetlag (SJL) were calculated. Participants also rated their psychosocial behavior related variables on a Likert scale.Results: Significantly delayed MST was noted during the lockdown. The majority showed reduced social jetlag; however, younger people and female subjects exhibited more SJL with delay in MST. Also, delayed MST and elevated SJL problems were more clearly demonstrated in people exhibiting more disturbances in sleep quality and daily routine, lower general mood status, irregular feeding habits (snacking frequency), worsened personal relationship, quality of life, and increased daydreaming events.Conclusion: The study emphasizes the importance of maintaining a regular daily routine with respect to sleep-wake patterns and eating habits to minimize the impact of such a crisis situation on sleep behavior, social jetlag, and associated psychosocial wellbeing.Significance for public healthThe study has both immediate and far-reaching significance. On the background of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the study highlights the effect of the prolonged lockdown of a sizeable Indian population on the interaction of mid-sleep time and its associated social jetlag on some of their basic indicators of psychosocial behaviour. The finding reflects a significant influence of lockdown on sleep behaviour and its related effect which is suggestive of susceptibility to extreme psychological consequences in such conditions. Besides, the counsellors also need to take adequate steps keeping in view the heterogeneity in response across gender. Over the long term, this study provides a rare window of opportunity to obtain a scientific view of the effect of physical isolation which can be extrapolated to patients in the hospital, prisoners, sailors, or any other personnel mimicking prolonged lockdown conditions. The work schedules and mental states can thus be tailored to these effects which could increase productivity with reduction in altered psychological states.

Occupational Challenges in the Caregivers of People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Qualitative Study

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disorder. The progressive and unpredictable nature of MS indicates the patients’ need for long-term care as well as the increased burden of their primary caregivers’ care and occupational challenges that emerge in their daily life activities. Objectives: The current study aimed to explore the occupational challenges caused by engaging in the care process for the caregivers of people with MS Methods: This qualitative study was conducted on 21 caregivers of MS patients using a content analysis approach. Data were collected through semi-structured face-to-face interviews. Results: Three main themes emerged: Time limitations in occupation implementation, care needs in occupation implementation, and emotional reactions affecting occupations. Conclusions: According to the results, the caregivers of people with MS were faced with a variety of occupational challenges. The time limitations for performing routine occupations and desired activities, unmet patient care-facilitating needs, and the occurrence of psychosocial reactions and behaviors were contributed to these challenges and their exacerbation. Identifying these challenges is both useful for designing interventional programs and to help caregivers to successfully perform their desired occupations in spite of challenges in the care process.

Psychological Aspects on Perpeace in Ambon City, Indonesia

Human social interaction in life is either separating (dissociative) or unifying (associative).Conflict is a dissociative social process, everyone in his life will meet him. The people of Ambon city have very deep experiences regarding conflict. Relations in peace is essential to be done, because it is concerned with the relationship between the process of uniting the ‘People Basudara' then the writing is made to determine the public social behavior in Ambon city with its character. The writing of this paper is based on the author's research in 2014on 120 respondents (60 Moslems and 60 Christians) in Ambon city.The results showed that groups of people (Moslems and Christians), female gender and age groups of middle age (41-60 years)simultaneously affect public psychosocial behavior(R2=83.5 and DW = 2.954),but the early adult age group ( 18 - 41 years) and male gender did not significantly influence the prosocial behavior of the people in Ambon city. Prosocial behavior that has the highest value assessed by respondents is ‘cooperating' while the lowest is ‘Caring for others'. Based on the results obtained, it is necessary to pay attention to all parties, especially the government, to always be responsive to the dynamics of community life, especially in the utilization of economic resources, selfish. This certainly will trigger various conflicts in life in society.

231EMF Investigating Psychosocial Factors, Health Behaviors, and Diabetic Control in Emergency Department Patients

231EMF Investigating Psychosocial Factors, Health Behaviors, and Diabetic Control in Emergency Department Patients

Forgiveness of others and subsequent health and well-being in mid-life: a longitudinal study on female nurses

BackgroundForgiveness is a concept of growing interest within psychology and of potential relevance to public health. While there has been increasing evidence suggesting positive associations between forgiveness of others and a range of psychosocial well-being and mental health outcomes, its associations with health behaviors and physical health are less clear.MethodsThis study used longitudinal data from the Nurses’ Health Study II (2008 Trauma Exposure and Post-traumatic Stress Supplementary Survey to 2015 questionnaire wave, N = 54,703), to conduct an outcome-wide analysis among a cohort of female nurses in the United States (age range: 43–64 years). The study prospectively examines the association between spiritually motivated forgiveness of others and a number of of subsequent psychosocial well-being, mental health, health behavior, and physical health outcomes in midlife. A set of linear, logistic, and Poisson regression models were used to regress each outcome on forgiveness in separate models. Sociodemographic factors, prior religious service attendance, and prior values of all outcome variables were controlled for wherever data were available. To account for multiple testing, we performed Bonferroni correction.ResultsForgiveness was associated with subsequent improved psychosocial well-being and reduced psychological distress outcomes in a monotonic pattern. For instance, the top versus bottom level of forgiveness was associated with substantially higher levels of subsequent positive affect (β = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.21) and social integration (β = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.17), and was inversely associated with several indicators of subsequent psychological distress such as depressive symptoms (β = − 0.16, 95% CI: − 0.19, − 0.14). However, in this sample, there was little evidence that forgiveness was associated with health behaviors or physical health outcomes.DiscussionThis study suggests that forgiveness may be a health asset for promoting population mental health and psychosocial well-being, and moreover may also be understood as a good in itself. Further investigation on the dynamics between forgiveness and physical health is warranted to explore the discrepancy between the results here and some past research.

The sequel to COVID-19: the antithesis to life

The sequel to COVID-19: the antithesis to life

Prevalence of Worry-Induced Sleep Disturbance and Associated Factors among a National Sample of In-School Adolescents in Lebanon.

Persistent worry can cause significant distress among adolescents. The goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence and correlates of worry-induced sleep disturbance (WISD) among adolescent school children in Lebanon. Cross-sectional, nationally representative data were analysed from 5849 adolescents (15 years median age) that took part in the “2017 Lebanon Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS)”. The results indicate that the prevalence of WISD was 14.7%, 9.6% among males and 17.2% among females. In adjusted logistic regression analysis, loneliness, older age, female sex, having no close friends, infrequent bullying victimization, parents disrespected privacy, current tobacco use, ever cannabis use, high leisure-time sedentary behaviour and having sustained multiple serious injuries (past year) were associated with WISD. In addition, in unadjusted analysis, mostly or always feeling hungry (or low economic status), school truancy, having been physically attacked, frequently being in physical fights (past year), low peer support, parental emotional neglect, parents never checking homework, ever drunk and frequent soft drink intake were positively, and infrequent fast food intake was negatively, associated with WISD. One in seven students reported WISD and several associated factors were identified, which can aid intervention strategies. Multi-level interventions are needed targeting psychosocial distress, social-environmental factors and health risk behaviours to prevent WISD in this adolescent school population.

Comparative optimism about infection and recovery from COVID-19; Implications for adherence with lockdown advice.

BackgroundComparative optimism, the belief that negative events are more likely to happen to others rather than to oneself, is well established in health risk research. It is unknown, however, whether comparative optimism also permeates people’s health expectations and potentially behaviour during the COVID‐19 pandemic.ObjectivesData were collected through an international survey (N = 6485) exploring people’s thoughts and psychosocial behaviours relating to COVID‐19. This paper reports UK data on comparative optimism. In particular, we examine the belief that negative events surrounding risk and recovery from COVID‐19 are perceived as more likely to happen to others rather than to oneself.MethodsUsing online snowball sampling through social media, anonymous UK survey data were collected from N = 645 adults during weeks 5‐8 of the UK COVID‐19 lockdown. The sample was normally distributed in terms of age and reflected the UK ethnic and disability profile.FindingsRespondents demonstrated comparative optimism where they believed that as compared to others of the same age and gender, they were unlikely to experience a range of controllable (eg accidentally infect/ be infected) and uncontrollable (eg need hospitalization/ intensive care treatment if infected) COVID‐19‐related risks in the short term (P < .001). They were comparatively pessimistic (ie thinking they were more at risk than others for developing COVID‐19‐related infection or symptoms) when thinking about the next year.DiscussionThis is one of the first ever studies to report compelling comparative biases in UK adults’ thinking about COVID‐19.

Development of an Ethnic Identity Measure for Americans of Middle Eastern and North African Descent: Initial Psychometric Properties, Sociodemographic, and Health Correlates

BackgroundSoutheast Michigan is home to the second largest Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) US population. There is increasing interest in understanding correlates of psychosocial outcomes and health behaviors in this growing population. One potentially important health correlate is ethnic identity (EI). This paper reports the development, validity, and initial correlates of a new measure of MENA identity named the MENA-IM.MethodsWe used convenience sampling at locations frequented by individuals of MENA descent in southeast Michigan. We also measured EI centrality, religiosity, cultural mistrust, substance use, and health status to assess convergent and divergent validity. Exloratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis identified three subscales, which were valid for both Arab and Chaldean respondents and were named (1) MENA cultural affiliation, (2) MENA media use, and (3) multicultural affiliation. We also created and tested a 20-item, single-factor version.ResultsWe obtained data from 378 adults, 73% of whom identified as Arab and 27% as Chaldean. MENA-IM scores were higher among older, lower-educated, lower-income, non-US born, and Arabic-speaking respondents. Arab respondents reported significantly higher scores than Chaldeans. MENA-IM scores were positively associated with EI centrality and religiosity. Higher MENA-IM scores were found among those not reporting use of marijuana, alcohol, and opiates. Higher MENA-IM scores were also found among those without a self-reported history of heart disease and among those with better mental health status.DiscussionThe MENA-IM has strong psychometric properties and demonstrated initial evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. In general, values on the measure were associated with better psychosocial and health status. How the measure performs with MENA populations outside of Michigan and how it may relate to other health outcomes merit investigation.

Effects of Chronic and State Loneliness on Heart Rate Variability in Women.

Loneliness, the subjective experience of social isolation, represents one of the largest risk factors for physical illness and early death in humans. However, the mechanisms by which loneliness leads to adverse health outcomes are not well understood. In this study, we examined altered parasympathetic nervous system function as a potential pathway by which chronic loneliness and state loneliness may "get under the skin" to impact cardiovascular physiology. In a controlled laboratory setting, vagally mediated resting heart rate variability (HRV), HRV reactivity to an induction of state loneliness, and HRV reactivity to a cognitive challenge task were assessed in a sample of 316 healthy women (18-28 years). Greater chronic loneliness in women predicted lower resting HRV, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality, after controlling for demographic, psychosocial, and health behavior covariates. Furthermore, women higher in chronic loneliness experienced significantly larger increases in HRV to state loneliness and reported significantly higher levels of negative affect immediately following state loneliness, compared with their less chronically lonely counterparts. Chronic loneliness also predicted blunted HRV reactivity-a maladaptive physiological response-to cognitive challenge. The current findings provide evidence that chronic loneliness is associated with altered parasympathetic function (both resting HRV and HRV reactivity) in women, and that the immediate experience of state loneliness is linked to a proximate increase in HRV among chronically lonely women. Results are discussed in terms of implications for cardiovascular health and the evolutionary functions of loneliness.

Psychosocial Functioning, BMI, and Nutritional Behaviors in Women at Cardiovascular Risk

Psychosocial factors such as depression, anxiety, and stress are associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Health behaviors may play a role in this relationship, as individuals experiencing elevated levels of anxiety, stress, and/or depression may be less likely to engage in risk-reducing behaviors such as diet and exercise. Some evidence suggests that this relationship is particularly relevant for women. This study explored the relationship between levels of anxiety, depression, stress, and specific nutritional behaviors in a sample of 187 women at cardiovascular risk. BMI was explored as a possible moderator of these relationships. Higher levels of depression in patients with high BMI was associated with increased fruit consumption, whereas this was not seen in highly depressed patients with normal BMI. The reverse pattern was seen for consumption of sweet drinks. Anxiety was found to have a complex relationship with consumption of sweetened drinks and white bread, with higher consumption at moderately elevated levels of anxiety and reduced consumption at the highest levels. Possible interpretations of these findings, as well as their implications for lifestyle interventions with this population are discussed. These findings suggest a number of questions for further research.

Contingent hope theory: The developmental exploration of hope and identity reconciliation among young adults with advanced cancers.

The diagnosis of an advanced cancer in young adulthood can bring one's life to an abrupt halt, calling attention to the present moment and creating anguish about an uncertain future. There is seldom time or physical stamina to focus on forward-thinking, social roles, relationships, or dreams. As a result, young adults (YAs) with advanced cancer frequently encounter existential distress, despair, and question the purpose of their life. We sought to investigate the meaning and function of hope throughout YAs' disease trajectory; to discern the psychosocial processes YAs employ to engage hope; and to develop a substantive theory of hope of YAs diagnosed with advanced cancer. Thirteen YAs (ages 23-38) diagnosed with a stage III or IV cancer were recruited throughout the eastern and southeastern United States. Participants completed one semi-structured interview in-person, by phone, or Skype, that incorporated an original timeline instrument assessing fluctuations in hope and an online socio-demographic survey. Glaser's grounded theory methodology informed constant comparative methods of data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Findings from this study informed the development of the novel contingent hope theoretical framework, which describes the pattern of psychosocial behaviors YAs with advanced cancer employ to reconcile identities and strive for a life of meaning. The ability to cultivate the necessary agency and pathways to reconcile identities became contingent on the YAs' participation in each of the psychosocial processes of the contingent hope theoretical framework: navigating uncertainty, feeling broken, disorienting grief, finding bearings, and identity reconciliation. Study findings portray the influential role of hope in motivating YAs with advanced cancer through disorienting grief toward an integrated sense of self that marries cherished aspects of multiple identities. The contingent hope theoretical framework details psychosocial behaviors to inform assessments and interventions fostering hope and identity reconciliation.

Spiritually Motivated Self-Forgiveness and Divine Forgiveness, and Subsequent Health and Well-Being Among Middle-Aged Female Nurses: An Outcome-Wide Longitudinal Approach.

Background: Interest in the relationship between forgiveness and health is steadily growing across disciplines within the research community. While there are multiple forms of forgiveness, past research has focused principally on studying forgiveness of others, whereas longitudinal evidence on the associations between other forms of forgiveness and health remains scarce.Methods: Using longitudinal data from the Nurses’ Health Study II (from the 2008 Trauma Exposure and Post-traumatic Stress Supplementary Survey to 2015 questionnaire wave), this study employed an outcome-wide analytic approach to prospectively examine the association between two forms of religiously or spiritually motivated forgiveness, namely, self-forgiveness and divine forgiveness, and a wide array of subsequent psychosocial well-being, mental health, health behavior, and physical health outcomes among middle-aged female nurses (N = 54,703 for self-forgiveness; N = 51,661 for divine forgiveness). All models controlled for sociodemographic factors, prior religious service attendance, and prior values of all outcome variables wherever data were available. Bonferroni correction was used to account for multiple testing.Results: Self-forgiveness was strongly associated with greater psychosocial well-being (e.g., for top vs. bottom level of self-forgiveness, β = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.25 for positive affect) and lower psychological distress (e.g., β = −0.21, 95% CI: −0.23, −0.18 for depressive symptoms). To a lesser extent, divine forgiveness was also associated with higher levels of psychological well-being and lower psychological distress. For both forgiveness types, there was little evidence of association with physical health or health behavior outcomes, though possible marginal evidence for an association of self-forgiveness with increased mortality.Discussion: This study provides novel evidence that religiously or spiritually motivated self-forgiveness and divine forgiveness are both positively related to several indicators of psychosocial well-being and inversely associated with psychological distress outcomes, whereas the associations with physical health and health behaviors are less clear. Further longitudinal investigation of the dynamics between these types of forgiveness and health and well-being is warranted.

Parent Technology Use, Parent–Child Interaction, Child Screen Time, and Child Psychosocial Problems among Disadvantaged Families

To disentangle the pathways of parent technology use, parent-child interactions, child screen time, and child psychosocial difficulties among disadvantaged families in Hong Kong. Parents of 1254 3-year-old children from the KeySteps@JC project reported on the number of hours their children used electronic devices every day and evaluated their children's psychosocial behaviors using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. These parents also reported on their own digital device usage patterns and the frequency of parent-child interactions and provided sociodemographic data. Structural models were tested with parent technology use (independent variable), parent technological distractions and parent-child interactions and child screen time (mediators), child psychosocial problems (dependent variable), and children's age and sex and family socioeconomic status index (confounding variables). Parent distraction with technology during parent-child interactions completely mediated the overall association between parent problematic digital technology use and child screen use duration. Parent problematic digital technology use was positively and directly associated with child psychosocial difficulties. In addition, it was indirectly related to child psychosocial difficulties through technological distractions and reductions in parent-child interactions and increased media use by children. Higher parent digital technology usage was associated with reduced parent-child interactions and increased child screen time and psychosocial difficulties in disadvantaged families. These results suggest that limiting parents' use of electronic devices in front of their young children could be beneficial for childhood psychosocial development.

Assessment of Prevalence and Psychosocial behaviour of Tobacco Addictive School going Children with Awareness for Deaddiction

Background: Tobacco addiction is an emerging as a big threat among children in developing countries and it is increasing day by day. Tobacco use is the world’s leading cause of death, accounting for 4.9 million deaths per year. Tobacco is addictive in all forms and causes behavioural changes and it increases the risk of cancer, heart attack, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, osteoporosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes and adverse reproductive outcomes. So, it is necessary to find out addiction prevalence, problems and highlights possible role of Ayurvedic principles. Aim: To assess the prevalence and psychosocial behaviour of tobacco addictive school going children with awareness for deaddiction. Method: Study was conducted on 300 school students of age group 6 years to 16 years of Z.P. schools of Sawangi and Salod, Wardha, Maharashtra. Study was grounded on WHO Questionnaire Based Survey. Observation: Out of the 300 students, all 109 children-36% were taking smokeless tobacco in different forms and no one was taking smoke tobacco in the form of Bidi or Cigarettes. They were educated with hazardous effects of tobacco and counselled for deaddiction. Stopping sales of tobacco to children would be an important step. Conclusion: Prevalence of tobacco addiction-36% with 67% impact on psycho-social behavioral was observed which is much higher. They were fell apart from non-addictive students due to strong aroma of these products, also not actively taking part in other school activities due to lack of interest. The habit- forming impact was so aggravated that 82 % students were tried to give-up this habit but not succeeded, therefore, anti-tobacco educational sessions for parents, teachers and students were taken by audio-visual power point presentation.

An Adapted Judo Program Improves Psychosocial Behaviors In Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorders

INRODUCTION: Persons with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) present several effects on the neurological development, with difficulties on social, behavioral and communication abilities that negatively affect daily life activities. Judo is a sport with great pedagogical tradition that provides benefits in children with ASD further than the physical activity by itself. PURPOSE: to study the evolution of psychosocial behavior of children after an adapted judo program, a study of feasibility METHODS: 11 children of both sexes (age 11,36 ± 2,34 year, height 156,78 ± 7,37 cm, and weight 56,71± 7,14 kg) participated in the study after obtaining the IRB approval, informed consent from their parents/legal tutors and informed assent from themselves. After 8 controlled weeks without an intervention, all the children participated in an adapted judo program once every week during 12 weeks. Psychosocial behavior was measured with the Gilliam Evaluation Scale used for ASD diagnosis (GARS-3), who includes 6 sub-scales: Repetitive Behaviors, Social Interaction, Social Communication, Emotional Responses, Cognitive Style, Maladaptive Speech. The GARS-3 was applied to the same sample three times: baseline, after 8 weeks without intervention (as control assessment) and after 12 week of intervention. Descriptive for all variables and an ANOVA of repeated measurements were calculated to study differences Baseline, pre and post intervention (p<0.05). RESULTS: No differences were found between the first and second assessment in all six sub-scales, as expected. Between the second and the third assessments, there were significant differences in the Social Interaction sub-scale (17.7±10.1 vs 9.1±4.3; p<0.05) showing an improvement post-intervention, as a low value does not correspond to a typical ASD behavior CONCLUSIONS: Adapted judo program can improve psychosocial behaviors in children with ASD. More research is needed increasing the number of participants and the number of sessions per week.

ACADEMIC STRESS SCALE: A PSYCHOMETRIC STUDY FOR ACADEMIC STRESS IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

The purpose of this study was to test the construct validity and construct reliability on the academic stress scale and examined the components and indicators that could build academic stress variables. Academic stress was measured by four components, namely biological, cognitive psychosocial, psychosocial emotion, and psychosocial behavior. The populations in this study were 330 third grade students at one of the private high schools in Lampung. The samples in this study were 140 students. The sampling technique applied to cluster random sampling. The academic stress scale was employed as the data collection method. The research data were analyzed with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) through the SmartPLS 3.2.8 program. Based on the results of data analysis, the components and indicators which built academic stress variables were declared as valid and reliable. The most dominant component reflecting academic stress was cognitive psychosocial by loading factor 0.631. Meanwhile, the weakest component reflecting academic stress was biological by the loading factor value of 0.525. These results indicated that all components and indicators were able to reflect and build academic stress variables. Thus, the measurement model could be accepted because the theory describing the academic stress variable fit with the empirical data obtained through the subject. Article visualizations:

I See My Future!: Linking Mentoring, Future Work Selves, Achievement Orientation to Job Search Behaviors

Mentoring is related to young adults’ career planning. The present study attempts to examine whether the perception of future work selves could be a critical mediating mechanism underlying the relationship between the reception of mentoring functions and job search behaviors. Moreover, we also investigated the moderating role of achievement orientation on this relationship. We tested our hypotheses with a time-lagged research design. Results indicated that psychosocial mentoring was related to future work selves, and future work selves were associated with job search behaviors. Future work selves mediated the relationship between psychosocial mentoring and job search behaviors. Moreover, achievement orientation moderated the direct and indirect effects of psychosocial function on job search behaviors. Specifically, the aforementioned relationships were stronger when achievement orientation was high compared to when achievement orientation was low. Important theoretical and practical implications for mentoring and career research are discussed in the current study.