Psychopathic Delinquents Research Articles

La thérapeutique par le travail contraint à la colonie agricole pénitentiaire des Prés-Neufs (20e siècle)

Adopting a socio-historical approach, this article aims to draw attention to the continuities and discontinuities that can be observed in the penal treatment of people categorized as “psychopathic delinquents”. The problem posed by their internment in appropriate areas remained a subject of debate throughout the 20th century in Switzerland and was never really resolved. In the Canton of Vaud, one penal farm colony was used for about 50 years to punish and re-educate these individuals through labor. An in-depth examination of the archives allows us to immerse ourselves in the socio-economic life of this institution, to which the inmates contributed fully. After many years of use as a place of correction and assistance, Prés-Neufs became a remand prison in 1983. Thirty years later, plans to create a medico-social establishment on the site were abandoned in favour of Curabilis, a Geneva prison-hospital more in line with the renewed emphasis on security prevailing at the time.

Juvenile Delinquency Measurement in Indonesian High Schools

delinquency is a phenomenon that can pose a variety of risks, both in the condition of the perpetrators now and in the future. This study aims to analyze the validity and reliability of juvenile delinquency scales. The subjects of this study are 70 X high school students in South Jakarta selected using purposive sampling technique. The instrument used in this study is the scale of juvenile delinquency consisting of four aspects, namely isolated delinquency, neurotic delinquency, psychopathic delinquency and moral defect delinquency. Data analysis technique in this research is structural equation model (SEM) 2nd order confirmatory factor analysis with partial least square (PLS) program. The results of this study indicate that the scale of juvenile delinquency is valid and reliable so that it can be used to measure the construct of juvenile delinquency. How to Cite this Article Pubmed Style , Khilmiyah A, Masruri S. Delinquency Measurement in Indonesian High Schools. SRP. 2020; 11(9): 522-527. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.77 Web Style , Khilmiyah A, Masruri S. Delinquency Measurement in Indonesian High Schools. http://www.sysrevpharm.org/?mno=13754 [Access: March 29, 2021]. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.77 AMA (American Medical Association) Style , Khilmiyah A, Masruri S. Delinquency Measurement in Indonesian High Schools. SRP. 2020; 11(9): 522-527. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.77 Vancouver/ICMJE Style , Khilmiyah A, Masruri S. Delinquency Measurement in Indonesian High Schools. SRP. (2020), [cited March 29, 2021]; 11(9): 522-527. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.77 Harvard Style , Khilmiyah, . A. & Masruri, . S. (2020) Delinquency Measurement in Indonesian High Schools. SRP, 11 (9), 522-527. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.77 Turabian Style , Akif Khilmiyah, and Siswanto Masruri. 2020. Delinquency Measurement in Indonesian High Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (9), 522-527. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.77 Chicago Style , Akif Khilmiyah, and Siswanto Masruri. Juvenile Delinquency Measurement in Indonesian High Schools. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11 (2020), 522-527. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.77 MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style , Akif Khilmiyah, and Siswanto Masruri. Juvenile Delinquency Measurement in Indonesian High Schools. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11.9 (2020), 522-527. Print. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.77 APA (American Psychological Association) Style , Khilmiyah, . A. & Masruri, . S. (2020) Delinquency Measurement in Indonesian High Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (9), 522-527. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.77

Neuropsychological profiles of members of organized crime and drug-traffic organizations

Neuropsychological profiles of members of organized crime and drug-traffic organizations Feggy Ostrosky, Karina Cecilia Borja, César Romero Rebollar, Karla Ximena Díaz GalvánLaboratory of Neuropsychology and Psychophysiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, MexicoAbstract: Members of organized crime and drug traffic organization have developed a hierarchical model of association while participating in the production, distribution, and commercialization of drugs and defense of their territory. The nature of these organizations leads to extremely violent acts, similar to those performed by psychopathic delinquents. Eighty-two incarcerated male offenders – members of these organizations – were assessed and later classified according to the role they played in the organization: kingpins, money launderers, protectors, enforcers, and distributors/producers. These individuals were paired to a control group of 76 nonincarcerated healthy male volunteers from a community sample. We obtained their psychopathic profile and frontal lobe functioning using the Psychopathy Checklist, Revised (PCL-R), PCL-R score, and the Frontal Lobe and Executive Functions Battery. Kingpins and enforcers were considered as psychopaths across the entire range, while the money launderers fit in the description of successful psychopathy, and interesting contrasts were observed within the groups in the PCL-R factors. The orbitofrontal cortex was the functional area affected in the inmate sample, being more detrimentally affected in the most violent samples, thus providing a useful measure of psychopathy and violence of unimpaired criminals. An objective classification of incarcerated criminals will allow us to distinguish between neuronal and cultural psychopaths and sociopaths, which will help us establish adequate readaptation programs. Social issues were also determinants: it was found that in the environment where these criminals grew up, there is a broad acceptance and validation of lifestyles characterized by the accumulation and showing off of material values over intellectual and social values, which in addition to drug consumption trigger the development of aggressive and violent personalities. Readaptation programs must strengthen cognitive abilities, which are normally diminished in these individuals, and encourage a lifestyle with an “integral wealth perspective” that values not only economic but also personal, social, familial, labor, and cultural assets.Keywords: psychopathy, violence, executive functions, orbitofrontal regions

Psychopathy and the allocation of attentional capacity in a divided-attention situation.

University of Wisconsin--Madison To investigate the hypothesis that psychopaths allocate most of their attentional capacity to stimuli and responses of immediate interest, we assessed psychopaths' dual-task performance under two instructional sets. Using Hare's (1980) checklist, we classified 72 white male prison inmates as psy- chopaths or nonpsychopaths. We predicted that psychopaths would divide attention adequately be- tween a visual search and probe-reaction time task, but that when instructions defined the search as subjects primary task, psychopaths would overfocus on it and outperform nonpsychopaths at the cost of relatively poor secondary task performance. The results of our study challenge the utility of the oveffocusing hypothesis. Subject groups performed equally well on the search when it received instructional priority, but psychopaths made more search errors (p < .01) under divided-attention instructions. Psychopaths also responded more slowly than nonpsychopaths to auditory probes (p < .05) across conditions. The results suggest that psychopaths may incur relatively large capacity costs in attempting to shift their attentional resources between processing tasks. Psychopaths' proclivity for acting on what appear to be mere whims or half-hearted desires (e.g., Cleckley, 1982) has prompted speculation that their impulsiveness reflects an ab- sence of cognitive controls to modulate the expression of such inclinations. For instance, Shapiro attributed to psychopaths a cognitive style in which attention is easily dominated by what is of immediate, concrete, personal relevance (Shapiro, 1965, p. 167). As a result, hc argued, psychopaths do not integrate their short-range goals with information about the needs of oth- ers or the likely long-term consequences of their actions. Empirical evidence also appears consistent with an atten- tional explanation of psychopathic behavior. Newman (1980) and Newman, Widom, and Nathan (1985) varied the relative competition between the reward and punishment contingencies of a go/no go discrimination task and found that psychopathic delinquents were differentially poor at learning passive avoid- ance when reward and punishment contingencies conflicted. They proposed that psychopaths' responsiveness to one set of salient contingencies interferes with attending to competing contingencies. Jutai and Hare (1983) reported smaller Nl00 This study was conducted toward partial fulfillment of the require- ments for the Master of Science Degree at the University of

Passive avoidance learning in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders.

Research on passive avoidance learning has demonstrated reliabledifferences between psychopaths and controls when avoidance errors result in electric shock but not in loss of money (Schmauk, 1970). Using monetary punishments, Newman, Widom, and Nathan (1985) found that psychopathic delinquents performed more poorly than controls in an experimental paradigm employing monetary reward as well as the avoidance contingency. The present study was conducted to replicate and extend these findings using adult psychopaths and a computer controlled task. Sixty white male prisoners were assigned to groups using Hare's (1980) Psychopathy Checklist and administered a go/no-go discrimination task involving monetary incentives. One condition entailed competing reward and punishment contingencies; the other, two punishment contingencies. As predicted, psychopaths made significantly more passive avoidance errors than nonpsychopaths when the task conmined competing goals (/9 < .05) but performed as well as controls when the subjects' only goal was avoiding punishment. Results corroborate earlier findings that psychopaths are relatively poor at learning to inhibit reward-seeking behavior that results in monetary punishment.

Effect of perceptual isolation and arousal on anxiety, complexity preference, and novelty preference in psychopathic and neurotic delinquents.

Psychopathic and neurotic delinquents were subjected to perceptual isolation (PI) and arousal (A) and were given pre- and postmeasures of novelty, complexity preference, and anxiety. The results showed that (a) there was a significant negative correlation between novelty preference and anxiety level and between complexity preference and anxiety level; (b) the psychopathic delinquents had significantly lower pretest anxiety and significantly higher novelty and complexity preference scores; (c) after PI psychopathic delinquents increased their complexity preference scores significantly more; and (rf) after A psychopathic delinquents did not shift scores, while neurotics significantly increased anxiety scores and decreased complexity preference scores. This investigation was concerned with the preference behavior of psychopathic and neurotic delinquents for novelty and complexity of stimuli under experimental conditions of perceptual isolation and arousal. Its principal aim was to test the validity of a theory concerning the etiology of psychopathy proposed by Quay (1965) which holds that the psychopathic personality represents pathological stimulus seeking. Quay (196S) states: We are suggesting that the level and variability of sensory inputs which are necessary for the maintenance of pleasant affect are much greater for the psychopath than for the ordinary individual [p. 181]. In order to

PSYCHOPATHY, NEUROTICISM, AND VERBAL CONDITIONING: A REPLICATION AND EXTENSION.

Abstract : In a previous paper (Johns and Quay, 1962) it was found that criminal offenders in the military service who had scored high on a factorially derived questionnaire for the measurement of Psychopathic Delinquency failed to condition in a standard verbal conditioning paradigm when compared with a group of offenders who had scored high on a similarly derived scale for Neurotic Delinquency and with a group of controls. The results of this experiment were interpreted as support for the hypothesis that the psychopathic individual is comparatively unresponsive to social reinforcement. This interpretation was in turn related to Cleckley's (1955) concept of Semantic Dementia. Raised, but unanswered, was the question of the relationship of poor conditionability in this group to manifest anxiety and extraversion. Ss for this study were all incarcerated in an institution for more serious offenders in the U. S. Navy. A sample of 458 prisoners, almost the entire population of the facility, was administered the Psychopathy and Neuroticism factor scales (Peterson, Quay and Tiffany, 1961) used in the previous study. Means were computed for the entire sample and one group was then identified who had scored above the mean on Psychopathy and below the mean on Neuroticism; another group was identified who had scored above the mean on Neuroticism and below the mean on Psychopathy.

Some Institutional Problems in Dealing with Psychopathic Delinquents

This paper will discuss typical cases of psychopathic delinquents solely from the point of view of institutional management. From time to time we read in the newspapers of investigations conducted by state officials into the management of various institutions for delinquent women. There are usually charges of undue severity and improper punishment, if not of actual cruelty, and the complainants are apt to be inmates themselves who have required severe discipline, or their friends acting for them. Sometimes there is a basis of fact in the complaints. More often there is exaggeration of actual fact, and occasionally the entire story is fabricated. To cite an instance: