Psychometric Properties Research Articles

Development and psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Orofacial Esthetic Scale.

This study aimed to develop the Turkish version of the Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES-Tr) and to evaluate its psychometric properties. The OES-Tr questionnaire was obtained from the English version of OES by translation and back-translation. The current version's psychometric properties were evaluated in a cohort of 221 participants (81 dental students, 70 dentists with 1-10 years of clinical experience, and 70 dentists with 11-20 years of clinical experience). To assess the test-retest reliability, the OES was administered twice to all participants, with a time interval of 2-4 weeks. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were assessed. Also, in validity studies, OES total scores were correlated with Oral Health Impact Profile-Turkish Version (OHIP-Tr) total scores. The Cronbach's alpha value obtained from seven items was 0.866 in the examination performed on all individuals. Reliability results show that all questionnaire items are consistent within the test. Bartlett's test of sphericity was statistically significant (p < 0.05) and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test was 0.794. The results of the exploratory factor analysis indicated the creation of a single-factor structure. The examinations conducted on all participants revealed a statistically significant weak negative correlation between OES and OHIP scores (r = -0.144). OES-Tr can be utilized as a reliable tool to evaluate an individual's perception of their orofacial appearance. With its excellent psychometric properties, it serves as a valuable instrument for assessing self-perceived orofacial esthetics. OES-Tr is a valuable instrument for assessing the appearance of the orofacial region, with good psychometric properties.

Assessing eating ability and mealtime behaviors of persons living with dementia: A systematic review of instruments

This systematic review aimed to describe the characteristics of instruments that assess eating ability and/or mealtime behaviors in persons living with dementia, and evaluate their psychometric properties. Five databases were searched for relevant records between 1/1/1980 and 5/25/2023. Records included instruments assessing eating ability and/or mealtime behaviors of people with dementia. The psychometric quality of the instruments was evaluated using the Psychometric Assessment for Self-report and Observational Tools (PAT). 45 eligible instruments were identified from 115 records. While 38 instruments were scored as having low psychometric quality, 7 had moderate quality. Edinburgh Feeding Evaluation in Dementia (EdFED), Mealtime Difficulty Scale for older adults with Dementia (MDSD), and Dementia Hyperphagic Behavior Scale (DHBS) were scored as having the highest quality (total PAT score = 9). Further refinement of existing instruments and additional psychometric testing in larger, diverse samples will improve pragmatic use in dementia mealtime care research and practice.

Assessing prevalence, validity, and correlates of ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in Ireland.

The most frequently used measure of the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) is the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ). While there is strong support for the psychometric properties of the ITQ, few studies have assessed its reliability and validity in nationally representative samples. Additionally, several correlates of ICD-11 CPTSD have been identified; however, few studies have assessed multiple correlates simultaneously. To assess the factorial validity and internal reliability of the ITQ in a nationally representative sample of adults living in Ireland (N = 1,100); determine the prevalence rates of ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and CPTSD; and identify correlates of CPTSD symptoms and how CPTSD symptoms relate to risk of suicide. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to evaluate the factorial validity of the ITQ, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to determine the unique multivariate associations between 10 predictor variables (age, sex, urban dwelling, unemployment status, number of traumatic events, COVID-19 infection, knowing someone who died from COVID-19, loneliness, social support, and sleep problems) and symptoms of CPTSD, and the unique associations between CPTSD symptoms and suicide risk. The ITQ produces reliable and valid scores, 11.2% of people met requirements for ICD-11 PTSD (2.4%) or CPTSD (8.8%), exposure to a higher number of traumatic life events, higher levels of loneliness, and more sleep problems predicted CPTSD symptoms; and negative self-concept (NSC) symptoms were most strongly associated with suicidality. Where the risk of suicide is high, treating symptoms of NSC, loneliness, and sleep problems may be advisable. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Prevalence of celebrity worship: Development and application of the short version of the Celebrity Attitude Scale (CAS-7) on a large-scale representative sample.

Celebrity worship, defined as an excessive admiration towards celebrities, has generated considerable research and public interest. A widely used assessment instrument to measure celebrity worship is the 23-item Celebrity Attitude Scale. However, concerns have been raised regarding the measurement, including the inconsistent factor structure and lack of a cut-off point to identify "celebrity worshipers". The present study aims to address these concerns by testing the psychometric appropriateness of a short, 7-item version of the CAS (i.e., CAS-7) and estimating the prevalence of individuals with high-level celebrity admiration using a representative sample of Hungarian adults (between 18 and 64 years of age) according to gender, age, geographic location, and size of residence. The total sample comprised 2028 respondents, of which 769 valid responses were administered from participants who reported having a favorite celebrity (51.11% men, Mage = 36.38 years, SD = 13.36). Results indicated an excellent model fit for the two-factor and bifactor model of the CAS-7. Based on the suggested cut-off score of 26, the prevalence of high-level celebrity admiration is 4.53% in the Hungarian adult population (18-64 years of age) and 8.51% among young adults (18-34 years of age). Individuals with this high level of admiration towards a favorite celebrity reported more symptoms of problematic Internet use, depression, anxiety, and stress than individuals with general celebrity admiration levels. TheCAS-7 demonstrated sound psychometric properties, confirming its applicability in research and practice.

Development and validation of an episodic memory measure in the Mobile Toolbox (MTB): Arranging Pictures

ABSTRACT Introduction Arranging Pictures is a new episodic memory test based on the NIH Toolbox (NIHTB) Picture Sequence Memory measure and optimized for self-administration on a personal smartphone within the Mobile Toolbox (MTB). We describe evidence from three distinct validation studies. Method In Study 1, 92 participants self-administered Arranging Pictures on study-provided smartphones in the lab and were administered external measures of similar and dissimilar constructs by trained examiners to assess validity under controlled circumstances. In Study 2, 1,021 participants completed the external measures in the lab and self-administered Arranging Pictures remotely on their personal smartphones to assess validity in real-world contexts. In Study 3, 141 participants self-administered Arranging Pictures remotely twice with a two-week delay on personal iOS smartphones to assess test-retest reliability and practice effects. Results Internal consistency was good across samples (ρxx = .80 to .85, p < .001). Test-retest reliability was marginal (ICC = .49, p < .001) and there were significant practice effects after a two-week delay (ΔM = 3.21 (95% CI [2.56, 3.88]). As expected, correlations with convergent measures were significant and moderate to large in magnitude (ρ = .44 to .76, p < .001), while correlations with discriminant measures were small (ρ = .23 to .27, p < .05) or nonsignificant. Scores demonstrated significant negative correlations with age (ρ = -.32 to −.21, p < .001). Mean performance was slightly higher in the iOS compared to the Android group (MiOS = 18.80, NiOS = 635; MAndroid = 17.11, NAndroid = 386; t(757.73) = 4.17, p < .001), but device type did not significantly influence the psychometric properties of the measure. Indicators of potential cheating were mixed; average scores were significantly higher in the remote samples (F(2, 850) = 11.415, p < .001), but there were not significantly more perfect scores. Conclusion The MTB Arranging Pictures measure demonstrated evidence of reliability and validity when self-administered on personal device. Future research should examine the potential for cheating in remote settings and the properties of the measure in clinical samples.

Assessing Inclusive School Leadership Practices in Malaysia: Instrument Adaptation and Validation

ABSTRACT School leadership practices that promote inclusion for students with special educational needs have received significant attention in the literature. However, few studies have examined the psychometric properties of scales to evaluate principals’ inclusive leadership practices in the Asian, specifically Malaysian, context. This study examined the dimensionality, reliability, and validity of a scale testing inclusive leadership in Malaysian schools. A total of 604 responses were collected from teachers working at 63 public primary and secondary schools in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The study was conducted across two phases. In phase 1, the construct validity of the scale for Malaysian principals’ inclusive leadership practices was established using exploratory factor analysis. In phase 2, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the dimensionality, reliability, convergent, and discriminant validity of the scale. Results supported a two-factor, 29-item scale. The scale may be utilised as a reliable and valid instrument for examining principals’ inclusive school leadership practices in the Malaysian context.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and measurement properties of the Arabic version of the fear avoidance components scale

Purpose This study aimed to translate, validate, and cross-culturally adapt the original FACS into the Arabic language. Methods The English version of the FACS was translated and culturally adapted into Arabic following international guidelines. The psychometric properties of the final version of the FACS-Arabic (FACS-A) were tested among 119 patients with different musculoskeletal (MSK) pain disorders. Results The Cronbach’s α for the FACS-A was 0.86. The test-retest reliability, measured with intraclass correlation coefficient, was 0.80. The FACS-A showed positive significant correlations with other psychological patient-reported measures, including the pain catastrophizing scale (PCS) (r = 0.545); p ≤ 0.01), Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)-pain score (r = 0.546; p ≤ 0.01), BPI-pain interference score (r = 0.511; p ≤ 0.01), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (r = 0.451, 0.336, respectively; p ≤ 0.01). Confirmatory factor analysis of the FACS-A confirmed the two-factor structure found in the original English version. Conclusion This study determined the FACS-A to be a reliable and valid tool for the assessment of the fear-avoidance beliefs in Arabic-speaking individuals with MSK pain disorders.

Instruments for Measuring Psychological Dimensions in Human-Robot Interaction: Systematic Review of Psychometric Properties.

Numerous user-related psychological dimensions can significantly influence the dynamics between humans and robots. For developers and researchers, it is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of the psychometric properties of the available instruments used to assess these dimensions as they indicate the reliability and validity of the assessment. This study aims to provide a systematic review of the instruments available for assessing the psychological aspects of the relationship between people and social and domestic robots, offering a summary of their psychometric properties and the quality of the evidence. A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines across different databases: Scopus, PubMed, and IEEE Xplore. The search strategy encompassed studies meeting the following inclusion criteria: (1) the instrument could assess psychological dimensions related to social and domestic robots, including attitudes, beliefs, opinions, feelings, and perceptions; (2) the study focused on validating the instrument; (3) the study evaluated the psychometric properties of the instrument; (4) the study underwent peer review; and (5) the study was in English. Studies focusing on industrial robots, rescue robots, or robotic arms or those primarily concerned with technology validation or measuring anthropomorphism were excluded. Independent reviewers extracted instrument properties and the methodological quality of their evidence following the Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments guidelines. From 3828 identified records, the search strategy yielded 34 (0.89%) articles that validated and examined the psychometric properties of 27 instruments designed to assess individuals' psychological dimensions in relation to social and domestic robots. These instruments encompass a broad spectrum of psychological dimensions. While most studies predominantly focused on structural validity (24/27, 89%) and internal consistency (26/27, 96%), consideration of other psychometric properties was frequently inconsistent or absent. No instrument evaluated measurement error and responsiveness despite their significance in the clinical context. Most of the instruments (17/27, 63%) were targeted at both adults and older adults (aged ≥18 years). There was a limited number of instruments specifically designed for children, older adults, and health care contexts. Given the strong interest in assessing psychological dimensions in the human-robot relationship, there is a need to develop new instruments using more rigorous methodologies and consider a broader range of psychometric properties. This is essential to ensure the creation of reliable and valid measures for assessing people's psychological dimensions regarding social and domestic robots. Among its limitations, this review included instruments applicable to both social and domestic robots while excluding those for other specific types of robots (eg, industrial robots).

The Youth Anxiety Measure for DSM-5 (YAM-5): An Updated Systematic Review of its Psychometric Properties.

The Youth Anxiety Measure for DSM-5 (YAM-5) is a self- and parent-report scale specifically developed to assess symptoms of major anxiety disorders (part 1 or YAM-5-I) and specific phobias/agoraphobia (part 2 or YAM-5-II) in children and adolescents in terms of the contemporary psychiatric classification system. Since its introduction, the measure has been increasingly used in research, making it feasible to provide a summary of its psychometric properties. The present article presents a systematic review of 20 studies that employed the YAM-5, involving 5325 young participants. Overall, the results supported the hypothesized factor structure of both parts of the measure, although there were also some studies that could not fully replicate the original five-factor model of YAM-5-I. The internal consistency of the YAM-5 was generally high for the total scores of both parts, while reliability coefficients for the subscales were more variable across studies. Research also obtained evidence for other psychometric properties, such as test-retest reliability, parent-child agreement, convergent/divergent validity, and discriminant validity. Results further revealed that girls tend to show significantly higher anxiety levels on the YAM-5 than boys. Overall, these findings indicate that the YAM-5 is a promising tool for assessing symptoms of anxiety disorders including specific phobias in young people. Some directions for future research with the YAM-5 and recommendations regarding the use of the measure are given.

Remotely Assessing Motor Function and Activity of the Upper Extremity After Stroke: A Systematic Review of Validity and Clinical Utility of Tele-Assessments.

The aim of this systematic review is to identify currently available tele-assessments for motor impairments of the upper extremity in adults after a stroke and to assess their psychometric properties and clinical utility. We searched for studies describing the psychometric properties of tele-assessments for the motor function of the upper extremity. A systematic search was conducted in the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Medline via OVID, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Xplore from inception until 30 April 2024. The quality assessment for the included studies and the rating of the psychometric properties were performed using the COSMIN Risk of Bias Checklist for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures. A total of 12 studies (N = 3912) describing 11 tele-assessments met the predefined inclusion criteria. The included assessments were heterogeneous in terms of quality and psychometric properties and risk of bias. None of the tele-assessments currently meets the criteria of clinical utility to be recommended for clinical practice without restriction. The quality and clinical utility of tele-assessments varied widely, suggesting a cautious consideration for immediate clinical practice application. There is potential for tele-assessments in clinical practice, but the clinical benefits need to be improved by simplifying the complexity of tele-assessments. CRD42022335035.

Italian Grief and Meaning Reconstruction Inventory (GMRI): Exploratory, Confirmatory and Network Analyses

The current study was conducted to develop and validate an Italian translation of the Grief and Meaning Reconstruction Inventory (GMRI) and evaluate its psychometric properties in a sample of 297 bereaved adults. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses established that the 16-item Italian GMRI yielded five clearly interpretable factors (Continuing Bonds, Personal Growth, Sense of Peace, Valuing Life and Emptiness & Meaninglessness). The instrument demonstrated good reliability and robust convergent validity, through the scale’s significant inverse correlation with the Inventory of Complicated Grief and general distress, depression, stress, and anxiety. Network analysis of the items indicated that Continuing Bonds and Valuing Life could potentially assume central positions in the process of constructing meaning in the face of bereavement. In summary, the study suggests that the Italian version of the GMRI is valid and reliable instrument for assessing reconstruction of meaning after the loss of a loved one among the bereaved Italian population.

A psychometric study of validation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Holden Communication Scale for elderly with dementia in care homes

Purpose This paper aims to validate and adapt the Arabic version of Holden Communication Scale (HCS) for assessing communication skills among old people with dementia in care home. Design/methodology/approach A study involving 210 elderly residents from Jordanian care homes was conducted, where they completed the Arabic version of the HCS. Internal consistency and factor analysis techniques were precisely used to assess the scale's reliability. Additionally, cognitive function evaluation used the Arabic iteration of the Saint Louis University Mental Status (SLUMS) questionnaire, while communication skills were comprehensively appraised using the HCS. Findings The Arabic HCS has strong content validity, with a one-component structure accounting for 60% of the variation and a three-factor structure accounting for 77.2% of the variance. The original three-subgroup structure of the scale was recreated, and internal consistency varied from 0.85 to 0.87, indicating good reliability. Originality/value This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Arabic version of the HCS among old people with dementia residing in care homes. The authors conducted examination of its psychometric properties within this unique population.

Should We Stop Using Lexical Diversity Measures in Children's Language Sample Analysis?

Prior work has identified weaknesses in commonly used indices of lexical diversity in spoken language samples, such as type-token ratio (TTR) due to sample size and elicitation variation, we explored whether TTR and other diversity measures, such as number of different words/100 (NDW), vocabulary diversity (VocD), and the moving average TTR would be more sensitive to child age and clinical status (typically developing [TD] or developmental language disorder [DLD]) if samples were obtained from standardized prompts. We utilized archival data from the norming samples of the Test of Narrative Language and the Edmonton Narrative Norms Instrument. We examined lexical diversity and other linguistic properties of the samples, from a total of 1,048 children, ages 4-11 years; 798 of these were considered TD, whereas 250 were categorized as having a language learning disorder. TTR was the least sensitive to child age or diagnostic group, with good potential to misidentify children with DLD as TD and TD children as having DLD. Growth slopes of NDW were shallow and not very sensitive to diagnostic grouping. The strongest performing measure was VocD. Mean length of utterance, TNW, and verbs/utterance did show both good growth trajectories and ability to distinguish between clinical and typical samples. This study, the largest and best controlled to date, re-affirms that TTR should not be used in clinical decision making with children. A second popular measure, NDW, is not measurably stronger in terms of its psychometric properties. Because the most sensitive measure of lexical diversity, VocD, is unlikely to gain popularity because of reliance on computer-assisted analysis, we suggest alternatives for the appraisal of children's expressive vocabulary skill.

The Swedish Stroke Self-Efficacy Questionnaire: translation and cross-cultural adaptation

ObjectiveTo translate and cross-culturally adapt the Stroke Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (SSEQ) from English to Swedish and to evaluate psychometric properties of the questionnaire.MethodsA cross-sectional study design, where the translation followed a process including initial translation, synthesis, backward translation, expert committee, and pretest. Content validity was assessed using Content validity index (CVI). Psychometric assessments included floor-ceiling effects and internal consistency.ResultsLanguage and cultural congruence were achieved, and content validity index scores were high (0.923-1). The psychometric evaluations provided acceptable outcomes concerning internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha scores for the total scale (0.902), the activities subscale (0.861) and the self-management subscale (0.818) respectively. Ceiling effects were evident, but no floor effects.ConclusionThis study found the Swedish version of the SSEQ promising as a tool for assessment of self-efficacy in a Swedish stroke care setting, although further psychometric assessments are recommended in future studies.

A psychometric analysis of the Japanese version of the clinically useful depression outcome scale supplemented with questions for the DSM-5 anxious distress specifier (CUDOS-A).

The aim of the study was to identify the clinical significance of anxiety in those with depression, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5) defined criteria for an anxious distress specifier for major depressive disorder (MDD). The Clinically Useful Depression Outcome Scale (CUDOS) supplemented with questions for the DSM-5 anxious distress specifier (CUDOS-A) is a self-report instrument to assess the clinical significance of anxiety in addition to assess symptoms and the severity of depression. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the CUDOS-A. An observational, prospective study was conducted with 131 MDD outpatients and 200 healthy controls. The Japanese version of the CUDOS-A, along with other measures, was administered to assess depressive symptoms, anxiety, social function, and biological rhythm. Reliability and validity analyses were performed, including internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and contrasted-groups validity. The Japanese version of the CUDOS-A demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.96) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.78). Significant positive correlations were found between the CUDOS-A and measures of depression, anxiety, social function, and biological rhythm (all, p < 0.001), supporting its convergent validity. The CUDOS-A effectively differentiated between patients with MDD and healthy controls (p < 0.001), indicating good contrasted-groups validity. The Japanese version of the CUDOS-A is a useful measure for research and for clinical practice, enabling the efficient assessment of anxious distress in individuals with depression.

Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the General Mattering Scale in a Portuguese Sample of Postpartum Women

Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the General Mattering Scale in a Portuguese Sample of Postpartum Women

INVESTIGATION OF THE PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE PLATE CLEARING TENDENCY SCALE (T-PCTS) IN TURKISH ADULTS

It is thought that the tendency to finish all the food on the plate (plate clearing tendency) is a behavior that can be frequently observed in individuals and may increase the frequency of obesity. It was aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Plate Clearing Tendency Scale (PCTS), which was developed to evaluate individual differences in plate clearing tendency, in a sample of Turkish individuals. The study was conducted with 333 adults (32.7% male, 67.3% female) aged between 19 and 64 years (mean 32.4±11.5). Individuals completed the questionnaire online. Validity and reliability analyses were conducted for the Turkish version of the plate cleaning tendency scale (T-PCTS). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the factor structure of the T-PCTS, and reliability analyses and Spearman correlations were also examined. The one-factor structure of the T-PCTS showed good model fit and had acceptable internal reliability (Cronbach alpha and McDonald Omega ≥0.70). No relationship was found between T-PCTS and food cravings and its sub-factors (p&gt;0.05). A negative and non-significant relationship was found between total T-PCTS score and body mass index (r=-0.022, p&gt;0.05). T-PCTS is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring plate clearing tendency in Turkish adults. The tendency to clean the plate was not affected by immediate situations that guide eating behavior such as food cravings. Considering that long-term negative eating behaviors are effective in the emergence of obesity, the tendency to clean the plate may be shaped by past eating behaviors and may provide a new perspective on obesity management.

Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (Short Form) for Children: A Validation among 5672 Chinese Adolescents

Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (Short Form) for Children: A Validation among 5672 Chinese Adolescents

The Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale (MTUAS): Adaptation and Psychometric Analysis for University Students in Saudi Arabia

The aim of this study was to adapt an Arabic version of the Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale (MTUAS) to the Saudi culture and examine the psychometric properties of the adapted version in a sample of 1,709 undergraduate students. Evidence of construct validity and internal consistency reliability was first compiled through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA) and Cronbach’s α coefficients. Multigroup CFA (MGCFA) was then conducted to test gender-related measurement invariance. The EFA yielded nine factors for the Usage scale and four factors for the Attitudes scale of the MTUAS, all of which were satisfactorily confirmed via CFA. Factors of the MTUAS exhibited adequate to good reliability and were gender invariant. Overall, the Arabic MTUAS displayed good psychometric properties in the Saudi undergraduate student population and was gender unbiased. Therefore, it can be used confidently across educational, public health, and marketing research in Saudi and Arabic contexts. Nevertheless, it is important to note that other psychometric properties, such as criterion-related validity, were not compiled in the present study, and the generalizability of the current findings might be restricted to the Saudi undergraduate student population. Hence, these limitations should be given more consideration in future studies by examining additional psychometric properties of the Arabic MTUAS and using comprehensive national data.

KIT TOOL-S2 for the Portuguese Healthcare Professional: A Psychometric Analysis

Introduction: Literacy of health professionals on patient safety aims to prevent and reduce risks and adverse events in healthcare. Objective: The objective of this study was to translate, adapt, and validate for Portugal of the World Health Organization Questionnaire to Assess the Implementation of the Multiprofessional Guide. Methodology: Following the cultural adaptation process, we carried out a psychometric analysis on a sample of 300 health professionals. The scale was tested for apparent and content validity. Psychometric properties were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α) through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Results: Exploratory factor analysis led to a tetra factor structure that accounted for 43.0% of the variance and had an overall alpha of 0.759. The hypothesized structure was submitted to confirmatory factor analysis, and the following items were eliminated from factors 1, 2, and 3 and the respective items: 7; 5; and 3, 4, 5, and 6, due to multicollinearity problems. Overall good-of-fit indexes are reliable. Conclusions: The “KIT TOOL-S2 TEXT” scale presents a factor structure with satisfactory validity and reliability results, adequately representing the constructs in question.