Psychological Categories Research Articles

PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LIFE SCENARIOS OF REPRESENTATIVES OF VARIOUS PROFESSIONS

The article is devoted to studying the peculiarities of life scenarios of representatives of various professions. The article analyses the scenario theory explaining the process of choosing a profession and professional behaviour of a person. The author points out that a well- chosen life path determines a person’s social value. The theoretical aspects of the concept of “life scenario” are considered in the article from the perspective of transactional analysis. The author associates this concept with other similar psychological categories in various studies. To prove the hypothesis about the existence of connection between life scenario features and professional self-determination, the author invited representatives of two professions to participate in the empirical study: real estate agents and IT technicians. The author selected appropriate diagnostic tools. The empirical study of the life scenarios of representatives of two professions confirmed the hypothesis put forward by the author. The formed life scenario in childhood receives its further development and influences the professional life path of the individual.

К вопросу о жизненном предназначении человека как психологической категории

The presented article is devoted to the problem of human purpose in life as a psychological category. The importance of addressing the study of this issue is associated with the transformations taking place in society, leading to a sharp increase in cases of escapism and the desire for hedonism, as fundamental life guidelines of a modern personality, preventing a person from finding his true purpose in life, its meaning. However, despite the fact that interest in this issue has been growing lately, it is difficult to consider it finally resolved. The objective of this study is to determine the content of some aspects of the issue of human purpose in life as a psychological category. The method of this study is a theoretical analysis and generalization of existing scientific studies that reveal the main content of the category "human purpose in life", as well as related concepts. It has been established that a person's life purpose is a characteristic of the basic level of personality (the core of personality) and represents the initially given natural orientations of a person, his general life direction, expressing a predisposition to a certain type of functioning, style of activity, type of relationship with oneself, people and the world as a whole; a person's purpose is to become oneself, to self-determine in being, freely realizing (or freely refusing to realize) the plan for oneself. All individual callings of a person are particular ways of realizing the universal calling. The purpose of life for people gives vector certainty and programmatic nature to a person's life intentions, his ideals, dreams, life goals, life results. Values act as universals of the meaning of life, which crystallize in situations typical for society, humanity as a whole; the desire to search for and realize the meaning of life by a person is a need of a person and characterizes him as a subject of life activity. The meaning of human life is a complexly organized system of meanings, including multi-level semantic structures and functioning as a single whole.

A difficult patient and a complicated diagnosis: gnoseological and didactic issues

The ability and skills of clinical diagnostics are formed not only during training at a medical school, but subsequently in the clinical practice of each physician. During the process of education, there are often cases of contradictions, didactic errors in methods of presenting information, and difficulties in students acquiring knowledge, skills and abilities. The article discusses the reasons leading to the formation of the concepts of «difficult patient» and «complicated diagnosis» among dermatologists. The philosophical and psychological categories of a physician’s work are discussed, as well as possible problems of introducing artificial intelligence into the practical work of a physician.

Rethinking Resistance as Relational – Resisting Psychologization in Psychology: Lessons from Carrère’s Between Two Worlds

AbstractPsychology, and in particular mainstream positive psychology, is fuelled by discourses on resistance strategies, understood as the individual capacity to resist and adapt to negative and oppressive thoughts, circumstances, experiences, and social structures. This self-strategy of resistance is evident in positive psychology’s notions of resilience: grit, life-crafting, and job-crafting behaviors, for example. While positive psychology would have us believe these strategies are associated with overcoming hardship and living a good life, they risk imbricating people in their own oppressions. In this paper, we engage in a reading of Carrère’s Between Two Worlds (original title Ouistreham) (2021), a movie featuring multiple examples of resistance. The movie shows how precarious workers enact self-strategies of resistance to fight for a decent and bearable life. They persevere despite ongoing hardships, seek joy amidst tragic life events, and find meaning in menial labor. However, resistance also appears as relational and political, and thus escapes and exceeds self-focused psychological categories of resistance. Resistance appears as the refusal to be understood solely in individual and individualizing ways – as a psychologized and knowable subject – and is characterized by relational, contextual, and political tactics. The movie profanes established positive psychology’s individualist focus on resistance. This profanation of self-strategies of resistance affords an opportunity to rethink resistance beyond the individual and compels us to problematize the tendency to psychologize and individualize social phenomena. In doing so, our paper too resists the determination of psychological language (i.e., psychologization) and advances ideas for alternative resistances in, to, and of psychology.

Пам’ять у лінгвістичному і соціокультурному вимірах

The article explores the linguistic characteristics of the concept of memory as one of the key cultural concepts among other meaningful ones — person, life, language, word. The starting point was the position that memory is a psychological category that is verbalized in different ways by linguistic means, models synonymous series, mental image forms. It is noted that the word-concept memory correlates with the words consciousness, memory, imagination, mind, knowledge through the prism of individual and collective experience of the past, and acts as a tool for evaluating human existence. In a comparative aspect, the semantics of the Ukrainian verb to remember and the Czech zapomnět, as well as the related nouns nezabudka and pomněnka, are considered. Verbs, having at first glance a similar grammatical structure, are characterized by antonymic meanings in modern literary languages. The factors that led the original semantic feature of the root pomn- (memor- [пам’ят-]) — «to remember» — to develop to the opposite meaning in the Czech verb zapomnět «to forget / not to remember something» are analyzed. It was noted that under the influence of other Slavic languages, the parallel use in the XVI–XVII c. in the Ukrainian language, two words — «пам’ятати / помнити» — led to the fact that the word to remember displaced the word to remember from usage. The semantics of ʽmemory’ in the interpretation of figurative means — metaphors and phraseology, which show signs of high semantic stability, reproducibility in the language from memory, and thus have the status of collective memories. The evidence presented in the article shows that the conceptual field of memory is structured by concepts that are relevant both for the individual and for the whole human community in a particular time dimension and have a high axiological potential.

CLASSIFICATION OF COGNITIVE STRESS AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL INDICATOR THROUGH MACHINE LEARNING

In this study, we explored the potential of Support Vector Machine (SVM) method for classifying levels of cognitive stress using EEG (Electroencephalogram) signals. The goal is to develop accurate models that would enable the prediction and understanding of not only the current mental state of the subjects, but also potential real-time interventions. In medical fields, the application can be seen in the treatment of attention, focus, hyperactivity, autism, and depression disorders. Additionally, there is an extremely high potential for application in areas such as psychology, sociology, education, economics, neuromarketing, security, and in enhancing workplace stress management, anxiety treatment, digital marketing, economicfinancial forensics, as well as improving user experience in virtual environments and video games. The results have shown that it is possible to differentiate high and low levels of cognitive stress with satisfactory accuracy, opening the way for the application of these findings in various fields. Cognitive stress represents one of the fundamental cognitive processes that causes individuals to behave and think differently in certain situations than in their usual state of consciousness. Predicting, analyzing, and understanding the level of cognitive stress from EEG signals is of great importance in various fields, including neuroscience, psychology, education, professional sports, human-computer interaction, and many other areas. Machine learning represents a subgroup of artificial intelligence that uses statistical models, and functions to ‘learn’ and ‘train’ data resulting in corresponding output values. The brain-computer interface, through which data on cognitive stress, among other parameters and psychological categories, is collected, is based on the functioning of EEG devices. The prediction of cognitive stress represents the application of machine learning, recording and using brain EEG signals or extracted characteristics from EEG signals as input values, in order to predict the level of output values of cognitive stress, of high or low degree, reflecting the mental state of the subjects in real time

Linguistic Personality of the Marvel Cinematic Universe Character Nebula: Narrative and LIWC Analyses

Blockbuster films intended for an international audience often depict universally recognisable psychological motivations and limitations, presenting characters whose verbal expressions create distinct psychological impressions. This paper focused on the relationship between language use, including narratives and psychological categories of words, and the psychological traits of cinematic personalities. The study aimed to investigate how a character's language usage exposed their personality, psychological attributes, and transformations throughout their story arc and archetype. To achieve this, in the research a connection between Maslow's hierarchy of human needs, Jung's concept of archetypes, and Schmidt's typology of master characters in fiction was drawn, which expanded the understanding of the heroine Nebula from Guardians of the Galaxy verbal behavior. The research further defined the character's psychological image and arc by analysing their speech patterns. It identified the character's archetypes, namely the Backstabber and the Father's Daughter, and explored the progression between these archetypes. Additionally, the article employed the narrative analysis to construct the character's story. The narrative analysis was concluded with the implementation of the LIWC-22 psycholinguistic analysis in order to validate the findings derived from the psycholinguistics and cinematic studies. This method allowed for a comprehensive examination of the language used by cinematic characters, providing insights into their psychological traits and development. Ultimately, this research has contributed to the comprehension of how people's psychological characteristics are depicted and communicated through language in mass cinematography.

EXAMINING GENDER-ROLE ATTITUDE: THE ROLE OF FAMILY RELATIONS, SELF-ESTEEM, LOCUS OF CONTROL AND SELF-EFFICACY

The present study examined differences in egalitarianism and traditionalism in gender-role attitudes within students’ population at University of Nis. These attitudes were examined according to the intensity of four major social and psychological categories: family relations, global self-esteem, social self-efficacy and externality of locus of control. Also, possible discrimination between these two groups was investigated. Measuring instruments: The Attitudes toward gender equality scale (Ravlic & Raboteg-Šarić, 2002), Faces IV questionnaire (Olson & Gorrall, 2006), a self-concept scale (Bezinović, 1988) with subscales: General Self-esteem (Rosenberg scale) and Locus of control, Perceived Social Self-Efficacy (PSSE) Scale (Caprara & Steca, 2005). The research sample consisted of 390 students of the University of Niš from various faculties and field orientation toward natural and social sciences. For statistical analysis of the data, the analysis of variance and canonical discriminant analysis were used. According to the analyses, it was determined that persons with egalitarian gender-role tendency may be discriminated against those of traditional tendency based on the identified levels of cohesion and flexibility in family functioning, as well as intensity of global self-esteem and internal locus of a control. In organizing certain interventions, it is important to have in mind that overcoming traditional perceptions on gender roles and strengthening and improvement egalitarian gender-role attitudes of new generations should not be only scientific goal and research material. It also should be the first task and achievement of modern society and representation of what is the personification of justice, democracy, and equality and above all kindness and humanity.

Возможности культурно-исторического подхода к гендерной проблематике

Background. The relevance of gender issues is associated with discussions outside the scientific field, while in the science itself, the popularity of gender studies is increasing every year. Objectives. The present article aims at the application of the conceptual mechanism of the cultural-historical approach to gender issues. Methods. Abstraction, analysis and synthesis of literary data, comparison of theoretical models, and generalization were used. Results. Sex as a biological entity is divided into an innate “natural” category and a gender as a culturological one. A number of examples demonstrate the non-identity of sex and gender as well as variants of their combination and interaction. It is proposed to disidentify gender and gender identity as a psychological category. The latter is understood as an analogue of the higher mental function which forms intravitally under specific social conditions, it is mediated by gender signs (appearance, manners, norms, preferences, values, taboos, etc.) and is possible to self-regulate. In the meantime, the limitations in mastering one's own behaviour are emphasized, since the origin of the gender identity is connected to the biological parameters of sex, inconsistency of gender norms and their wide field of influence. Here the field of cultural pathology in the sphere of gender identity and intersex interaction reveals itself. Conclusions. The cultural-historical approach is seen to be heuristic in the multifactorial understanding of gender issues which include biological, cultural, psychological, and ontogenetic aspects.

PHYSICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL NONNORMATIVITY IN UKRAINIAN POPULAR LITERATURE EXEMPLIFIED BY IVAN BAIDAK’S BOOK THE (UN)NOTICEABLE

The subject of the article is malady-related narratives in the book (Не)поміт- ні [the (Un)noticeable] by Ukrainian writer Ivan Baidak, published in 2021. The analysis is based on the concept of pathography, i.e. a study of the experience of illness and suffering framed in a specific narrative scheme. In the case of the analysed novel, there is an adequate choice of a narrative convention, defined by Arthur W. Frank as Quest Narratives, assuming a positive, “exemplary” image of the way of coping with the disease, and combining it with the psychological category of posttraumatic growth,. Ivan Baidak's book aims to introduce the subject of behavioural dysfunctions and bodily non-normativity to the Ukrainian public discourse.

An Investigative Account of Psychological differences among Sexes

The unique capability of human beings is that they think and act. So much so behavior varies with situations. It is also a fact that each individual reacts differently to a given situation. Behavior depends on the transactions taking place in the mind of the individual. It is the outcome of the interplay of stimulus – a matter that needs to be addressed, perception – the way it is taken, cognition – the way it is understood, and response – the characteristic reaction. Psychology denotes the mental makeup. It is the sum of the structure and organization of thoughts and choice of involuntary action at the mental plane. Although influenced by early experiences, genetic differences, and grooming, there is a predictable pattern of composite feelings, thoughts, and emotions that characterize the psychology of a person. This despite, a person’s sex has a great role in contributing to the development of psychology. Men and women are not only physically and biologically different, they are psychologically different too. In other words the broad pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that differentiates men and women into two distinct psychological categories, is their sex and associated physical bodily differences, social role differences, gender differences, biological differences, and emotional differences. This study is an attempt to explore these differences that make them differ psychologically. In this paper, the term psychology is treated as the structure and composition of the human mind and the dynamics acting on it.

Intellectual aristocracy in the dawn of Argentine democracy: José Ingenieros on genius and mediocrity.

This article explores how psychological categories linked to the mental level, such as genius, mediocrity, and intellectual superiority, were directly intertwined with political discourse in the early 20th century. To illustrate this, I analyze El Hombre Mediocre (The Mediocre Man) published in 1913 by José Ingenieros, seemingly as a direct critique of the law for free democratic elections in Argentina sanctioned in 1912. The book's main argument drew on psychological categories to explain that democracy was, in fact, a poor choice in government. Ingenieros' main concern was that the population was mostly mediocre and therefore unable to govern or elect a suitable candidate to run the country. One category that stood out in his analysis was the "genius." This term was reserved for men who demonstrated exceptional intelligence and remarkable morals and ideals. The methodology used in this article is based on the qualitative and interpretative analysis of bibliographical sources (which include books of essays, scientific papers, and books aimed at lay audiences) from the perspective of intellectual history and the critical history of psychology. I argue that Ingenieros' book served as a political essay founded on a comprehensive scientific explanation, even if it was aimed at a lay audience. This analysis shows the productivity of psychological categories referring to giftedness, intelligence, and talent, in adulthood for assessing political movements and planning new imagined societies through the history of psychology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The Acceptance of Smart Home Technologies

The advancement of home automation technologies allowed the integration of systems for smart home implementation in the civil construction sector. However, the smart home's dissemination depends on factors that can enhance or hinder users' acceptance of smart home technologies. The article aims to identify the benefits and barriers users perceive that can interfere with implementing smart home technologies. The methodology utilized a systematic literature review using 122 articles in journals indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, IEEE, and Scielo scientific databases to gather barriers and benefits to smart home implementation. The literature mentions the benefits in the environmental, financial, and psychological categories as the main factors that potentiate the dissemination of smart home technologies. On the other hand, the barriers classified into the technological, ethical, and human categories have the major effect of hindering smart home implementation.

THE CONCEPT OF A HOLISTIC HUMAN IN THE RELIGIOUS AND PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY OF VIKTOR NESMELOV

The article presents an analysis of the concept of a holistic person in the religious and philosophical psychology of Viktor Nesmelov. The author provides an understanding of human nature on the basis of the spiritual and moral development of the individual. Due to the integrative method, Nesmelov revealed the integrity of man in the unity of his material and ideal nature. There are some psychological categories in the concept of a holistic person, such as consciousness, self-awareness, personality, worldview, free will, the creative nature of the individual, morality, spirituality, the meaning of life. The article describes a schematic theoretical model of a holistic person, in which the central link is the moral choice of the individual.

Eco-emotions and Psychoterratic Syndromes: Reshaping Mental Health Assessment Under Climate Change.

Human activities like greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and deforestation are largely responsible for climate change and biodiversity loss. The climate is a complex system and scientists are striving to predict, prevent, and address the aforementioned issues in order to avoid reaching tipping points. The threat to humankind is not only physical (ie, heat waves, floods, droughts) but also psychological, especially for some groups. Insecurity, danger, chaos, and an unstable system due to climate change have both short- and long-term psychological effects. In this scenario, the need for new psychological categories is emerging, namely, eco-emotions and psychoterratic syndromes which include eco-anxiety, ecological grief, climate worry, and climate trauma. This paper focuses on these new categories, presenting a summary of each one, including definitions, hypotheses, questions, and testological evaluations, as a useful tool to be consulted by researchers and clinicians and to help them in the therapeutic work. Also, this paper endeavors to distinguish between a psychological stress resulting in a positive outcome, such as pro-environmental behavior, compared to a stress that leads to a psychopathology. Prevention and intervention strategies including social and community support are fundamental to help cope with and mitigate the effect of climate change on mental health. In conclusion, the climate crisis has led to an enormous increase in research on climate change and its consequences on mental health. Researchers and clinicians must be prepared to assess this complex phenomenon and provide help to those who cannot cope with anxiety and climatic mourning.

Теоретико-прикладные аспекты категориально-понятийного аппарата юридической психологии

<p style="text-align: justify;">The article reflects the results of a study of theoretical and applied aspects of the categori-cal and conceptual apparatus of legal psychology from a critical point of view. Conclusions are drawn about the special position of legal psychology as an applied discipline in relation to the legal sciences, in connection with which the priority role in solving its problems is given to legal concepts, which in their essence are self-sufficient and conventional. The conventional nature of legal concepts, built on an agreement between lawyers in the under-standing of certain terms, comes down to the fact that in their content they in some cases do not coincide with the content of general psychological categories and concepts. In terms of scope, they are either narrower or wider than psychological concepts. In this regard, the significant reverse influence of psychological concepts on legal ones, expressed in the re-flection of psychological patterns and mechanisms of psychological and legal phenomena, becomes a laborious and long process, since legal concepts do not aim to reflect the true structure of the world. The features of the categorical-conceptual apparatus of legal psy-chology listed in this study make it possible to more accurately determine the direction of scientific research, correctly understand the needs of legal practice and predict the long-term consequences of the results of one’s scientific activity.</p>

СПЕЦИФІКА ВЗАЄМОЗВ’ЯЗКІВ ТРИВОЖНОСТІ ТА ПРОЯВУ АГРЕСИВНОСТІ В УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ЖІНОК В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ

The issue of the relationships between anxiety and aggressiveness among Ukrainian women in war conditions has been dealt with in this article. The relevance of the chosen topic is beyond doubt, since social problems based on psychological factors are especially relevant during the war. It is substantiated that a change in the usual living conditions leads to a significant increase in anxiety and aggressiveness among women. In this paper, the attention is paid specifically to the study of anxiety and manifestation of aggressiveness by women who are in war conditions. It is worth noting that currently in the psychological and social literature, the number of publications about the problem of anxiety is increasing, since anxiety occupies a special place, as it often leads to a decrease in work capacity, productivity, difficulties in communication, etc. It has been found out that the level of anxiety can be manifested in the aggressive women’s behaviour in the war conditions. It is noted that the state of anxiety and aggressiveness is the most common phenomenon among women in war conditions. The results of the analysis and generalization of scientific sources are presented in this paper. It has been identified that the problem of anxiety and aggressiveness is one of the topical issues of modern psychology. The need for timely identification and work with the anxiety, anxious behaviour and aggressiveness of women in war conditions and after military aggression has been emphasized. The analysis of the questionnaire conducted among Ukrainian women in war conditions has been carried out, and the degree of their influence on women’s daily lives and life activities in war time has been determined. The purpose of this work is theoretical substantiation and empirical study of the specific of the relationships between anxiety and the manifestation of aggressive behaviour of Ukrainian women in war conditions. The object of this study is the anxiety of Ukrainian women in war conditions, whereas the subject of this study is the character of the relationship between anxiety and the manifestation of aggressiveness of Ukrainian women in war conditions. The conceptual hypothesis of this research lies in the assumption of the presence of significant relationship between anxiety and the manifestation of aggressiveness of Ukrainian women in war conditions, and it has been fully confirmed. Considering the influence of war conditions on the anxiety and aggressiveness of Ukrainian women, the relationship between the mentioned psychological categories has been claimed. It has been revealed that the state of anxiety can be manifested in the aggressive behaviour of women in war conditions. It is noted that the state of anxiety and aggressiveness is the most common phenomenon among women in war conditions. According to the results of this study, there have been identified those significant relationships between indicators of anxiety and certain forms of aggressiveness among Ukrainian women in war conditions. It is substantiated that the high level of manifestation of anxiety is caused by certain psychological features. It has been found out that the increase in the level of anxiety, indicators of family anxiety and anxious behaviour is associated with an increase in the level of aggressiveness of Ukrainian women. The practical significance lies in the fact that the obtained results can be used by employees of psychological services, practical psychologists during counselling at various stages of psychotherapeutic work with women in war conditions.

Forty-five years of research on vegetarianism and veganism: A systematic and comprehensive literature review of quantitative studies

Meat production and consumption are sources of animal cruelty, responsible for several environmental problems and human health diseases, and contribute to social inequality. Vegetarianism and veganism (VEG) are two alternatives that align with calls for a transition to more ethical, sustainable, and healthier lifestyles. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic literature review of 307 quantitative studies on VEG (from 1978 to 2023), collected from the Web of Science in the categories of psychology, behavioral science, social science, and consumer behavior. For a holistic view of the literature and to capture its multiple angles, we articulated our objectives by responding to the variables of “WHEN,” “WHERE,” “WHO,” “WHAT,” “WHY,” “WHICH,” and “HOW” (6W1H) regarding the VEG research. Our review highlighted that quantitative research on VEG has experienced exponential growth with an unbalanced geographical focus, accompanied by an increasing richness but also great complexity in the understating of the VEG phenomenon. The systematic literature review found different approaches from which the authors studied VEG while identifying methodological limitations. Additionally, our research provided a systematic view of factors studied on VEG and the variables associated with VEG-related behavior change. Accordingly, this study contributes to the literature in the field of VEG by mapping the most recent trends and gaps in research, clarifying existing findings, and suggesting directions for future research.

Not Every Thing Must Go.

In The Entangled Brain, Pessoa criticizes standard approaches in cognitive neuroscience in which the brain is seen as a functionally decomposable, modular system with causal operations built up hierarchically. Instead, he advocates for an emergentist perspective whereby dynamic brain networks are associated, not with traditional psychological categories, but with behavioral functions characterized in evolutionary terms. Here, we raise a number of concerns with such a radical approach. We ultimately believe that although much revision to cognitive neuroscience is welcome and needed, Pessoa's more radical proposals may be counterproductive.

Combining approaches to studying self-development using AQAL method by Ken Wilber

The problem of a teacher’s self-development is currently relevant since this psychological category has not been sufficiently examined in modern studies. The choice of one or another approach results in losing some of the essential aspects that influence the self-development process. The paper aims to carry out a theoretical analysis of the methodological foundations for approaches to the research of the self-development category and integrate them using Ken Wilber’s AQAL method. The paper considers the issue of a teacher’s selfdevelopment through five main approaches to the study of self-development: subject-activity, cultural and historical, systemic, anthropological, and subject-resource. These approaches are combined using Ken Wilber’s AQAL integral method. Due to this synthesis, the described model of a teacher’s self-development includes more characteristics associated both with internal and external contexts. This model allows taking into account more aspects in studying this process and making the research more accurate.