Psychological Screening Inventory Research Articles

WAYS OF IMPROVING PERCEPTION-SPEED, MOTOR-COORDINATION, SELF-REGULATION, USING MODERN DANCE AT UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

We used in this article Psychological Screening Inventory, to improve the coordination of students, expressed by the speed indexes of perception, motor coordination and reduced stress expressed by selfregulation. Hypothesis following the application of the intervention program for one year, we assume that it will result in improvement of indexes of perception, coordination, and self-regulation. We apply a dance program from one year on the students of Music Academy. The results we have noticed statistically significant differences between the two times (p

Descriptive Analysis of a Baseline Concussion Battery Among U.S. Service Academy Members: Results from the Concussion Assessment, Research, and Education (CARE) Consortium.

The prevalence and possible long-term consequences of concussion remain an increasing concern to the U.S. military, particularly as it pertains to maintaining a medically ready force. Baseline testing is being used both in the civilian and military domains to assess concussion injury and recovery. Accurate interpretation of these baseline assessments requires one to consider other influencing factors not related to concussion. To date, there is limited understanding, especially within the military, of what factors influence normative test performance. Given the significant physical and mental demands placed on service academy members (SAM), and their relatively high risk for concussion, it is important to describe demographics and normative profile of SAMs. Furthermore, the absence of available baseline normative data on female and non-varsity SAMs makes interpretation of post-injury assessments challenging. Understanding how individuals perform at baseline, given their unique individual characteristics (e.g., concussion history, sex, competition level), will inform post-concussion assessment and management. Thus, the primary aim of this manuscript is to characterize the SAM population and determine normative values on a concussion baseline testing battery. All data were collected as part of the Concussion Assessment, Research and Education (CARE) Consortium. The baseline test battery included a post-concussion symptom checklist (Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT), psychological health screening inventory (Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) and neurocognitive evaluation (ImPACT), Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), and Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC). Linear regression models were used to examine differences across sexes, competition levels, and varsity contact levels while controlling for academy, freshman status, race, and previous concussion. Zero inflated negative binomial models estimated symptom scores due to the high frequency of zero scores. Significant, but small, sex effects were observed on the ImPACT visual memory task. While, females performed worse than males (p < 0.0001, pη2 = 0.01), these differences were small and not larger than the effects of the covariates. A similar pattern was observed for competition level on the SAC. There was a small, but significant difference across competition level. SAMs participating in varsity athletics did significantly worse on the SAC compared to SAMs participating in club or intramural athletics (all p's < 0.001, η2 = 0.01). When examining symptom reporting, males were more than two times as likely to report zero symptoms on the SCAT or BSI-18. Intramural SAMs had the highest number of symptoms and severity compared to varsity SAMs (p < 0.0001, Cohen's d < 0.2). Contact level was not associated with SCAT or BSI-18 symptoms among varsity SAMs. Notably, the significant differences across competition level on SCAT and BSI-18 were sub-clinical and had small effect sizes. The current analyses provide the first baseline concussion battery normative data among SAMs. While statistically significant differences may be observed on baseline tests, the effect sizes for competition and contact levels are very small, indicating that differences are likely not clinically meaningful at baseline. Identifying baseline differences and significant covariates is important for future concussion-related analyses to inform concussion evaluations for all athlete levels.

Midlife Crisis: A Myth or Reality

Diverse works have associated midlife with mental distress, sadness, anxiety and depression. The aim of this study is to understand the age and sex differences in various psychological features like Alienation, Social non-conformity, Discomfort, Expression and Defensiveness as measured by Psychological Screening Inventory by Lanyon. A 2*3 Factorial design was used with a sample of 90 subjects, forty-five males and forty-five females belonging to age groups of 20–30, 40–50 and 50–60 years. The results obtained indicate significant age and sex differences on various psychological parameters. Findings suggest that midlife is the best period in terms of expressiveness, comfort and conformity. Alienation, discomfort and social non-conformity being significantly high in the younger age group is a call for emergency.

Posttraumatic stress and tendency to panic in the aftermath of the chlorine gas disaster in Graniteville, South Carolina

Relatively little is known about psychological effects of environmental hazard disasters. This study examines the development of posttraumatic stress (PTS) and tendency to limited panic attack after a large chlorine spill in a community. In January 2005, a large chlorine spill occurred in Graniteville, SC. Acute injuries were quantified on an ordinal severity scale. Eight to ten months later, participating victims completed the Short Screening Scale for PTSD (n = 225) and the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory (HPSI) (n = 193) as part of a public health intervention. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) and forced vital capacity were likewise measured via spirometry. Two sets of univariate logistic regression models were fit to detect independent effects of each potential covariate and risk factor on PTS score and tendency to panic. A supplemental analysis examined whether poor lung function may be a confounder and/or effect modifier of the effect of acute injury on PTS score and panic. Of those who completed psychological screening, 36.9% exhibited PTS symptoms. FEV(1), acute injury, and the HPSI psychiatric subscale were independently associated with increased PTS score. Acute injury severity scale and female sex were associated with tendency to panic. Immediate acute injury severity and poor lung function later were independently associated with PTS symptomotology. The high prevalence of PTS and endorsement of tendency to panic within our sample show a need for mental health treatment after a chemical hazard disaster. Mental health personnel should be considerate of those with serious physical injuries.

Validation of diagnostic measures based on latent class analysis: A step forward in response bias research.

The use of criterion group validation is hindered by the difficulty of classifying individuals on latent constructs. Latent class analysis (LCA) is a method that can be used for determining the validity of scales meant to assess latent constructs without such a priori classifications. The authors used this method to examine the ability of the L scale of the MMPI-2 (J. N. Butcher et al., 2001), the Impression Management scale of the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (D. L. Paulhus, 1991), and the Endorsement of Excessive Virtue scale of the Psychological Screening Inventory (R. I. Lanyon, 1970) to identify favorable response bias (misrepresentation) in a situation where no criterion for individual classifications existed. Results suggest that LCA can be used as a method for assessing the validity of scales that measure unobservable conditions.

Are exaggerated health complaints continuous or categorical? A taxometric analysis of the Health Problem Overstatement Scale.

A taxometric analysis of 3 factor scales extracted from the Health Problem Overstatement (HPO) scale of the Psychological Screening Inventory (PSI; R. I. Lanyon, 1970, 1978) was performed on the data from 1,240 forensic and psychiatric patients. Mean above minus below a cut, maximum covariance, and latent-mode factor analyses produced results indicative of dimensional latent structure for the exaggerated health complaints construct. The outcome of this and several other recent taxometric investigations indicates that across 3 different domains of feigning (i.e., psychiatric symptoms, memory problems, and health complaints), the overall feigning construct is ordered continuously along 1 or more dimensions rather than partitioned into discrete categories of malingerers and nonmalingerers. These findings call for more research on the extent to which the different domains of feigning share 1 or more dimensions in common.

Assessment of the Long-Term Benefits of Life Skills Programming on Psychosocial Adjustment

ABSTRACT The durability of the psychosocial benefits of Life Skills programming on outpatient adults with mental health/forensic issues was examined. Participants were 52 adults (28 males, 24 females) who completed 16 weeks of Life Skills at a psychiatric outpatient clinic and were re-assessed between six months and six years following treatment. Psychosocial adjustment was assessed using the three scales of the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory (HPSI). Two groups of participants were compared, based on time since completion of treatment. There were no significant differences between time-based groups on the HPSI, but there was a significant gender effect for psychiatric symptoms, with females scoring higher on this scale than males (p = .028). When current HPSI scores were compared to HPSI scores that were assessed upon completion of Life Skills in a recent pre-post study on the same clientele (Reddon, Hoglin, & Woodman, 2008), analyses produced no statistically significant differences between follow-up HPSI scores and the post-treatment scores. The immediate psychosocial gains reported by Reddon et al. (2008) are evidently durable. The results of this study provide support for Life Skills as an effective treatment with persistent benefits for psychiatric outpatients.

Immediate Effects of a 16-Week Life Skills Education Program on the Mental Health of Adult Psychiatric Patients

ABSTRACT A total of 206 (105 men, 101 women) adult psychiatric patients participated in life skills programming 5 half days per week for 16 weeks. Psychosocial adjustment was assessed pre- and post-treatment with the three primary scales of the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory (HPSI). A multivariate pre- versus post-treatment analysis resulted in a nonsignificant effect for the covariate age (p= .136) but significant effects for time (p<.0005), gender (p<.0005), and the time by gender interaction (p= .003). Depression Symptomatology improved significantly for both men and women, whereas on the other two HPSI scales (Psychiatric and Social Symptomatology) statistically significant improvements were only obtained for women. The Social Symptomatology effect size for women (.25) was small and of the same order of magnitude as a treatment as usual psychiatric patient control sample and is therefore primarily a retesting effect. The effect sizes for Depression Symptomatology for men and women (.77 and .87, respectively) and Psychiatric Symptomatology for women (.57) were large and at least four times larger than the control sample. Improvement in Depression Symptomatology has considerable support in the literature but improvement in Psychiatric Symptomatology does not and will therefore require replication.

Utility of the psychological screening inventory: A review

The Psychological Screening Inventory (PSI; R. I. Lanyon, 1970, 1973, 1978, 1993, 2006) was developed as a cost-effective screening device in identifying persons for whom a more complete psychological evaluation should be conducted. The author reviews data bearing on the utility of the PSI in this regard and in more general applications. The Alienation scale showed strong effect sizes in distinguishing psychiatric inpatients from controls, the Social Nonconformity scale in distinguishing incarcerated groups from control, and the Discomfort scale in identifying persons with general psychological distress. These findings were supported by correlational data with comparable scales, and by a variety of smaller comparison studies. Meaningful discriminations were also shown for adolescents and for college-age young adults. Findings in studies of substance abusers and medical problems were also reviewed. Response Distortion scales showed effectiveness similar to that of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; J. N. Butcher, W. G. Dahlstrom, J. R. Graham, A. Tellegen, & B. Kaemmer, 1989) validity scales. Validity was also shown for several of the seven available foreign language translations. It was concluded that the PSI is effective for the tasks for which it was designed.

Psychopathic traits and experimentally induced deception in self-report assessment

This research examined whether psychopathic traits enabled experimentally induced faking on a self-report inventory. After completing Levenson’s Self-Report Psychopathy scale ( Levenson, Kiehl, & Fitzpatrick, 1995) under standard instructions, 201 undergraduates were randomly assigned to fake good or fake bad on the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory (HPSI; Holden, 1996). Given the manipulative nature of psychopathy, it was predicted, and found, that respondents who successfully faked good on the HPSI would have significantly higher psychopathy scores than individuals who were caught faking. Also as predicted, individuals who avoided detection while faking bad did not have significantly higher psychopathy scores.

Mental health screening: Utility of the Psychological Screening Inventory.

The Psychological Screening Inventory (PSI) was designed for use as a rapid mental health screening device to identify persons who should receive more extensive evaluation. This study evaluated the accuracy of the three screening scales using receiver operating characteristic (ROC), positive predictive power–negative predictive power, and sensitivity–specificity analyses. Persons with major psychiatric disorder (N 536) were distinguished from control participants by the Alienation scale with an area underneath the ROC curve (AUC) of .905; persons with significant antisocial behavior (N 410), by the Social Nonconformity (Sn) scale with an AUC of .811; and persons with general psychological distress (N 620), by the Discomfort (Di) scale with an AUC of .773. There were comparable findings for the other comparison procedures, and some results were better for men and women separately. An empirically developed index (the Overall Screening Index—Revised) showed significant improvement over the Di scale in identifying persons with general psychological distress (AUC .842). These findings support the utility of the PSI for its intended purpose.

Construct Validity of the Misrepresentation Scales of the Psychological Screening Inventory

This study provides construct validity evidence and reliabilities (consistency and stability) for 5 misrepresentation (response distortion) scales of the Psychological Screening Inventory (PSI; Lanyon, 1970, 1973, 1978) in assessing 3 constructs: exaggeration of psychopathology, exaggeration of personal virtue, and exaggeration of health problems. Using data from forensic cases, the existence and independence of these 3 constructs were confirmed in data from the MMPI–2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) and the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (Paulhus, 1986, 1991). The PSI scales were then shown to load highly on these constructs. The PSI scales also showed the expected patterns when their mean scores were examined for 15 sets of responses from participant groups with varied motivations to misrepresent. We present receiver operating characteristic data to show the success of the scales in distinguishing between simulators and appropriate comparison groups. Using the same data, we also present classification accuracy in terms of positive predictive power and negative predictive power based on a sensitivity level of 90% and misrepresentation base rates of .20 and .10.

Assessing the Misrepresentation of Health Problems

Although respondent misrepresentation in many areas of psychological testing has been widely studied, little is available for evaluating misrepresentation during health-related psychological assessments. In this article, I report the empirical development and validation of such scales for 2 screening inventories: the Psychological Screening Inventory (the HPO scale; Lanyon, 1970, 1978) and the Multidimensional Health Profile (the HPE scale; Ruehlman, Lanyon, & Karoly, 1998a, 1998b, 1999). In each case, judges were asked to simulate the misrepresentation of health problems. Items were selected whose frequencies differed from normal responding; these items were screened for marked content irrelevance and further refined using data from additional respondents. Validation data showed that for both scales the group means for persons with genuine health problems were up to 1 SD above the normative mean, and the means for suspected and actual simulators were about 2 SDs higher than the health-problem groups.

Stability and Validity of the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory (HPSI) in Psychiatric Inpatients

Forty-seven psychiatric inpatients in a Canadian psychiatric hospital participated in an evaluation of the stability and validity of the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory (HPSI). Stability coefficients over a 1-month period were .85, .79, and .66 for the HPSI Psychiatric, Social, and Depression Symptomatology scales, respectively, and coefficient alpha reliabilities for these scales ranged between .76 and .89 across both time periods. Staff rating composite scales corresponding to the self-report HPSI scales had stability coefficients of .74, .85, and .82, respectively. As well, they had inter-rater reliabilities that ranged between .65 and .84 across both time periods. The 3 staff rating composites at time 1 correlated equivalently with the corresponding 3 primary HPSI scales at times 1 and 2 (p > .05). Similarly, the 3 staff rating composites at time 2 correlated equivalently with the corresponding 3 primary HPSI scales at times 1 and 2 (p > .05). Over a 1-month period, HPSI scale scores were very stable and correlations with criterion ratings were stable. Using a confirmatory factor analysis, with each of the 3 dimensions defined by the time 1 and 2 measures for the 3 HPSI scales and 3 staff rating composites, evidence for discriminant as well as convergent validity was obtained. In summary, the self-report HPSI and the staff rating composite measures evidenced sufficient reliability and validity to meet the requirements for routine clinical assessment work with psychiatric inpatients. Additionally, the stability data provide effects of retesting baseline data for assessing treatment outcome in this population.

The Holden Psychological Screening Inventory in the prediction of Canadian Forces basic training outcome.

The Holden Psychological Screening Inventory in the prediction of Canadian Forces basic training outcome.

Criterion validity of the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory Social Symptomatology Scale in a prison sample.

The 36-item, self-report Holden Psychological Screening Inventory (HPSI; R. R. Holden, 1996) and the Psychopathy Checklist--Revised (PCL-R; R. D. Hare, 1991) were administered to 214 male, adult prison inmates in Canadian federal correctional facilities. The 12-item HPSI Social Symptomatology scale, a measure of antisocial behavior, demonstrated a large effect size in significantly differentiating between PCL-R-identified psychopaths and nonpsychopaths. HPSI scales not theoretically related to psychopathic behavior showed no such significant effects. Findings are interpreted as supporting the criterion validity of the Social Symptomatology scale and suggest that this brief, self-report screen has research and clinical merit.

Associations between the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory and the Personality Assessment Screener in a nonclinical sample.

Associations between two screening inventories of psychopathology were investigated using a sample of 156 first-year undergraduates. Analyses supported the reliability and validity of all Holden Psychological Screening Inventory scales, but only of some of the Personality Assessment Screener scales. Orthogonal dimensions of Depression, General Distress, and Antisocial Tendencies represented the common latent structure of the two inventories.

Need Structure, Leisure Motivation, and Psychosocial Adjustment Among Young Offenders and High School Students

The Personality Research Form-E (PRF-E; 20 need structure scales), the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory (HPSI; 3 psychosocial adjustment scales), and the Leisure Motivation Scale (LMS; 4 leisure motivation scales) were administered to 60 young offenders and 50 high school students. Significant between sample differences in means resulted for the HPSI Psychiatric, Social, and Depression Symptomatology scales; the PRF-E Affiliation, Aggression, Autonomy, and Harm Avoidance content scales; and the LMS Social scale. Statistically significant correlations resulted between the LMS and 19 of the 20 PRF-E content scales as well as the HPSI Depression and Social Symptomatology scales. It is concluded that young offenders, as compared to high school students, are significantly less well adjusted and have different leisure motivations and personality needs. It is likely that need structure impacts directly on psychosocial adjustment as well as indirectly through leisure motivation.

Psychometric Properties of the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory in the U.S. Military

The psychometric characteristics of the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory (HPSI) are examined with a sample of 1,709 U.S. military personnel. Reliability analyses indicate that the HPSI scales are internally consistent. Item factor analytic procedures support the tridimensional nature of the HPSI and confirm the appropriateness of the instrument’s scoring key. Because significant differences emerge between HPSI scale scores and the norms available in the HPSI test manual, new military norms and cutoff scores are reported. Overall, findings extend previous nonmilitary research on the HPSI and support its use with a military population.

The effects of anonymity on the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory

The influence of anonymous versus identified responding was investigated for 940 male naval personnel responding to the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory, a brief, self-report screening measure of psychopathology. Analyses indicated that identified respondents did not score significantly lower than anonymous respondents on the inventorys various scales of psychological maladjustment. Results, therefore, failed to support the view that anonymous responding, per se, reduces the social desirability demand characteristics associated with an assessment context. It is suggested that the effects of anonymity may be multidimensional and that future research should more clearly define and operationalize the construct of anonymity.