Psychological Science Research Articles

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIELD OF PSYCHOLOGY IN UZBEKISTAN TODAY AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

Psychology as a science is based on a person's desire to understand who he is, the desire to know his own spiritual world and the psyche of others, the need to understand the phenomena of nature and society, to reflect on the past, present, and future. began to develop. Although psychological knowledge has a very long past history, it was separated from philosophy as a science in the 19th century, and now the science of psychology has entered Uzbekistan with wide opportunities and history. Nowadays,the interest of young people in the field of psychology is increasing. The interest in great scientists, the basis of its history, is developing day by day, and we will try to cover it in this article.

Implementing Statcheck During Peer Review Is Related to a Steep Decline in Statistical-Reporting Inconsistencies

We investigated whether statistical-reporting inconsistencies could be avoided if journals implement the tool statcheck in the peer-review process. In a preregistered pretest–posttest quasi-experiment covering more than 7,000 articles and more than 147,000 extracted statistics, we compared the prevalence of reported p values that were inconsistent with their degrees of freedom and test statistics in two journals that implemented statcheck in their peer-review process ( Psychological Science and Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology) and two matched control journals ( Journal of Experimental Psychology: General and Journal of Personality and Social Psychology) before and after statcheck was implemented. Preregistered multilevel logistic regression analyses showed that the decrease in both inconsistencies and decision inconsistencies around p = .05 is considerably steeper in statcheck journals than in control journals, offering preliminary support for the notion that statcheck can be a useful tool for journals to avoid statistical-reporting inconsistencies in published articles. We discuss limitations and implications of these findings.

Perspectives of researchers engaging in majority world research to promote diverse and global psychological science.

Journal analyses have documented the historical neglect of research pertaining to the Majority World in psychological science, and the need for inclusivity is clearly articulated to ensure a science that is comprehensive and globally applicable. However, no systematic efforts have explored the perspectives of researchers working with Majority World communities regarding the challenges they experience in conducting and disseminating research and ways to address them. Our aim was to explore these challenges from the perspective of these researchers using an embedded mixed-methods design. Based on responses of 232 researchers who engage in psychological research with Majority World communities (68.1% from Africa, Asia, or Latin America, remaining from the Minority World), we identified challenges in three areas: (a) stemming from an inherent bias against Majority World research, (b) experienced by all researchers, which nonetheless are heightened for those engaging in research with Majority World populations, and (c) specific to researchers affiliated with Majority World institutions. Based on the findings, we recommend journal editorial teams and funding agencies: (a) acknowledge and address the bias inherent in the publication and funding process, (b) recruit editorial team members, program officers, and reviewers from the Majority World, (c) train editorial team members, program officers, and reviewers from the Minority World to thoughtfully evaluate Majority World research, and (d) provide resources for researchers affiliated with Majority World institutions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Psychological Epiphenomenalism

Researchers in the psychological sciences have put forward the thesis that various sources of psychological, cognitive, and neuroscientific evidence demonstrate that being conscious of our mental states does not make any difference to our behaviour. In this paper, I argue that the evidence marshalled in support of this view — which I call psychological epiphenomenalism — is subject to major objections, relies on a superficial reading of the relevant literature, and fails to engage with the more precise ways in which philosophers understand mental states to be conscious. I then appeal to work on implementation intentions to demonstrate that an intention's being 'access conscious' enhances its functional role, which makes it more likely that we will successfully carry out our intended behaviour. The result is that consciousness in at least one relevant sense is not epiphenomenal, with further work remaining to be done to show how other kinds of consciousness cause behaviour too.

Processing speed and executive attention as causes of intelligence.

Individual differences in processing speed and executive attention have both been proposed as explanations for individual differences in cognitive ability, particularly general and fluid intelligence (Engle et al., 1999; Kail & Salthouse, 1994). Both constructs have long intellectual histories in scientific psychology. This article attempts to describe the historical development of these constructs, particularly as they pertain to intelligence. It also aims to determine the degree to which speed and executive attention are theoretical competitors in explaining individual differences in intelligence. We suggest that attention is the more fundamental mechanism in explaining variation in human intelligence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Metacognition in mathematics education: From academic chronicle to future research scenario–A bibliometric analysis with the Scopus database

Originally introduced by psychologists, metacognition has attracted considerable interest within academic spheres and has transformed into a significant research focal point in the field of mathematics education, commonly denoted as ‘mathematical metacognition.’ This investigation constitutes the primary endeavor to comprehensively examine all publications within the Scopus database related to metacognition in mathematics education (MiME). The data encompasses a total of 288 documents, authored by 653 individuals hailing from 58 different countries and territories and disseminated across 162 diverse sources. Notably, this examination delineates two distinct developmental phases, with a particularly pronounced surge in publications emerging from the year 2016 onward. Although Asia has two representatives in the top-10 in terms of number of publications (China and Indonesia), authors from developed countries have made significant contributions to research on MiME, especially the United States, Germany, Turkey, and Belgium. Among the 15 most influential academic journals, merely two pertain to the domain of mathematics education, whereas the majority belong to the disciplines of psychology and social sciences (educational science). The main research directions that have been pointed out are adults’ metacognitive abilities, considering gender differences and problem-solving abilities; metacognition and the ability to learn mathematical concepts (more recently arithmetic concepts); control metacognitive processes and students’ academic achievement. Early-career researchers as well as interested scholars can find important scholars, documents, and research directions on this topic to refer to for their research activities.

Structural Validity Evidence for the Oxford Utilitarianism Scale Across 15 Languages

Abstract: Background: The Psychological Science Accelerator (PSA) recently completed a large-scale moral psychology study using translated versions of the Oxford Utilitarianism Scale (OUS). However, the translated versions have no validity evidence. Objective: The study investigated the structural validity evidence of the OUS across 15 translated versions and produced version-specific validity reports. Methods: We analyzed OUS data from the PSA, which was collected internationally on a centralized online questionnaire . We also collected qualitative feedback from experts for each translated version. Results: For each version, we produced version-specific psychometric reports which include the following: (1) descriptive item and demographics analyses, (2) factor structure evidence using confirmatory factor analyses, (3) measurement invariance testing across languages using multiple-group confirmatory factor analyses and alignment optimization, and (4) reliability analyses using coefficients α and ω.

의미연결망 분석을 활용한 긍정적 행동지원(PBS) 연구 동향 분석

The purpose of this study was to analyze the semantic network of domestic research related to positive behavior support in order to identify research trends in the field of positive behavior support in Korea as well as to suggest future research directions. To this end, 304 papers published in academic journals for a total of 22 years from 2002 to 2023 were collected. For the analysis of research trends, frequency analysis by year and journal was conducted, moreover word frequency analysis and centrality level were analyzed using TEXTOM and then visualized with UCINET6 and NetDraw. The research results are as follows. First, a total of 304 studies on positive behavior support were conducted from 2002 to 2023; they were mainly published in journals related to special education, and various other fields such as pedagogy, psychology, humanities and social sciences. Second, the main keywords appeared in the order of ‘positive behavior support’, ‘problem behavior’, ‘influence’, ‘effect’, ‘individual dimension’, and ‘class dimension’. Third, keywords with high connection centrality, proximity centrality, and mediation centrality all appeared in the order of ‘positive behavior support’, ‘problem behavior’, ‘influence’, and ‘effect’. This study identified the trends of recent studies by identifying essential keywords and the structure between them that are important in domestic positive behavior support-related studies, and discussed implications for future positive behavior support research.

Strengthening the professional training of staff in EU higher education

The article reveals the most relevant and important for developing world societies to the professional training of personnel in the EU countries in the educational space. The methodological principles of the research are leading provisions of the theory of scientific knowledge; general scientific principles of historicism, systematicity, and scientificity; conceptual provisions of pedagogical, psychological, and sociological sciences; ideas of comparative research experience; and philosophical and pedagogical ideas of the development of modern education. The principles on which the reform of higher education is based are described and the main trends of the structure of world higher education are clarified. The significance of developing educational information networks in the professional training of personnel in the educational space of higher education institutions in the EU countries is shown. The main tasks of the organization of educational institutions in the world's countries are highlighted. The conducted experimental research is aimed at researching: the effectiveness of professional training of personnel in the educational space; determination of suitability for employment in EU countries; and effectiveness of continuous professional training at the workplace in EU countries. The conclusions summarize ways of professional training of personnel in the EU countries in the educational space of universities.

ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ МЕТОДИКА САМОИДЕН-ТИФИКАЦИИ ХАРАКТЕРОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ТИПОВ

This article discusses an experimental method of self-identification of characterological types, which is a high-potential diagnostic tool for educational psychologists. The use of this technique allows to significantly reduce the time required for diagnostics and, consequently, to pay more attention directly to the counseling and correctional-developmental process. In modern psychological science the study of characterological features and their connection with human behavior is one of the key directions in the field of psycho-diagnostics. Characterological type is a complex of psychological traits that influence people's behavior and their interaction with others. Understanding of the characterological type allows predict-ing emotional reactions, communication styles and scripted forms of behavior in stressful situations, which, in turn, allows the school psychologist to effectively conduct corrective-developmental activities and individual counseling of all participants of the educational process. The experimental technique of self-identification of characterological can significantly optimize the diagnostic process and improve the quality of counseling and corrective-developmental work. Further research in this direction will make it possible to im-prove the methodology and expand its application in the education-al sphere.

Starting and sustaining fruitful collaborations in psychology

AbstractMuch of psychological science relies on collaboration—from generating new theories and study ideas, to collecting and analyzing data, to writing and sharing results with the broader community. Learning how to collaborate with others is an important skill, yet this process is not often explicitly discussed in academia. Here, five researchers from diverse backgrounds share their experiences and advice on starting and sustaining collaborations. In doing so, they reflect on aspects of both successful (and failed) collaborations with students, colleagues within and outside of psychology, and members of industry and organizational partners beyond academia. Recommendations and challenges of productive collaborations are discussed, along with examples of how collaborative teams can contribute to psychological science, address real‐world issues, and make the process of conducting research more enjoyable and rewarding.

Психологическое влияние профессионального «слаживания» на формирование корпоративной культуры сотрудников органов внутренних дел

Introduction. The relevance of the article is connected with the current social situation. The study is devoted to an important psychological problem that has arisen on the ground of international relations aggravation - the problem of professional «coordination» in groups and its influence on improvement of corporate culture of collectives’ members in subdivisions of internal affairs bodies. Research methods and methodology. The study used the methodology of culturological, system-structural, personality-activity and professional-activity approaches to the development of the professional’s corporate culture. Comparative analysis of literary sources, summary of best practices of theinternal affairs bodies and terminological analysis of leading concepts were used as the leading research methods. Results and discussion. In the content of the article the definition of professional «coordination» is offered. It was noted that the process of professional «coordination» provides the corporate culture formation between employees, united for the solution of common tasks; promotes the formation of cohesion, friendly support and mutual assistance in the teams of internal affairs bodies. It is specified that at present the problem of professional «coordination» is especially important for servicemen participating in the special operation and for the teams of internal affairs agencies. It is noted that the tasks of corporate culture and professional «coordination» are connected with the need to increase the status of police officers and their authority in the consciousness of the civilians. In the present study the method of comparative analysis of literary sources and basic documents regulating the activities of police officers was used.This allowed to clarify the lexical and psychological meaning of phenomena «professional coordination» and «corporate culture». The determinant role of the structural components of «coordination» that influence the basic components of the corporate culture of employees carrying out the common tasks assigned by the state to the internal affairs bodies has been revealed. The constructing of the scientific logic of the study is based on the methodology of the system-structural approach, which contributes to the description of the characteristics of motivational-valuable, cognitive and conative components in the person’s structure, providing the dynamics of professional «coordination» and the process of corporate culture formation in the subdivisions of internal affairs bodies. Conclusions and recommendations for approbation. In the final part of the article the conclusions and recommendations are presented. The important role of educational work and psychological support in the system of professional «coordination» formation and improvement of corporate culture of subjects of professional activity was noted. The article may be recommended for the usage in the system of educational work with employees of security forces and civilian specialists, to provide psychological support for the operationally established teams. Basics: 1) The status of an internal affairs officer is determined by the manifestations of the corporate culture of the individual, which ensures the enhancement of his authority among citizens and guests of the state. 2) The semantic analysis of the concept of «coordination» allows to clarify its lexical and psychological meaning, to propose a working definition of this concept for psychological science and practice, as well as to clarify its role in the system of corporate culture formation in the subdivisions of internal affairs bodies.

Theoretical analysis of the problem of developing personal resilience

Military operations on the territory of Ukraine have a devastating impact on the entire population of the state. Daily shelling, participation in combat, loss of loved ones, and the experience of prolonged stressful situations affect all areas of the population's life and, in particular, their psychological and mental health. An important task of modern psychological science is to explore ways to develop constructive ways to overcome stressful situations and develop personal resilience and counteract difficult life circumstances.In recent years, the study of the problem of resilience as the ability to resist life's difficulties has been actively developing. The study of this problem helps to solve many problems of practical psychology, since the development of resilience and the ability to resist stressful situations is a necessary component of the personality in wartime.The article presents a theoretical generalization of scientific approaches to the study of the concept of resilience. The main directions in the study of resilience of foreign and domestic authors are revealed. Various factors and determinants that influence the development of resilience as a process of resistance to stress are analyzed. The historical dynamics of understanding and studying the concept of resilience and the study of the development of personality resilience are presented.Based on the results of the theoretical analysis, we can distinguish the following scientific generalizations of the concept of resilience: it has a dynamic nature and biological basis, is an important prerequisite for successful adaptation and development of the individual, can be considered in social, biological or psychological aspects, its development depends not on the living conditions of a person, but on his/her perception of life difficulties, during the emergence of difficult living conditions, as well as in the process of experiencing life difficulties, a person is capable of post-traumatic growth and resilience.There are four stages in the study of the concept of resilience:1. Identification of signs based on longitudinal studies of children's defensive functions.2. Identification of the process. During this stage, the focus of the study changes from defensive factors to consideration of human resilience processes.3. The third stage is based on the first and second, it actively considers resilience as a mechanism that leads to positive human adaptation in adverse conditions.4. The fourth stage was caused by the development of technologies that allowed to study resilience more qualitatively with the help of psychodiagnostic tools.It has been established that resilience is an individual ability to counteract and find constructive methods of overcoming stressful situations, an important prerequisite for mental adaptation and personality development. Resilience depends on the influence of external (social) factors and individual psychological factors.

Patterns of development of religious culture in modern society: problems of systematization and philosophical understanding

Introduction. Religious culture is becoming one of the most important subjects of philosophical science today. The philosophical methodology makes it possible to systematize the available knowledge not only of the philosophical, but also of the general scientific, private scientific level. An analytical review of scientific publications devoted to the identification of laws, patterns and principles of the development of religious culture at the present stage has shown that there are many of them, but they are scattered and very diverse. Therefore, the problem of philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of religious culture at the present stage of development of society is an extremely urgent task.The purpose of the study is to study domestic and foreign publications devoted to the study of the patterns of development of religious culture at the present stage and to identify the possibility of their systematization based on philosophical methodology.Materials and Methods. The main research methods used were methods of analytical review, analysis, generalization and comparison, as well as the dialectical method.Results. In the course of the study, the authors came to the conclusion that the application of philosophical methodology in the study of laws, patterns and principles of the development of religious culture in modern society allows them to build a multidimensional typology, including several levels: civilizational, social, anthropological. At each level, it is possible to study dialectical relations both within religious culture and between it and other phenomena, which will allow us to determine the laws and patterns of its development at each level, as well as between them, and will allow us to conduct a predictive analysis of possible further trajectories of the development of this phenomenon, its impact on human destiny and civilization.Discussion and Conclusions. This complex system analysis will be the subject of research not only by the authors of the article, but also by scientific schools that exist on the basis of Mininsky University. The results of this research will form the basis for the study of religious culture in such areas of scientific activity of the university as philosophy of culture, religious studies, philosophy of religion, social philosophy, history of philosophy, philosophical anthropology, theology, pedagogical and psychological sciences.

Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms in Individuals with a Primary Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review

Abstract Background and Aims Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) represent two of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental conditions, with prevalence rates of 5–7% and 0.6–1%, respectively. Despite their conceptually distinct phenotypes, ADHD and ASD are highly comorbid. This review is aimed at examining and synthesising the prevalence and profile of ASD-like symptoms in individuals with a primary diagnosis of ADHD across the lifespan in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM-5; APA, 2013) diagnostic criteria. Methods This systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, as discussed by (Moher et al. in PLOS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097, 2009; Page et al. in Systematic Reviews, 10(1), 89, 2021). Studies were identified through a systematic literature search of the databases: PsycINFO, Medline, CINAHL, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection, and Scopus (N = 12,633). Articles were critically appraised according to established quality methodology criteria, and findings were summarised using narrative synthesis. Results and Conclusion A total of nine studies (ADHD individuals n = 548) were identified and included in the review. Of these studies, three were classified as having ‘good’ methodological quality, five as ‘fair’, and one as ‘poor’. These studies varied considerably in their methodological approach and assessment procedures. Overall, higher levels of ASD symptoms were found in individuals with ADHD compared to the general population. There was considerable variation in the reported prevalence of clinically significant ASD symptoms in individuals with ADHD, ranging from 15 to 64.3%. Clinical implications and considerations for further research are discussed.

‘What is the self anyway?’ towards a more parsimonious conceptualisation of the self: A review

The ‘self’ is of interest across multiple psychological, cognitive, and social sciences. Unhelpfully, a plethora of terms are used across different theoretical and empirical areas. This leads to inconsistency, confusion and lack of clarity and impedes cross-disciplinary communication and progress. To improve clarity, increase parsimony and support theoretical and empirical advances, it is important to establish clear terms that can be applied consistently across psychology. The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive initial inventory of synthesised self-terms that can be used by, and across psychology. We review self-terms used across different areas in psychology and identify a set of terms that are most frequently and consistently used across these domains. We then present a synthesis of commonly used ‘self-terms’ that are specifically related to six psychological sub-disciplines; Cognitive, Social, Developmental, Neuroscience, Clinical and Personality psychology. A glossary of self-terms, together with frequently used synonymous self-terms are presented.

Telehealth in Informal Caregivers of Stroke Survivors: A Systematic Review.

Background: There has been an increase in people with disabilities who require continuous care, which often falls to informal carers (ICs). Stroke is one of the conditions where ICs are most needed. Therefore, it is necessary for ICs to improve their caregiving skills and self-care capacity. Telehealth (TH) can facilitate them. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the evidence of the effects of interventions on ICs of stroke patients. Methods: The search was conducted in Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINALH, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, and APA PsycInfo. Key search terms included "stroke", "informal caregiver" and "telemedicine". Only randomised clinical trials were included. Results: A total of 2031 articles were found in the databases, 476 were screened and 19 clinical trials met the eligibility criteria. Different TH programmes have evaluated many outcomes related to physical and emotional health. The TH tools included phone, videophone, web-based interventions, and social media. The most investigated outcome was depression; although contradictory results were found, the TH may have helped to prevent an increase in depressive symptoms. There were inconsistent results on the caregiving burden and the preparedness of the IC. However, TH has positive effects on the health of the ICs, reducing the number of unhealthy days, anxiety, task difficulty perception, and improving psychological health. Conclusions: TH may be a useful tool to improve the abilities and health of ICs of SS. No adverse effects have been reported. More quality studies evaluating the effects of telemedicine on the ICs of stroke survivors, as well as the most appropriate doses, are needed.

Investigating Trust in Human-AI Collaboration for a Speech-Based Data Analytics Task

Complex real-world problems can benefit from the collaboration between humans and artificial intelligence (AI) to achieve reliable decision-making. We investigate trust in a human-in-the-loop decision-making task, in which participants with background on psychological sciences collaborate with an explainable AI system for estimating one’s anxiety level from speech. The AI system relies on the explainable boosting machine (EBM) model which takes prosodic features as the input and estimates the anxiety level. Trust in AI is quantified via self-reported (i.e., administered via a questionnaire) and behavioral (i.e., computed as user-AI agreement) measures, which are positively correlated with each other. Results indicate that humans and AI depict differences in performance depending on the characteristics of the specific case under review. Overall, human annotators’ trust in the AI increases over time, with momentary decreases after the AI partner makes an error. Annotators further differ in terms of appropriate trust calibration in the AI system, with some annotators over-trusting and some under-trusting the system. Personality characteristics (i.e., agreeableness, conscientiousness) and overall propensity to trust machines further affect the level of trust in the AI system, with these findings approaching statistical significance. Results from this work will lead to a better understanding of human-AI collaboration and will guide the design of AI algorithms toward supporting better calibration of user trust.

The Social Problem of HIV as a Driver for the Development of Psychological Science and Practice

This article presents an analysis of Eugene V. Farber’s2 speech at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association in 2017. The social and psychological aspects of the HIV epidemic problem, contributing to the development of psychological science and practice, are discussed. The role of HIV-infection in the development of psychological science and practice. Among these problems are stigmatization, doctor-patient relationship, mental disorders, and behavioral changes arising in HIV-infected individuals. Humanization and contextualization of clinical counseling, transformation of medical services taking into account cultural diversity and the implementation of a patient-centered approach in the clinical environment are mentioned to be the key trends in working with HIV-infected individuals

The Reconsecration of the Self: A Qualitative Analysis of Sex Trafficking Survivors' Experience of the Body.

The understudied bodily harm women experience after commercial sex (CS) may be partially explained by the prominence of Cartesian mind-body dualism in psychological science. Accordingly, we qualitatively explored the mind-body relationship among 79 female sex trafficking survivors. Survivors reported long-term negative alterations in feelings about the body, sex, and physical touch posttrafficking and these negative outcomes did not differ across women who self-perceived as consenting and women who self-perceived as forced. Implications for future research are presented, particularly on measuring dehumanization in CS which contributes to extensive harm even in the absence of physical aggression.