Psychological Origins Research Articles

Racialized Forgiveness

AbstractThis article introduces a concept that I refer to as racialized forgiveness. Cases that exemplify certain conditions that I take as paradigmatic of the problem of racialized forgiveness include instances in which: (a) who is forgiven or not is determined by the race of the offender; (b) praise and criticisms of forgiveness are determined by the race of the victim; and (c) praise and criticisms of forgiveness are, at least implicitly, racially self-serving. I argue that this practice is morally objectionable because of its psychological origins, moral failures, and negative effects. Accordingly, in order to dodge these pitfalls, we need to practice forgiveness differently.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ МЕДІАЗАСОБІВ ДЛЯ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ КУЛЬТУРНО-ДОЗВІЛЛЄВОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ДІТЕЙ В УМОВАХ КАРАНТИННИХ ОБМЕЖЕНЬ

The purpose of the study is to determine the form and types of cultural and leisure activities of children under quarantine restrictions. It is established that in the conditions of lockdown the parents and their children face difficulties of psycho-emotional load and stress, as a result of which there may be violations of the child's psycho-emotional state in society. Therefore, it is advisable to pay attention to the process of organizing cultural and leisure activities of children in the lockdown namely - parents of preschool children are invited to organize the following forms of leisure: games, labor and artistic activities. It is established that during the organization of leisure in the conditions of quarantine restrictions the positive emotional state of the child and its motivation to activity are caused by a favorable, benevolent psychological origin of a family. The peculiarities of the influence of quarantine restrictions on the organization of children's leisure, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of using the media in activities with children are identified. The need to identify ways to use the media to involve children in play is shown. At this stage, it is necessary to diagnose and update the forms of use of media by parents in the organization of cultural and leisure activities of children. The role of parents and guardians in conducting play and entertainment activities for children is revealed. There are negative consequences for children of using the media for both their physical health and their psychological state. The need to consider and submit new requirements and conditions of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine regarding the use of mass media for education and leisure of children has been determined.

Longitudinal Analyses Suggest Genomic and Psychological Origins of Disordered Eating and Comorbidities

Longitudinal Analyses Suggest Genomic and Psychological Origins of Disordered Eating and Comorbidities

O corpo e a simbologia arquetípica no movimento Taki Onkoy nos Andes no fim do século XVI d.C.

Durante os anos seguintes à conquista espanhola na América, surgiram vários fenômenos militares, políticos, civis, religiosos e sociais. Historiadores e antropólogos dedicaram-se à admirável tarefa de reunir fontes, checar dados e estudar depoimentos sobre esses fenômenos. Dentro dessa literatura, encontramos o movimento Taki Onkoy, normalmente inserido nas rebeliões ocorridas como reação dos indígenas ao domínio espanhol. Mas o movimento Taki Onkoy não era uma rebelião como as outras que surgiram nesse período, o movimento Taki Onkoy tornou-se a manifestação mais dramática da noção andina do sagrado e do poder dos sacerdotes andinos, que se lançaram na busca pela transformação e reestruturação da consciência. Este artigo teve como objetivos aprofundar o conhecimento da experiência religiosa coletiva do movimento Taki Onkoy e compreender seus símbolos arquetípicos e origem psíquica. A partir da teoria junguiana, abordou-se o encontro de dois mundos e buscou-se entender os complexos processos psicológicos e corporais que giravam em torno do movimento Taki Onkoy. A psicologia analítica contribuiu para compreender os momentos históricos da violência e do trauma em que um conjunto de símbolos sociais foi aniquilado e o ser humano retornou desesperadamente à procura de seu próprio imaginário, de seus mitos e de sua própria essência, usando para isso os símbolos e o corpo.

James G. Kelly (1929-2020).

Memorializes James G. Kelly (1929-2020), one of the founders of the field of Community Psychology in the United States. Jim was one of the last surviving attendees of the 1965 Swampscott Conference, an event sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health that is considered the origin of community psychology in the United States. He was a founding member of the Division of Community Psychology of the American Psychological Association in 1967 (now The Society for Community Research and Action, SRCA). Jim mentored doctoral students and postdoctoral scholars with an extraordinary level of commitment to their development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Leveraging human-centered design to implement modern psychological science: Return on an early investment.

Although classic models of implementation emphasized the importance of innovation characteristics in their adoption and sustained use, contemporary implementation research and practice have deprioritized these variables. Human-centered design (HCD) is an approach that grounds product development in information collected about the people and settings that will ultimately use those products. HCD has strong roots in psychological theory, but its application is typically limited to the development of digital technologies. HCD is rarely applied to the design of psychosocial innovations-including both service-recipient-facing interventions and implementation strategies-within the applied psychological disciplines. The current article reviews the psychological origins of HCD and details pathways through which HCD theories and methods can be leveraged to advance the "core tasks" of contemporary implementation research and practice in psychology. These include (a) identification of multilevel implementation determinants through specification of user needs and contexts; (b) tailoring of implementation strategies, such as contextually driven intervention redesign; and (c) evaluating implementation mechanisms and outcomes, including disentangling how the core HCD focus on usability relates to closely associated implementation variables such as acceptability, feasibility, and appropriateness. Collectively, these applications provide directions through which to leverage the mature field of HCD, maximize psychology's return on its early theoretical investment, and promote the large-scale impact of findings from across the applied fields of psychology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

INTEGRATION AS A BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY STRESS TOLERANCE

The article is devoted to the problem of development of personality stress tolerance in the aspect of clinical psychology. The ability to cope with stress is an important condition for personal adaptation. Disadaptation and disintegration of personality is the subject for studying by clinical psychologists. The key emphasis of the study is to confirm the hypothesis that the achievement of integration is the basis for the development of personality stress tolerance and personal adaptation in modern society. The author presents the path to the development of personality stress tolerance as a movement pattern - from oneself to others. The article notes that in most cases, the development of personality stress tolerance must begin with changing the negative mechanisms of personal protection to successful strategies for mastering inappropriate emotional response in critical situations. Adequate personal protection in stress contributes to the development of stress resistance, and disbalance of the prescribed function - neurotization. Integration is considered as the initial stage and objective of the psychotherapeutic process. The author describes two types of integration: internal and external. Internal integration is the achievement of integrity in the internal plan of personality introversion at the initial stage of stress tolerance development. The development process of integrated personality structure requires a system approach. Therefore, the author identifies four components of personal stress resistance and noted the sequence of their development: psychophysiological, emotional, cognitive and integrated. Psychophysiological balance creates a basic platform for achieving emotional peace and finding opportunities for more successful selection of cognitive response strategies in critical situations. The final stage of psychotherapy is the achievement of external integration - adaptation to other people on the basis of communicative values. Stress is considered by the author in relation to depression problem, which ranks high in the world among psychosomatic diseases. It leads to better understanding how the biological and psychological components of person's stress resistance are combined. The author also carries out a theoretical analysis of various approaches in application of assistance psychotherapeutic methods in stressful situations of psychological and biological origin. &nbsp

Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Training on Revealing Sexual Function in Iranian Women with Breast Cancer

Most studies on the treatment of sexual problems in women with breast cancer have been conducted based on a quantitative approach. Adding a post-intervention qualitative study can help to clarify the impact of the therapy on sexual function. The present mixed-method study was performed to determine the impact of mindfulness based stress reduction on sexual function in women with breast cancer. This study consisted of two quantitative and qualitative phases. The quantitative phase was a randomized clinical trial, where 52 subjects were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups that completed female sexual function index (FSFI) in pretest, posttest (after the intervention), and follow-up (1 month after the intervention) stages. Intervention was an eight-session group mindfulness-based stress reduction. After analyzing data from 46 subjects, qualitative data were collected using the conventional content analysis method. At the follow-up stage, statistically significant improvements were noted in the intervention group for the sexual desire (P = 0.021) and arousal (P = 0.021), but decreases were observed in orgasm scores (P = 0.042). In the control group, overall FSFI score decreased at follow-up compared to those of the pretest and posttest (P < 0.001. (There were no differences between the two groups in the three stages. Two main categories of qualitative analysis, i.e. “mindfulness, an attempt for love continuation” and “Sexual Responsiveness scope”, confirmed the results of quantitative phase. Based on the results, mindfulness intervention can impact the aspects of sexual performance that rely on women, which are mostly of psychological origin and may not affect all aspects.

Introduction to Folk Psychology: Pluralistic Approaches

This introduction to the topical collection, Folk Psychology: Pluralistic Approaches reviews the origins and basic theoretical tenets of the framework of pluralistic folk psychology. It places special emphasis on pluralism about the variety folk psychological strategies that underlie behavioral prediction and explanation beyond belief-desire attribution, and on the diverse range of social goals that folk psychological reasoning supports beyond prediction and explanation. Pluralism is not presented as a single theory or model of social cognition, but rather as a big-tent research program encompassing both revisionary and more traditionally inspired approaches to folk psychology. After reviewing the origins of pluralistic folk psychology, the papers in the current issue are introduced. These papers fall into three thematic clusters: Folk-psychological strategies beyond propositional attitude attribution (Section 2.1); Enculturation and regulative folk psychology (Section 2.2); and Defenses of pluralism (Section 2.3).

Conceptualizing COVID-19 and Public Panic with the Moderating Role of Media Use and Uncertainty in China: An Empirical Framework.

Uncertainty puts people in a binary state of mind, where every piece of external information can positively or negatively affect their state of health. Given the uncertain situation created by the new coronavirus pandemic, this study claims to be the first empirical analysis of the real-time status of public panic in China. It frames peoples’ intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, creating a psychosocial analysis of public panic. We conducted an online survey of WeChat and QQ users in February 2020 and collected 1613 samples through a QR code questionnaire. We used the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression equation model to conceptualize public panic pathways in different gender and age groups. This underlines the psychological origins of fear and anxiety and points out how the media uses socially constructed public panic. The results show that the outbreak of COVID-19 created uncertainty among the public, and the official media intensified it because of the late dissemination of news about the outbreak’s real-time status. Hence, unofficial media remained faster in news reporting, but the news reporting remained contradictory with official reports. This created doubts about the authenticity of the given information and caused public mental health abnormalities. The study provides a conceptual framework based on lessons learned from physiology, psychology, and social psychology and real-time public analysis to inform policymakers and public administrators about the contextual dynamics of public panic in China. It provides useful insights into the wise handling of this uncertain time and controlling the fatal conditions of public panic created by COVID-19. It has implications for other countries as well.

Political Misinformation

Misinformation occurs when people hold incorrect factual beliefs and do so confidently. The problem, first conceptualized by Kuklinski and colleagues in 2000, plagues political systems and is exceedingly difficult to correct. In this review, we assess the empirical literature on political misinformation in the United States and consider what scholars have learned since the publication of that early study. We conclude that research on this topic has developed unevenly. Over time, scholars have elaborated on the psychological origins of political misinformation, and this work has cumulated in a productive way. By contrast, although there is an extensive body of research on how to correct misinformation, this literature is less coherent in its recommendations. Finally, a nascent line of research asks whether people's reports of their factual beliefs are genuine or are instead a form of partisan cheerleading. Overall, scholarly research on political misinformation illustrates the many challenges inherent in representative democracy.

Curtailing Fake News Propagation with Psychographics

Fake news is a widespread and concerning phenomenon. The goal of this article is twofold. First, we argue that curtailing fake news is better pursued by identifying its propagators than by classifying its content. Second, to validate our conceptual argument, we develop a system for curtailing the propagation of fake news on social media by identifying users who are susceptible to believing and propagating it. We anchor our approach in the debate about the ontological nature of truth, the empirical challenges of classifying fake news content, as well as the psychological and social origins of believing fake news. Through interpreting our model using modern explainable machine learning, we deepen our theoretical understanding of why people believe and share fake news, extend the applicability of our system beyond its original context, and provide guidelines for mitigating fake news propagation.

Psychosomatic Phenomenon According to the Stages of Development

The psychosomatic term, report to the item of psychological origin of certain organic diseases, affective repercussions of the state of physical disease on the individual and studies of mind-body relationships with emphasis on the explanation of somatic pathology. The term can also be understood, as an ideology about health, falling ill and about health practices, is a field of research on these facts and, at the same time, practice. Thus, the objective of this work is to discuss, from a literature review, the psychosomatic manifestations that occur in the development phases in the context of the psychology area. The study is methodologically based on the literature review. For this work, the bibliographic search of articles indexed to the VHL Portal (Virtual Library in Saude) and in the Web of Science was carried out. The disease is often an escape from a conflict situation or appears due to the need for attention and affection, need to be cared for. The psychosomatic approach decreases treatment time, avoids unnecessary complementary tests and abbreviates the patient's suffering.

Correcting Misperceptions about the MMR Vaccine: Using Psychological Risk Factors to Inform Targeted Communication Strategies

Many Americans endorse misinformation about vaccine safety. This is problematic because those who do are more likely to resist evidence-based policies, such as mandatory vaccination for school attendance. Although many have attempted to correct misinformation about vaccines, few attempts have been successful. This study uses psychological correlates of vaccine misinformation acceptance to develop a novel misinformation correction strategy by tailoring provaccine messages to appeal to these psychological traits. For example, people with higher moral purity levels are more likely to view vaccines as contaminating the body, but messages highlighting disease via under-vaccination can use their higher moral purity to push them toward vaccine support. Using a large survey experiment ( N = 7,019) and a smaller replication experiment ( N = 825) of American adults, we demonstrate that interventions designed to appeal to people high in moral purity and needle sensitivity—two relatively understudied correlates of vaccine misinformation support—can also be targeted to effectively reduce vaccine misinformation endorsement. This study provides a better understanding of the psychological origins of misinformed political and policy attitudes, and it suggests a strategy for combating policy-related misinformation more generally, ultimately boosting support for evidence-based policies.

Co-seeing and seeing through: reimagining Kant’s subtraction argument with Stumpf and Husserl

ABSTRACT I draw on Carl Stumpf’s essay “Psychologie und Erkenntnistheorie” (1891), and his precocious On the Psychological Origin of the Idea of Space (1873), to set out a charge he raises against Kant’s form/matter distinction. The charge rests, I propose, on the supposition that colourless extension, or empty space, cannot be seen. I consider an objection that Stumpf raises against Kant’s notorious ‘subtraction’ argument. Kant supposes that we can ‘take away’ from the representation of a body all that the understanding thinks in relation to it and extension would yet remain (Remainder), separate from all sensation (Separateness). Stumpf denies both claims but I suggest he needn’t. I outline a way of defending Remainder without Separateness, extrapolating from some neglected descriptive phenomenology in Husserl’s 1907 “Thing and Space” lectures: we see empty regions insofar as we see things through them. Finally, by appeal to so-called ‘structural’ features of visual experience, I detail a distinctive approach to making the subtraction argument intelligible.

Experience of Depression Among Female Students Residing in a Dormitory Complex: A Qualitative Study

Background: Depression is one of the most common issues among mental health related issues amongst Iranian students; a topic that has thus far been the area of research by lots of researchers with the medical and psychological origins. These researches are mainly conducted using a quantitative approach. Objectives: The main purpose of this study was to achieve qualitative understanding of depression experience and the representational implications of this phenomenon among those depressed. In this study, the question is how individuals experience and perceive depression. Methods: This is a qualitative study with directed approach to content analysis of in-depth semi-structured interviews. Therefore, the findings were obtained through interviews with 15 female students and analyzed using the thematic analysis technique. Results: The collected narratives represent depression as an unpleasant experience with damaging consequences for body, soul, and social relationships. However, after reflecting on these narratives, it was found out that depression is a process and not an immediate occurrence; this process was followed using the following six main categories or themes that have been derived from interviews: (1) underlying family conditions; (2) underlying education and university conditions; (3) underlying dormitory and environmental conditions; (4) fear of the future and imagining a tomorrow full of darkness; (5) cyberspace, experience of depression and feeling of isolation; and (6) failed emotional attachment, experience of depression, and feelings of grief. According to the findings, the “situation in jeopardy” seems to be the best concept through which “experience of depression” can be brought to an anthropological understanding. Conclusions: Therefore, discussions have been made on the need to form a framework for broader support networks and the rethinking of socio-cultural and economic policies at the meso and macro levels of the society. It seems that the present research also implicitly opens a way to explore and understand the inter-subjectivity of students as an important part of Iranian society.

The impact of cognitive and affective factors on the viewer’s preference for television programs

One of the greatest concerns to television program producers is to attract and retain viewers. There have been many studies aiming to predict and examine the determinants of viewers’ preference for television programs, of which the most outstanding is the research on media enjoyment by Nabi and Krcmar. In particular, Nabi and Krcmar proposed the tripartite model of media enjoyment effects on viewing and content-related behavior that comprises of affective reaction, cognitive reaction and behaviour reaction. A more generalized theory is that of Katz et al. on the uses and gratifications. Accordingly, the audience has a collection of needs that come from social and psychological origins and needs to be gratified; all types of mass communication media are only a facility to satisfy those needs. Four general categories of needs are identified, including (1) diversion; (2) personal relationships; (3) personal identity and; (4) surveillance. Later studies have been devoted to clarifying and extending these needs. This research employs the reliability test Cronbach’s Alpha, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the research model and measure the influence of the cognitive and affective factors on the enjoyment and uses of television programs. The final objective of this research is to find the way to influence the viewers’ preference for reality programs/gameshows in Vietnam.

The Desire for Social Status and Economic Conservatism among Affluent Americans

Affluent Americans have disproportionate influence over policymaking and often use their power to advance conservative economic policies that increase inequality. I show that this behavior is partially driven by affluent Americans’ desire for social status. First, I use a new survey scale to show that affluent Americans’ desire for social status strongly predicts their level of economic conservatism. Second, I test my theory experimentally in the context of social media. On sites like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, affluent Americans compete for social status by sharing curated versions of their lives that highlight their upper-class lifestyle. When I randomly assign affluent Americans to experience this status competition, it causes them to become more economically conservative. The results help us understand the social and psychological origins of economic conservatism among affluent Americans, and provide the first evidence that social media encourages political behaviors that are conducive to inequality.

Electroacupuncture reduces fibromyalgia pain by downregulating the TRPV1-pERK signalling pathway in the mouse brain.

Acupuncture has been clinically recommended as a method of pain relief by the World Health Organization and is widely used by medical doctors. Fibromyalgia (FM) pain has a complex physiological and psychological origin and can be pharmacologically treated with duloxetine, milnacipran and pregabalin. However, these drugs produce undesirable side effects, such as headaches, nausea and diarrhoea. Acupuncture may serve as an effective alternative treatment for pain relief with few side effects. We hypothesised that acupuncture would reduce FM pain by influencing transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) and the downstream phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (pERK), which are located in the central thalamus, amygdala and cortex. A FM mouse model was established by injecting two doses of acid saline into 32 female C57/B6 mice. The mice were then assigned to different subgroups (n=8 each) and treated with electroacupuncture (EA) or EA sham control. TRPV1 and pERK expression levels were measured using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Our results demonstrated that the expression of TRPV1 and pERK in the thalamus, amygdala and somatosensory cortex was normal in the control mice, but significantly increased in FM mice; these FM-induced changes in expression were attenuated by EA. Our data suggest that EA can reverse the central sensitisation of the TRPV1-ERK signalling pathway in the mouse brain. Thus, our findings provide mechanistic evidence supporting the potential therapeutic efficacy of EA for treating FM pain.

In Memoriam: Omar Haroon Al-Khaleefa and the Origin of Educational Psychology in Sudan

In Memoriam: Omar Haroon Al-Khaleefa and the Origin of Educational Psychology in Sudan