Psychological Gender Research Articles

Development of the Competence of Physical Education Teachers in the Field of Gender Approach in Education

Introduction. Implementation of the gender approach in education and upbringing of the younger generation is an up-to-date focus area of modern education. This issue is especially significant in the sphere of physical culture and sports, where gender problems are more acute than in other spheres of public life.Materials and Methods. The research methods were: analysis of scientific papers, articles, educational programs, and Internet resources; study of physical education teaching practices in educational organizations and experience of teachers ' professional development in implementing the gender approach; generalization and systematization of data.Results. To organize physical education classes based on a gender approach, it is necessary to develop the competence of teachers, creating the following organizational and methodological conditions for this. First of all, the inclusion in additional professional programs of the training module "Gender approach in modern education", which contains educational and methodological support, diagnostic tools, recommendations for conducting gender analysis of educational literature, textbooks, and lessons. Another condition is to attract specialists in the field of gender pedagogy and psychology to conduct training sessions. During the inter-course period, it is advisable to organize conferences and seminars, creative meetings with leading scientists on gender issues. It is important to get acquainted with the experience of regional innovation platforms that implement a gender approach in the educational process. Promising tasks are: ensuring continuity in the development of the physical education teacher's competence to implement a gender approach in working with students; development of diagnostic tools for studying teacher competence deficits in gender issues.Discussion and Conclusions. The conditions considered by us (personnel, educational and methodological, scientific and methodological, informational) will contribute to improving the competence of physical education teachers in the application of a gender approach and can be widely used in their training and professional development in pedagogical colleges, universities, and institutes of postgraduate education.

Pequliarities of Schoolchildren Physical Development Self-Assessment Accounting for their Gender Characteristics

The study aims to research the influence of the gender characteristics of boys and girls on their self-esteem regarding their physical development, health status, as well as to determine the relationship between the level of self-esteem and their belonging to the psychological type of personality (masculine, feminine, androgynous) among respon- dents who engage in and do not engage in sports. The study involved students in grades 5-11 (638 subjects). To study the level of self-esteem of the physical development of schoolchildren, a test questionnaire by “Self-Description of Physical Development”, a test questionnaire by “Masculinity-Femininity”, cluster analysis, and methods of mathemat- ical statistics were used. It was determined that the self-esteem of the physical development of schoolchildren, for the most part, has a high and overstated level, which is 80-85% of the maximum score. The structure of age groups of boys and girls was determined according to the manifestation of psychological gender signs using cluster anal- ysis. Based on the data obtained, it can be stated that boys and girls have certain common gender characteristics. However, there are distinctive features are more numerous. The data obtained are the basis for the systematization of data on the gender approach in physical education, the definition of limiting and stimulating factors affecting the formation of the individual physical culture of people with various signs of psychological gender.

Self-Efficacy Effects of Maccabi Telcare Center Diabetes Mellitus Intervention: Do Men and Women Benefit Equally?

A growing body of evidence points to physiological and psychological gender differences in the manifestation and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study is part of a large-scale, prospective trial investigating the effects of Maccabi Telecare Center (MTC) interventions on self-efficacy. Here, we focus on the effects of gender on diabetes self-efficacy related to depressive symptom severity and illness representation. A prospective open-label study investigating the effect of tele-based intervention on diabetes self-efficacy. Participants completed the following questionnaires: Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES) (self-efficacy), Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) (depression), and Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised (IPQ-R) (illness representation). Data were collected at three time points: Baseline (T1), 3-4 months (T2), and 8-9 months (T3). Although men and women exhibited similar baseline self-efficacy levels, men scored significantly higher than women over time, at T2 (p < .05) and T3 (p < .05). Consistent gender differences were observed throughout the study in depression and illness representations: women scored higher than men on PHQ-9 (3.94 vs. 5.57, p < .001), and perceived their diabetes consequences as more severe than men (p < .001). A linear regression analyses indicated that MTC intervention, age, baseline self-efficacy, and depression at T3 explained 39.8% of the variance of selfefficacy at the conclusion of the study for both genders, although more strongly for men. This study indicates that the effects of a treatment intervention for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are gender specific. Thus, gender-tailored interventions may be advised to further improve outcomes for women with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

MHealth for transgender and gender-expansive youth: harnessing gender-affirmative cross-disciplinary innovations to advance HIV prevention and care interventions.

Transgender and gender-expansive (TGE) youth endure stark disparities in health and wellbeing compared to their cisgender peers. A key social determinant of health for TGE adolescents and emerging adults is gender affirmation, which encompasses multidimensional validations of an individual's lived gender. Lacking available resources for one's gender affirmation, TGE young people may engage in high-risk maladaptive coping behaviors, linked to their disproportionately high HIV-acquisition risk. A range of innovative mobile technologies are guided by the Gender-Affirmative Framework to promote the health of TGE communities, including through HIV prevention and care continuum outcomes. The aim of this review was to examine key features of existing mobile technologies that can be leveraged to advance the field of TGE-responsive mHealth. We systematically searched scientific records, gray literature, and the iOS and Android app distribution services. To be eligible, platforms and interventions needed to be tailored exclusively to a TGE user base, incorporate gender-affirming features, and be optimized for or adaptive to mobile technologies. Eligible interventions (N=24) were compared on evidence of utility, core functionalities, and dimensions of gender affirmation. Smartphone applications (apps) and webapps (n=16) were the most common delivery modality. Many interventions (n=9) aimed to address HIV-related outcomes and integrated gender-affirmative features. The most common gender-affirmative features originated in fields of human-computer interactions and informatics, or were crowdfunded by TGE developers. HIV-focused interventions incorporated evidence-based health behavior change strategies and utilized rigorous evaluation methods. Across modalities and disciplines, behavioral self-monitoring and access to HIV prevention services were the most frequent features. Over two-thirds of the interventions reviewed aimed to provide medical gender affirmation (e.g, provided guidance on obtaining medically sanctioned hormone therapies, or safely practicing non-medical options such as chest-binding) or psychological gender affirmation (e.g, provided linkage to mental health counseling). Our results show that mHealth and other technology-mediated interventions offer a diverse range of both evidence-based and innovative features; however, many have not been rigorously evaluated in a randomized controlled trial to support TGE users. A continuing commitment to evidence-based health behavior change strategies, exemplified by the HIV-focused interventions included in this review, is essential to advancing gender-affirmative mHealth. The unique and highly innovative features of platforms originating outside the fields of HIV prevention and care suggest new directions for TGE-responsive mHealth, and the need for more conscientious models of knowledge exchange with investigators across scientific disciplines, private-sector developers, and potential users.

Factors Influencing Psychological Well-Being and Gender Among Private Financial Sector Employees in Malaysia

Factors Influencing Psychological Well-Being and Gender Among Private Financial Sector Employees in Malaysia

Measuring Satisfaction and Comfort with Gender Identity and Gender Expression among Transgender Women: Development and Validation of the Psychological Gender Affirmation Scale.

Among transgender and gender diverse people, psychological gender affirmation is an internal sense of valuing oneself as a transgender or gender diverse person, being comfortable with one’s gender identity, and feeling satisfied with one’s body and gender expression. Gender affirmation can reduce gender dysphoria and mitigate deleterious health effects of marginalization. We sought to create an instrument to measure psychological gender affirmation among transgender women. Following initial item development using qualitative interviews, we used self-administered survey data from two distinct samples (N1 = 278; N2 = 368) of transgender women living with HIV in the USA. We used data from Study 1 to perform exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and data from Study 2 to perform confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), yielding the five-item single-factor Psychological Gender Affirmation (PGA) scale with high reliability (α = 0.88). This scale is psychometrically sound as demonstrated by its convergent and discriminant validity via correlations with select measures and by its predictive validity through associations in hypothesized directions with measures of mental health and substance use. The PGA scale will aid research on psychological gender affirmation that can in turn inform interventions as well as gender-affirming clinical and social practices to promote the health and well-being of transgender and gender diverse people.

Explaining the Voluntary Compliance to COVID-19 Measures: An Extrapolation on the Gender Perspective

The discourse of gender amidst the COVID-19 pandemic had been a big fuss. Amongst the discussions is the gender-related responses to COVID-19 that generally assume females to better respond to COVID-19 than males. Despite the converging assumptions, previous studies tend to conceptualize gender as binary biological sex, and consequently, there is little understanding of the gender-COVID-19 measures compliance relationship. By taking gender as a multidimensional perspective, this research aims to examine the relationship between sex, gender psychology, and gender-role with voluntary compliance to COVID-19 measures as well as the moderating role of situational aspects that can activate individuals' responses toward COVID-19. A survey had been conducted in Indonesia, as Indonesia represents a country with relaxed COVID-19 restrictions making voluntary compliance is deemed important. Consistent with our predictions and previous studies, females tend to better comply with COVID-19 when gender is treated as dichotomous sex. However, a closer look at the gender dimensions revealed that gender psychology (feminine vs masculine) and gender-role (traditional vs egalitarian) provide a better explanation of the specific compliance behaviour toward COVID-19 measures. Interestingly, although situational pathogen avoidance (SPA) directly leads to adherence to several compliance behaviours, it does not moderate the four compliance behaviour of COVID-19 measures. Theoretical and practical contributions are further discussed.

Social strain, distress, and gender dysphoria among transgender women and Hijra in Vadodara, India

Background: There is immense diversity among transgender people in India with respect to ethnicity, sub-culture, and gender expression. Aim: This study examines psychological distress, gender dysphoria, transgender congruence, and social strain among transgender women, and explores their reflections on self and community using a mixed-method approach. Method: Gender dysphoria, psychological distress, and transgender congruence were assessed with standardized scales while the participants’ reflections were captured using semi-structured interviews. A total of 20 transgender women and Hijras were included in the study using convenience sampling. Data was analyzed using quantitative and qualitative techniques. Results: A positive correlation was found between psychological distress and social strain, but no correlation was found between psychological distress and gender dysphoria. Half of the participants fell into the range of gender dysphoria, five of them underwent gender affirming surgery, while two could not undergo the surgery and the rest did not express any discomfort with their gender. While all participants experienced psychological distress due to psycho-socio-cultural stressors, Hijra reported additional stressors related to the Hijra tradition. Discussion: Findings reveal that the psychological distress experienced by transgender women and Hijra had a significant, positive relationship with social strain rather than gender dysphoria. Participants reported various psycho-socio-cultural factors causing psychological distress, which impacted their lives more negatively than gender identity conflicts. These findings support the recent advances by the World Health Organization in ICD-11 to extract transgender conditions from the Mental and Behavioral Disorders category. Limitations of the study are elucidated by authors and the need for a culturally relevant and nonbinary gender dysphoria scale, and implications are discussed.

«Чайка» А. П. Чехова в свете гендерной психологии и психоанализа. Отцы и дети

The paper discusses the character system of “The Seagull” in terms of “human fullness”. Chekhov’s concepts of “living life” and “living people” are regarded as the author’s response to the socio-moral typification principle and “mise-en-scene sensation” of contemporary theater. Medical knowledge and artistic intuition allowed creating plot situations with social characteristics playing a secondary role. Subconscious factors come to the fore, becoming decisive in the structure of an individual and his relations with others. The hidden motives of the relationship between mother and son (Arkadina – Treplev), lovers (Arkadina – Trigorin, Polina Andreevna – Dorn), wife and husband (Medvedenko – Masha), common-law wife and common-law husband (Nina – Trigorin) are analyzed. One of Treplev’s character traits is nervousness. Most remarks concerning his image reveal his emotional state, a classic neurotic. “The Oedipus complex” can be seen not only in the Treplev-Arkadina storyline. As Freud claims, Nina Zarechnaya needs a father as a man model, a protector and A helper. However, she considers him a “traitor,” for he married another woman after her mother’s death. Thus, in psychology of love, she transfers her unsatisfied love for her father (Philia love) into love for Trigorin (Eros Love). In terms of gender psychology, Trigorin belongs to a certain psychotype preferring to marry women of older age for they require a mother-wife to dominate and solve their problems. Polina Andreevna’s husband mostly conforms to gender stereotypes, dominating the family, being sometimes aggressive towards other people, rude in relationships with women. Dorn is often seen as Don Juan, but this is a different psychotype – a bachelor. Don-Juan has no affection and will not interact with a woman seduced twenty years ago. A snuffbox, wine, black dresses are Masha’s challenge to the world when playing the role of a “bad girl” to draw attention to herself. In terms of psychoanalysis, her personality is dominated by the Child, with no strength or desire to become an Adult. To sum up, “living life”, children and parents in the aspect of psychoanalysis, male and female in the characters make “The Seagull” always modern.

Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Self-Concept Gender Schemas of Women Practitioners of Culturally Masculine Sports

This study aimed to assess sexual orientation, gender identity and psychological gender profile of women athletes engaged in culturally masculine sports (soccer, futsal, Muay-Thai, judo, jiu-jitsu), then to compare sports in relation these three constructs. The sample included 193 women with a mean age of 22.80 ± 5.38 years, of which, 141 (74.21%) reported themselves to be heterosexual, and 99 (51.83%) as androgynous. The psychological gender profiles were 102 (52.85%) feminine heteroschematic. There are no association between gender constructs. The women differed in psychological gender profile dimensions, in which the most evident in masculine schema was audacity and in feminine schema social adjustment. It is concluded that the sexual identity of these female athletes in these sports does not have a predominance of lesbians, masculine nor masculine heteroschematic. However, there may be dimensions of masculinity and femininity of the gender schema that are necessary for women to practice these spots. Thus, the traditional stereotype applied to these women as lesbian does not have any scientific support.

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF YOUNG PEOPLE’S HOMOPHOBIA

Despite all the positive changes due to European integration processes, the problem of prejudiced and negative attitudes towards people with “non-traditional sexual orientation” in Ukraine traditionally remains unresolved, homosexuality is taboo and it is “sinful”, and homophobic attitudes are often perceived as “truly moral” Christian virtues. The empirical study on psychological characteristics of the development and manifestation of young people’s homophobia performed by us has demonstrated existing contradictions in young people’s attitudes to homosexuality. On the one hand, young men and women belong to a fairly progressive, quite tolerant part of society. On the other hand, our data have revealed homophobic behaviour often manifested by young people. Many young people showed homo-negativism - denial and negative attitude towards certain aspects of homosexuality. Thus, very many young men and women believed that homosexuality was dangerous, since it could cause a “possible demographic crisis”, “spread of diseases”, “dissolution of the family as a social institution” and “harmful effects on a future generation’s psyche”. Many young people were convinced that an obviously demonstrated homosexual lifestyle increased the number of people with a non-traditional orientation, therefore gay pride parades, same-sex marriages, and adoption of children by homosexuals should be banned. Negative ideas about homosexual people and prejudice against them were formed not because young people’s own experience, since they practically did not know homosexuals, but due to stereotypical thinking, non-professional publications in the media and due to the lack of proper education in the field of gender psychology. In our opinion, homonegativism and homophobia shared by young people exist because of inadequate, not scientifically proven information about homosexual people, biased perception of sexual minorities based on shocking images of entertainers, film characters etc. We believe that overcoming homonegativism and homophobia is possible through the refutation of myths, stereotypes and prejudices regarding various aspects of human sexuality with psychological education and through an adequate state policy that should not contribute to anti-homosexual xenophobic attitudes.

Гендерная психология в решении бизнес-проблем в цифровом мире: обзор отечественного и зарубежного опыта исследований

this work is dedicated to the issues of gender psychology that can have an impact on business development in the fast-growing digital world. The ambivalence of the influence of the digital world challenges is emphasized. The question is raised about the importance of studding the differences in the perception of the digital world by men and women as well as the need to develop a gender competency.

Zen in Distress: Theorizing Gender Dysphoria and Traumatic Remembrance within Sōtō Zen Meditation

Gender dysphoria is considered a pronounced experience of distress in the bodies and minds of some transgender people. Examining the text Zen Mind, Beginners Mind by Shunryū Suzuki, I analyze some of the difficulties that may arise for transgender practitioners experiencing acutely strong gender dysphoria within the Sōtō Zen meditation experience. I seek to understand how physical and psychological gender distress may make concentration, and thereby realization, challenging and potentially harmful within a context of Sōtō Zen meditation. I consider how meditation can exacerbate the panic and traumatic remembrance of the body and mind, leading both to embodied struggles, as well as undoubtedly philosophical ones too. This paper theorizes gender dysphoria to exist beyond a state of unitary “distress” to include trauma. I put forward an understanding of gender dysphoria that is grounded in traumatic, gendered remembrances—what I call “sustained traumas.” Within the meditation experience, I argue trans, gender dysphoric people may experience heightened disconnect, separation, and deepening into their solid and suffering “self” rather than open to the fundamental nature of emptiness, non-duality, and an empty and move-able core. Ultimately, I argue meditation may lead to a deepening of traumatic remembrance, posing potential corporeal and philosophical problematics for gender dysphoric practitioners within Sōtō Zen meditation.

Особенности самооценки и самоотношения у девушек с различными составляющими психологического пола

The paper discusses the empirical study of the features of self-esteem and self-attitude in girls with different components of the psychological gender. The author notes that the ongoing changes in masculine and feminine stereotypes in the consciousness of modern society entail changes in the structure of psychological gender. It is shown that girls with masculine traits have high self-esteem and self- respect, while they are quite self-critical and show low self-interest, which is reflected in such emotional reactions to themselves as irritation and disagreement. Girls with androgynous traits typical of an adequate level of self-esteem, expressed in accord with their inner promptings, accepting yourself as you are, as well as the interest in your own thoughts and feelings, which increase the adaptive capacity of a person.

Analysis of the relationship between psychological gender and risk perception style and attitudes towards safety in a group of women and men

The aim of the research was to analyse the relationship between psychological gender and risk perception style and the manifestation of pro-safe attitudes. The study involved 507 people in the age range 20–64 years, including 257 women and 250 men. Variables were measured using the following methods: Znajmiecka-Sikora’s questionnaire of attitudes towards safety (PwB), Zaleśkiewicz’s questionnaire of the individual risk perception style (SIRI) and Lipińska-Grobelny and Gorczycka’s scale of masculinity and femininity (SMiK). The obtained results prove that psychological gender significantly differentiates risk perception style and attitudes towards safety. The feminine dimension has been shown to strengthen safe attitudes and minimize risk-taking, while the masculine dimension weakens attitudes towards safety and strengthens risk propensity.

Gender stereotypes are reflected in the distributional structure of 25 languages.

Cultural stereotypes such as the idea that men are more suited for paid work and women are more suited for taking care of the home and family, may contribute to gender imbalances in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields, among other undesirable gender disparities. Might these stereotypes be learned from language? Here we examine whether gender stereotypes are reflected in the large-scale distributional structure of natural language semantics. We measure gender associations embedded in the statistics of 25 languages and relate these to data on an international dataset of psychological gender associations (N = 656,636). People's implicit gender associations are strongly predicted by gender associations encoded in the statistics of the language they speak. These associations are further related to the extent that languages mark gender in occupation terms (for example, 'waiter'/'waitress'). Our pattern of findings is consistent with the possibility that linguistic associations shape people's implicit judgements.

Introduction

Introduction

Творчество по созданию конкурентоспособных аргументов в малых группах (опыт проведения упражнения «7 богатырей»)

The article analyzes the results of research on creativity to generate effective competitive arguments in a small group. The respondents took part in the exercise «7 bogatyrs», they were faced with the task of making arguments, conducting a self-presentation to win. Characteristics of effective competitive arguments: the consideration of the interests and needs of the person who chooses a winner; the advantages of own proposals, the disadvantages of competitors ‘proposals’. The results of the study are of practical significance for economic psychology, especially for marketing psychology and for gender psychology.

МИФ О ДОН-ЖУАНЕ И ДОН-ЖУАН КАК ПСИХОТИП В ДРАМЕ А. П. ЧЕХОВА «БЕЗОТЦОВЩИНА»

In A.P.Chekhov’s drama «Fatherlessness» great attention is paid to the myth of Don Juan and its psychotype. The system of characters in literary context is studied in gender psychology aspect as well. In this process a violation of gender stereotypes and roles, feminity of male characters and masculinity of female ones is noted. The author opposes a scientific knowledge about a woman and a man with romantism in relations between the sexes in literature. It is declared that «Fatherlessness» is the first step to a new art antropology: the old socio-moral principal of typing gives place to a new one – individualization. Attempts of characters to identify themselves with «heroes» in living own life in accordance with literary images are discredited with the author’s irony. In the personal existence of the characters, in behavior men and women only their individual features become decisive and meaningful.

Book Review: Psychology of women and gender

Book Review: Psychology of women and gender