Psychological Gender Research Articles

PENGALAMAN PEREMPUAN JURNALIS OLAHRAGA DAN MASKULINITAS PELIPUTAN OLAHRAGA

Integration and efforts to include women journalists are increasing as a result of advocating for a more inclusive media, including in sports desk. However sports journalist broadcasters are limited, as seen from the way women athletes are covered at various levels, the representation of athletes who get the spotlight as well as the focus on sports industry issues that get coverage priority. This literature review uses the scoping literature review method - a literature discussion on women sports journalists - and Bourdieu's framework to understand sports journalism as doxa and its influence on women journalists and other women workers in sports journalism. Experiences and decision making of women journalists were analyzed with the perspective of Gender Psychology based on previous researches from Journalism, Communication, Sports and Media Studies. The literature analysis resulted in a mapping of the various issues faced by women sports journalists, as well as describing the dynamics and identity negotiations that were experienced. The existence of women sports journalists influences the way sports desk works, the issues and focus of their work, their writing styles, and their strategies in the workplace and sports media as institutions. Women sports journalists create a space to work through their daily lives.

Broadening gender self‐categorization development to include transgender identities

AbstractResearch on gender in psychology has increasingly affirmed diversity in gender, with recognition of binary and nonbinary transgender experiences. However, gender has been presumed to be cisgender (congruent with sex) and binary (either male or female) in classical developmental theories. In response, this review engages in a critical analysis of classical gender development theory informed by findings about gender from research on transgender identities. Under analysis was the concept of gender self‐categorization in classical theories of gender development including cognitive developmental theory, developmental gender schema theory, and social cognitive theory. Novel theoretical approaches are then outlined to situate recent advancements alongside classical theory. Conclusions are then drawn with brief recommendations for research methods that aim to include binary and nonbinary transgender participants. Drawing on the findings of this review it has been shown that gender self‐categorization is often implicitly presumed to be cisgender identification. To overcome this bias, it is suggested that greater attention to specific gender self‐categorization mechanisms are needed to open opportunities to include transgender experiences.

The Problem of Gender Inequality in Periodicals Today

The article addresses the problem of gender inequality in Ukrainian periodicals today. A detailed analysis of Ukrainian and foreign studies on the issue in question shows that women mostly deal with gender psychology. Besides, the article clarifies such concepts as “gender”, “gender psychology”, “gender equality”, “sexism”, and “feminism” and “gender inequality”. In 2021, a Swedish-Ukrainian project was signed that marks the campaign for overcoming inequality of rights between men and women. There is also the project initiated by the European Union (GENPATH). Furthermore, emphasis is placed on linguistic sexism and gender inequality in the Ukrainian government, politics, jurisprudence, healthcare. Considerable attention is paid to the most common violations of rights of women psychologists (motherhood, a lack of mentoring, uneven distribution of rights). Another issue is gender inequality in the family and its possible consequences. Quite noteworthy are findings on gender roles in European countries, sexism, and, most importantly, the significance of gender equality. One can see that the main reasons behind gender inequality for women are the dominance of men and, interestingly, the Covid-19 pandemic outburst. The article proves that the media cover men more often than women. Finally, it indicates that men find it hard to struggle with “the male crisis”.

NEGOCIAÇÕES DE SENTIDOS NO CONTEXTO DA SUBALTERNIDADE: INTERSECCIONALIDADE NA VIDA DA MULHER NEGRA LÉSBICA E SEUS PONTOS NODAIS PARA A PSICOLOGIA SOCIAL

Considering the advancement of the debates on gender and sexuality in psychology, as is notable through the publication of resolution CFP 01/2018 [1] and with the campaign “despatologizando” since 2015 [2], this article seeks to address the phenomenon of subordination in the context of social psychology from an intersectional perspective (Crenshaw, 2013; Hirata, 2016), debating theoretically and conceptually about the lives of lesbian women. Thus, the research was carried out through bibliographic review and consultation with digital platforms, and aimed to align psychological knowledge with multidisciplinary discussions in advancing and analyzing the relationships that make up the subjective life - individual and collective - of lesbian women, bringing the gender category (Scott, 1995) in its varied social constructions, involving race-ethnicity and social class.

Axiopsychological Differences of Men’s and Women’s Gender Displays in Modern Ukraine

The study aim was to explain the axiopsychological differences in young men’s and women’s gender displays in modern Ukraine.
 Methods. The methods for theoretical analysis, synthesis and conceptual modelling of an individual’s life processes in the axiological dimension were used. The sample for the empirical study covered 300 students aged 17 - 22 years and 12 psychological examining techniques were used; the obtained data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance.
 Results. Significant statistical differences were found for 22 compared characteristics, symmetrically distributed between males (110 people) and females (190 people). We has found that the quantitative balance of axiopsychological gender priorities does not mean their semantic similarity: the polarization of respondents’ gender displays was recorded; in particular, women’s self-presentation focused on the top-teleological (absolute subject) level of life (expression of spiritual values ​​and goals), and men’ self-presentation focused on the mono-subject (causal-instrumental, individualistic-pragmatic) level. The study highlights the issues of ensuring the real gender equality in Ukraine by building a meritocratic society.
 Conclusions. The article presents the axiopsychological approach in personology and gender psychology and reveals corresponding operations to form an applied (psychological examining) model, which allowed us to obtain relevant scientific results about significant differences between Ukrainian men’s and women’s gender displays.

Marital communication and relationship satisfaction - The differential role of gender patterns

The aim of the study was to examine whether gender schemas differentiate marital communication and relationship satisfaction. Most analyses are conducted with reference to biological sex. Psychological gender distinguishes the construct of gender differences. The study involved 400 people (200 women and 200 men) who were married, economically active and had at least one child. The respondents completed the Marital Communication Questionnaire (KKM), the Masculinity and Femininity Scale (SMiK) and the Relationship Satisfaction Scale. The results obtained indicate a differential role of gender schemas in terms of preferred conversational styles. Psychological gender does not affect relationship satisfaction. Furthermore, the gender patterns evident in the four psychological gender types differentiate the relationship of spouses' communication with their ratings of relationship satisfaction. To conclude, including the construct of psychological gender in the analyses is important from the point of view of research as well as practice. Firstly, it deepens knowledge on relationship satisfaction and communication in marriage, secondly, the knowledge gained may find practical application e.g. in marriage therapy.

Can Digit Ratio and Gender Identity Predict Preferences for Consumption Options With a Distinct Gender Image?

This study investigated whether individuals’ preferences for masculine (vs. feminine) consumption options could be predicted by a biological sex cue (the 2D:4D digit ratio; a biomarker linked to prenatal testosterone exposure), and a psychological gender cue (self-perceived gender identity). Chinese participants (N = 216) indicated their preferences for a series of binary options that differed in their perceived gender image (e.g., romantic comedy vs. action thriller; pop music vs. hard rock), with one of the options evaluated as relatively more feminine and the other viewed as comparably more masculine. Participants also self-reported their gender identity and the length of their index and ring fingers, which was used to calculate their 2D:4D digit ratios. A low (male-typical) digit ratio and a masculine gender identity were both associated with more masculine preferences, regardless of participants’ biological sex. However, a low digit ratio predicted preferences for masculine consumption options only in female participants with a masculine gender identity, but not in those with a feminine gender identity. These findings add to the literature on whether and when biological sex cues and psychological gender cues can predict preferences for options with a distinct gender image and suggest that the connection between these cues is more complex in women than in men.

Hysteria and Gender Culture: A Study of Catherine in Wuthering Heights

Since ancient times, hysteria has been recognized as a woman's uterine lesion or a disease related to the possession of evil spirits. However, modern social studies have re-examined the symptoms of hysteria and determined that what has been termed “hysteria” can actually be connected to psychological symptoms related to a woman’s failure to obey the prescribed social gender norms or adhere to societal gender images. Hence, hysteria may be a subconscious or unconscious, though always ineffective, attempt to fight against oppressive gender expectations. In order to escape the pressure from prescribed gender norms or patriarchal norms, women may retreat into a world of insanity, using hysteria to release their anger or anxiety. In order to further illustrate how hysteria fights against the existing cultural structure, this study uses Wuthering Heights as an example of hysteria as a consequence of the perspectives of gender, family structures, and social class, as well as the interactive effects of these dimensions. To achieve this goal, the study applies the theories and criticisms of gender psychology, gender criticism, and binary gender opposition to analyze the symptoms of female hysteria in literature and to demonstrate how women, forced to conform to prescribed gender images, use hysteria as a defense mechanism to express their anger toward gender subjectivity; it also aims to further deconstruct the androcentric society and discourses based on gender binary opposition.

Prevalence of Prohibited Substance Use and Methods by Female Athletes: Evidence of Gender-Related Differences.

To achieve optimal sports performances, women and men may show specific doping practices because of the physiological and psychological gender differences, but there are few data on this topic. Here, we report the apparent use of prohibited substances and methods by female athletes based on analyses of the doping tests collected by the French Anti-Doping Agency from 2013 to 2019. We compared the frequency of use and the ergogenic and side effects to those of their male counterparts. The results revealed lower use of prohibited substances in female vs. male athletes, with significantly fewer anabolic agents, hormone and metabolic modulators, and cannabinoids. Gender specificity in utilization of substance classes was also shown. Relatively lower use of hormone modulators and cannabinoids and higher use of beta-2 agonists, diuretics and glucocorticoids were found in the woman cohort compared with men cohort, combined with the different choice of substances, possibly because of the altered ergogenic and/or side effects. However, no impact due to gender regarding the sports disciplines was observed, with both women and men showing similar use of anabolic agents, mainly in the anaerobic sports, and EPO and corticoids, mainly in endurance or mixed sports. Further studies are needed to put these French data into a global perspective, comparing uses across countries and exploring possible new developments in the fight against doping in women.

Branding beyond the gender binary

AbstractGender is a fundamental pillar of personal identity, and as such, gendered brand personality is an equally important aspect of brand identity, as it enables consumers to express their gender identity through consumption. However, as gender attitudes and identities change to reflect the broader culture, marketers must continuously re‐evaluate how changing gender attitudes and identities will impact consumers' responses to gendered brands. This paper examines the effect of congruence between Gendered Brand Personality and consumer psychological gender on brand outcomes using two online experiments with USA and UK samples. Our findings indicate that congruence between brand gender and psychological gender increases brand equity and purchase intention in brand gender communication contexts including through logo, model, and usage setting. This congruence effect is driven by consumer self‐referencing. A follow‐up qualitative study using a focus group adds additional insights for the congruence effect in terms of potential boundary conditions and alternative underlying mechanisms beyond self‐referencing. These findings suggest that marketers should design their own brand personality to be in line with target consumers' psychological gender.

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND ACADEMIC IMPACT OF COVID-19 AMONG STUDENTS OF COLLEGE OF MEDICINE IN SAUDI ARABIA 2020-2021

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging infection causing a widely spread pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The continuous spread of COVID-19, strict isolation measure, delays in starting colleges, attending offline classes, facing challenges to conduct high school grades for medical students across the country is expected to influence the psychological health and academic yielding of the students of colleges of medicine in Saudi Arabia. Objectives: This study aims to assess the psychological and academic impact of COVID-19 among the students of colleges of medicine in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This cross-sectional study conducted from October 2020-March 2021 in which a survey conducted among medical students from 10 colleges of medicine in Saudi Arabia. An online questionnaire was conducted using social media platforms, including WhatsApp and Twitter, as well as email. The survey requested demographic and socioeconomic information, in addition to 4-point Likert Scale to assess the psychological and academic impact. Results: There were 661 responses in total. Most of the participants were female 51% (n=332), from Majmaah University 20.6% (n=134), and from the sixth year 26.3% (n=171). Majority of the participants were between the ages of 18 and 23 years 59.6% (n=388). The prevalence of COVID-19 among the participants was only 11.06% (n=72). During the height of the pandemic, 39.6% of the participants (n=258) stated that their GPA had risen. The extent of psychological distress was calculated using a 4-point Likert Scale, and the majority of the students (n=328) had moderate psychological distress. Similarly, most of the students had moderate academic impact 34.87% (n=227) due to COVID-19. There were a significant association between the degree of psychological distress and gender with male students reporting more mild 7.2% and moderate distress 23% while female students reported more moderately severe 20.1% and the severe distress 4.3%. In addition, there were an association between the level of stress and the academic performance. Conclusion: The result suggest that the COVID-19 has a moderate psychological distress and also moderate academic impact among students of colleges of medicine in Saudi Arabia.

The Role of Gender and Cultural Psychology in the Discourse of Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s Arranged Marriage

The term 'Cultural Psychology' refers to the idea that culture and mind are inseparable. Cultural Psychology has its root from the 1960s and 1970s. But it has attained its zenith and popularity during the 1980s and 1990s. Some of the prominent cultural psychologists are Harry C. Triandis, Fiske, Hofstede, Susan T. Fiske, Eva Magnusson, Jeanne Marecek, Hazel Rose Markus, Shinobu Kittayama, Richard Shweder etc. The present study aims to portray the issues of gender bias and male domination through the cultural conflict which affects the characters physically and psychologically in Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s Arranged Marriage. The Introduction deals with the overall view of the stories and themes. The Literature review focuses on the studies relevant to cultural psychology. The Methodology section discusses the cultural and gender issues with the theory and approaches of Eva Magnusson and Jeanne Marecek's Gender and Culture in Psychology. The Discussion part gives the results of the study. The study is compared and discussed with the other studies relevant to gender-based and cultural psychology concepts. The conclusion sums up the entire study and its limitation and scope for future researchers.

The Importance of Surgical Sex Reassignment in TheOpinion of Female-To-Male Transsexuals.

<br><b>Introduction:</b> The term transsexualism determines people whose gender identity is contrary to their genetic sex and physical features. This condition leads to a discrepancy between the psychological gender preferred by transsexuals and their biological sex. Transsexuals experience a feeling of being incarcerated in a foreign body and therefore wish to alter their sex by hormone therapy and surgical treatment.</br><br><b>Aim:</b> The aim of this study is to describe the opinions of female-to-male transsexuals concerning sex reassignment surgery with selecting the most important stage.</br><br><b>Method:</b> The questionnaire studies were performed among a group of 82 female-to-male transsexuals with a mean age 25.2 years. Patients were at different stages of treatment. Results: More than 90% of the questionnaired transsexuals expect to complete their treatment with hope. For 86.6% of transsexuals, the most important stage in surgical treatment is the phalloplasty, the second panhysterectomy (70.7%), and the third breast reduction (69.5%).</br><br><b>Conclusions:</b> Phalloplasty is the most important stage in sex reassignment surgery in the opinion of transsexuals. Each stage of treatment improves the mental comfort of female-to-male transsexuals.</br&gt.

Domestic traumas in two plays by Jennifer Johnston

ABSTRACT As Jennifer Johnston’s novels continue to be the focal point of critical attention, her plays have been largely neglected. This article attempts to read Johnston’s two less noticed plays The Desert Lullaby and Moonlight and Music from the perspective of trauma studies and to explore how trauma and silence are psychologically, culturally, and socially imposed on women. In both plays, Johnston takes on women’s domestic traumas – death and incest in the former and sexual abuse and silence in the latter – that have been tabooed for so long in Ireland. Both plays expose how psychological pathology, gender, and culture undermine women’s lives and oppress their voices. By uncovering the hidden traumas and their devastating effects on women’s lives, Johnston breaks the silence imposed by the perpetrators and society. Rereading Johnston’s plays thirty years later is to acknowledge her pioneering work of staging women’s domestic trauma through dramatic experiments of narratives, monologues, and juxtaposition of the past and the present.

Gender features of psychological self-regulation of higher education seekers

The article highlights the problem of gender characteristics of psychological self-regulation of higher education applicants. The relevance of the mentioned issue is determined by the need to ensure the success of the individual in educational activities in the conditions of a gender-sensitive higher education institution. A brief analysis of the latest research and publications on the problems of gender education and psychological self-regulation was carried out. The theoretical and practical principles of psychological self-regulation and gender issues in education are substantiated. Ways to increase the level of self-regulation of higher education applicants in higher education institutions have been identified and experimentally verified. The article introduces the results of an empirical study that was conducted at the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine at the Faculty of Humanities and Pedagogy with the aim of determining the gender characteristics of psychological self-regulation of higher education applicants. The following methods were used: the method "Investigation of the level of self-regulation" (the author's method of I. A Usatov); the method "Investigation of voluntary self-regulation according to the questionnaire test of A. V. Zverkov and E. V. Eidman; the method "Style features of self-regulation of behavior" by V. I. Morosanova; non-standardized self-observation (keeping a diary of self-observations); observation and interview. The article also contains the results of the study of routine (everyday) self-regulation techniques of higher education applicants during the working day. The analysis of the research results showed that the ability to self-regulate remains a problematic issue, as the majority is unable to maintain a stable mental state in non-standard situations of educational activity, especially during physical and psychological influence on them and in non-standard, stressful situations. However, the higher education applicants are aware of the need to develop self-regulation skills. The following ways of acquiring skills and abilities of emotional self-regulation by students of higher education, taking into account gender characteristics, are defined, such as psychological training, autogenic training, development of pedagogical techniques, inclusion of gender courses in the training plans of specialists (for example, "Gender Psychology"), organization of various educational activities, conducting trainings for the university community. In order to increase the indicators of stress resistance, the ability to self-regulate and improve the skills of planning, modeling, programming, flexibility, independence and evaluating the results of one's own activities, the study participants were offered psychotraining of personality self-regulation and psychotraining "Gender in Education" and offered "Methodological recommendations for improving the level of self-regulation of higher education applicant on the basis of gender". The results of repeated diagnosis of levels of stress resistance and self-regulation of higher education applicants showed an increase in these indicators and proved the effectiveness of the proposed program. Therefore, self-regulation of behavior is an integrative property of the individual, which unites the intellectual, motivational, volitional, emotional sphere of the individual. The problems of self-regulation of the personality in order to achieve its success in educational activities are becoming more and more relevant for higher education teachers, scientists, and psychologists. Identifying the peculiarities of psychological self-regulation in the gender aspect and finding ways to improve it is a problem that requires further scientific research.

Understanding gender differences in the attitude towards financial risk taking

Biological gender has been considered as one of the critical determinants of financial risk-taking behaviour, however very few studies have looked at financial risk-taking as perceived through the lens of gender psychology. This empirical paper attempts to contribute to the literature by not only considering both the biological and psychological aspects of gender (masculinity and femininity), but also by using a multidimensional view of financial risk-taking attitude. One of the significant findings of this study was that androgyny individuals were found to be more risk managing than any other psychological gender category. Some other findings were in concurrence with the existing literature. This insightful study adds to the scant literature that exists on psychological gender and financial risk taking and would pave the way for more work in this area.

Psychology of gender: Addressing misconceptions and setting goals for the field.

As an active interdisciplinary subfield, the psychology of gender has made major contributions to social psychology, and to psychological science more broadly. And yet, it has often been viewed as a special-interest area producing less rigorous work than other subfields. Such unduly negative perceptions may undermine the extent to which developments in gender-related scholarship ultimately contribute to broader scientific and social advances. The current work seeks to address common misconceptions about the psychology of gender, both by highlighting impactful contributions from existing work and identifying opportunities for further research. To do so, it discusses three specific misconceptions that may distort the assessment (and ultimately limit the impact) of work in this field. It also presents three underlying goals for future programs of gender-related scholarship. It does so in service of the broader goal of extending the robust body of existing research into new generations of gender science that are rigorous, inclusive, impactful, and can serve as the foundation for both scientific and social progress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Communication in close relationships of persons who dance Argentine tango

Aim of the studyThe aim of study was to evaluate communicative behaviors in close relationships of persons who dance Argentine tango and compare them with couples who do not undertake such activity. We also determined the types of psychological gender in our study groups and evaluated the differences between them.Subject or material and methodsThe study involved 78 persons (who dance Argentine tango and the control group). The set of administered tools included: Communication in Marriage and Partner Relationship Questionnaire, Psychological Gender Inventory and a self-designed demographic survey.ResultsOur data indicated that dancing tango was related to the overall quality of partner communication. Tangueros exhibited significantly better communicative behaviours and assessed their partners’ communicative behaviours better as well. We did not observe any differences in the distribution of psychological gender in the two groups.DiscussionOur analyses show that the hypotheses concerning the relationship of practising tango and the quality of communication in a close relationship are predominantly accurate. The dancers evaluate their partner’s contribution to communication significantly better- especially their support and commitment, and consider them less prone to diminish their worth. Argentine tango practitioners’ overall assessment of the quality of communication is also significantly higher - both when it comes to their own behavior, and the behavior of their partners.ConclusionsDancing tango helps to improve communication and can be an effective form of assistance for persons with difficulties in communication in partner relationships.

Gender Effect on Views of Wisdom and Wisdom Levels.

Gender differences in wisdom are an important theme in mythology, philosophy, psychology, and daily life. Based on the existing psychological research, consensus and dispute exist between the two genders on the views of wisdom and in the levels of wisdom. In terms of the views of wisdom, the way men and women view wisdom is highly similar, and from the perspectives of both ordinary people and professional researchers of wisdom psychology, wise men and women are extremely similar. Regarding wisdom level, research has revealed that, although significant gender effects exist in the level of overall wisdom, reflective and affective dimension, and interpersonal conflict coping styles, the effect sizes were small, which indicated that these gender differences were not obvious. It would be desirable for future research to combine multiple wisdom measurements, strengthen research on the psychological gender effect of wisdom, and focus on the moderating role of age on the relationship between wisdom and gender.

Too masculine for healthcare, too feminine for intense sports: correlation between gender conformity and pro-health behaviours

Background: The goal of this paper is to examine to what extent levels of femininity and masculinity are associated with practicing several types of health behaviours among individuals who are physically active and inactive. Material/Methods: A total of 559 individuals aged between 35 and 45 (M = 39.4; SD = 3.2) took part in the study. The inactive group consisted of 211 individuals (n = 85 women, n = 126 men), and the active group consisted of 348 individuals (n = 131 women, n = 217 men). The participants completed the following pen-and-paper questionnaires: the Psychological Gender Inventory, the Health Behaviours Inventory, and the Inventory of Physical Activity Objectives. Results: Physical activity and androgynous psychological gender were shown to be associated with the levels of health behaviours in men and women. Among men, femininity turned out to be a factor protective against hegemonic masculinity, while among women it was observed that it is mainly masculinity that correlates with health behaviours. Physical activity was associated with a better psychological attitude. Conclusion: It is possible to treat physical activity as a protective factor against decreased mood and an aid in coping with decreased mood. Society and culture should encourage the development of femininity and masculinity from the earliest years. Future research on masculinity and femininity and pro-health behaviours should be aimed at looking for ways to promote physical activity among undifferentiated individuals.