Psychological Elements Research Articles

Social work students and self-care: international and UK critical perspectives

ABSTRACT While social work education can provide students with rewarding and satisfying experiences, there can also be stressful and demanding requirements from academic and placement work and personal circumstances. Self-care encourages students to give more attention to their own needs in order to prepare themselves for potentially demanding careers in social work organizations, where they can continue self-care practices. Self-care activities can be taken for granted. They can be defined in diverse ways; they may involve physical, psychological, emotional, spiritual, personal, and professional elements. There are dangers that self-care activities can become excessively individualized, but they take place within structural, organizational, institutional, collective, and family contexts. The aims of this article are to explore definitions of self-care, to present recent international research findings about self-care in social work education and among social work students, to locate self-care in a wider organizational and societal context, to consider strengths, to critically evaluate some of the weaknesses of the concept, and to explore possible future development of self-care in social work education in the UK.

Assessment of Iron Chelation Therapy Adherence in Patients with Thalassemia Major in Babylon Province

Abstract BACKGROUND: Thalassemia is severe public health problem in Iraq and other nearby countries, represents about 75% of all hemogloniopathy with prevalence and incidence 36/100.000 and 34/100.000 respectively. beta thalassemia major represented 67% of all types of thalassemia. In the absence of treatment, it cause bony deformities and hepatosplenomegaly. Bone marrow transplant is the only curative treatment, but it is restricted to only a few patients. As a result, the majority of patients also receive iron chelation therapy along with routine blood transfusions. Failure of chelation can result in endocrinopathies, cardiomyopathy, and hepatic failure, iron chelation therapy requires careful monitoring and high adherence to obtain acceptable therapeutic outcomes. The main factor causing morbidity and mortality in thalassemia is iron excess. Adherence is a complicated phenomenon that involves interconnected elements linked to each patient’s condition, therapy, and environment as well as psychological elements. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the adherence to iron chelation therapy in thalassemia major patients in Babylon province in Iraq and trying to identify the factors leading to poor adherence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is cross sectional study performed over the course of two months on 100 patients with β-thalassemia major registered at hereditary blood disease center, in Babylon, Iraq, using deferasirox as chelation agent by direct interview using a predesigned questionnaire. RESULT: Mean age was (14.93± 6.85) years, (61%) of patients were males. The great majority (97%) were single. (59%) of patients were below bachelor. (96%) were unemployed and about half of patients (51%) were rural. Number of affected family members range from 0 to 4, with only one affected member rank one. (92%) of them not use chronic medication other than chelating therapy and folic acid. Disease complication other than organomegaly present in 14% of patients, that include hepatitis C infection, delayed growth, diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism. More than three-quarters of patients (79%) have good adherence for chelation therapy, were 21 patients have poor adherence, mostly secondary to gastrointestinal side effect (nausea, vomiting, stomach discomfort and bitter taste), or non-specific causes (disinterest, forgetfulness, feeling hassled and taking other medication). The mean duration from diagnosis was 13.6 years, transfusion duration was 13.4 years, transfusion frequency was about 23 days and chelating duration was 10.7 years. Mean of packed cell volume (PCV) was 22%, while mean of serum ferritin was 4342mg/ dl. There was significant association between mean PCV of patients and their adherence to chelating therapy P value was (0.009), other variable show non-significant association. CONCLUSION: Thalassemia major patients in Babylon governorate have good level of adherence to iron chelation therapy which was nearly comparable or even better than adherence rates in other Middle East countries. Despite that, the chelation is inadequate due to logistic issues.

Gamification in Health Care Management: Systematic Review of the Literature and Research Agenda

This research aims to advance the understanding of gamification in health care management using a systematic review of the literature through a multiphase analysis. To do so, first, we extract the relevant bibliographic data for our research according to a methodology of data generation structured in six stages and a descriptive analysis oriented to the technical characterization of the data. Then, we codify all the information, identify the main attributes with the collaboration of two independent experts and check their validity using the evaluation of two focus groups of professionals in gamification and health care management. We found seven attributes: (1) health care users, (2) psychology, (3) behavior, (4) activities, (5) health field, (6) technology, and (7) gamification elements. Within each of these seven attributes, there are a series of main elements that are detailed in the following for each of them. (1) Health care users: their age and the role they play in the health system. (2) Psychology: cognition, positive and negative emotions. (3) Behavior: healthy behavior encouragement, such as compliance, collaboration and responsibility. (4) Activities: physical activity and food. (5) Health field: preventive medicine and chronic diseases. (6) Technology: cell phones. (7) Gamification elements: different elements, but the number of articles in which these elements and their interactions are studied in depth is limited. Our results point toward a promising present and future research agenda that is in parallel with the development of relevant fields for the sector, such as chronic diseases, health education and preventive medicine.

Psychological Foundation of financial Planning

Psychological foundation of financial planning. Knowing how people's ideas, emotions, and behaviors affect their financial decisions constitutes the psychological basis for financial planning. It acknowledges that a person's opinions, beliefs, and personality characteristics greatly influence their financial objectives, risk tolerance, and saving habits. Financial decision-making is influenced by psychological elements such as biases in thought, feelings, self-control, and knowledge of finances. For instance, people may display biases like fear of loss or overconfidence, which can result in poor investment decisions. Furthermore, psychological theories stress the significance of establishing financial literacy, impulse control, and realistic goal-setting. Financial planners are able to comprehend their clients' motives, handle their particular issues, and offer customized advice by taking psychological factors into account. This will help people make wise financial decisions.The psychological underpinnings of financial planning are important for research because they can help us better understand and influence people's financial decisions and behaviors. Researchers can pinpoint cognitive biases, emotional drives, and personality qualities that influence financial decisions by investigating the psychological aspects that affect financial planning. By creating financial literacy programs, tools for individualized financial planning, and interventions that target particular psychological barriers, this knowledge can help develop strategies and interventions that effectively encourage good financial habits. Financial advisers can better assist clients in attaining their financial objectives by comprehending the psychological underpinnings underlying financial planning, which can help policymakers improve financial security and economic outcomes for both individuals and society.A technique for analyzing complicated decision-making issues and assessing the interplay between numerous components is the Decision-Making Experiment and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL). It offers a methodical way to evaluate the causal connections between various variables and their impact on a particular issue. DEMATEL builds a model of structure and measures relationships between elements using surveys or expert opinions. DEMATEL aids in the identification of important factors and the visualization of causal links using cause-and-effect diagrams, considering both the cause and effect features. The technique is frequently used to enhance decision-making processes, prioritize actions, and boost overall effectiveness in a variety of industries, including supply chain management, emergency management, and healthcare. Understanding complicated systems and making decisions based on interconnections between variables is made easier with the help of DEMATEL. Future Time Perspective scored the first rank and Planning Activity Level got the last rank.In this Paper Psychological foundation of financial planning Future Time Perspective scored the first rank and Planning Activity Level got the last rank.

Analysis of factors affecting fear and mental health awareness of coronavirus disease infection

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global health challenge that persists in causing both health emergencies and mental health crises around the world. This study aimed to analyze the factors contributing to COVID-19 infection and their impact on mental health crises on Java Island. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between June and July 2020 on Java Island, Indonesia, involving 1,218 respondents selected through convenience sampling. The independent variables included demographic, individual internal, and psychological factors, while the dependent variable was mental health crisis occurrence. Data were collected through demographic information, knowledge and attitude questionnaires, depression anxiety stress scores, the brief-COPE inventory, as well as surveys addressing encountered problems and mental health emergencies. The collected data underwent analysis using chi-square and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Significance was observed in the relationship between demographic, individual internal, and psychological factors, and their impact on mental health crises (p < 0.05). Following adjustment with logistic regression, psychological factors exhibited a more pronounced relationship, with the highest association observed in stress levels (p = 0.000, 95% CI: 1.064-2.131). Conclusions: Individual stress levels emerged as the foremost contributing factor to mental health crises. Psychological elements, encompassing anxiety levels, stress, coping mechanisms, and encountered challenges, played substantial roles in disrupting psychological well-being and mental health.

НРАВСТВЕННО-ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ КЛИМАТ КОЛЛЕКТИВА КАК ОСНОВНОЙ СТЕРЖЕНЬ ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННОЙ ПСИХОЛОГИИ

This article examines the moral and psychological climate of the team as one of the most important elements of organizational psychology. The essence of the concept of moral and psychological climate is clarified, the problems of organizational culture are revealed. It is emphasized that the moral and psychological climate in the work collective combines the interaction of all factors of intra-collective life: the attitude of team members to their professional duties, horizontal and vertical relations in the work collective, as well as the well-being and psychological expectations of all team members, the activities of managers and the style of organizational psychology. The effectiveness of organizational activities depends not only on the optimal realization of the capabilities of individual individuals, but also on the moral and psychological characteristics of the team itself.

Malaysian Consumer Income and Spending Behaviour During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Insight from Maqāṣid Al-Sharīʿah

Purpose — Spending patterns changed during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the health crisis turning into an economic challenge. This study examines the Malaysian public’s awareness level and changes in their spending behaviour during COVID-19. It also aims to identify the spending patterns on different items based on the consumers’ income and establish whether the awareness level of maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah (objectives of Islamic law) on spending affects the public’s perception of future spending behaviour. Design/Methodology/Approach — Quantitative approaches were implemented through questionnaire outcomes, and further analysis was carried out through the SPSS software. The survey included 420 participants, and the results were analysed using inferential and descriptive statistics such as the Chi-Square test and regression. Findings — Important findings of this paper show that the situation following the COVID-19 pandemic led to behavioural changes in many aspects, especially in Malaysians’ spending patterns. The findings show that most items related to awareness of maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah and spending are less than 3, which means that respondents are not aware or slightly aware of the concept. Only one item related to spending more on necessities during the pandemic achieves an average of more than 3. Secondly, changes in spending behaviour are seen on all items included in the study, which means the pandemic caused various changes in the spending patterns of Malaysians. Furthermore, certain categories of items (e.g., food and groceries, meal delivery services, entertainment items, face masks/hand sanitisers/disinfectants, and internet services) have shown significant differences among income groups in this study. Finally, from the regression results, it is found that the awareness level of maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah and its impact on spending is significant for the future perception of spending. Originality/Value — The novelty of this study comes from the concept of relating spending behaviour to maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah, especially during challenging moments such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Practical Implications — This paper reflects the importance of enhancing the maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah concept in spending patterns, especially in Muslim-majority countries. The current research added to knowledge in regard to how consumer behaviour changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings may be useful in developing marketing strategies, considering psychological elements to suit the feelings and demands of genuine customers.

Momentary PERMA: An Adapted Measurement Tool for Studying Well-Being in Daily Life

PERMA is a multidimensional framework that explains well-being through five hedonic and eudaimonic psychological elements–Positive emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, Accomplishment. Soon after the PERMA framework was proposed, PERMA-Profiler was introduced as a validated assessment tool for measuring these five elements of well-being from a global perspective. The current study aimed to shed further light onto the measurement of PERMA elements, extending it beyond global evaluations, to daily life assessments and the examination of individual differences in their dynamic characteristics. We introduce mPERMA (momentary PERMA), as an EMA-adapted version of the PERMA-Profiler measure, to assess well-being in daily life. Using data collected in an Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) study (N = 160), we first demonstrate the factor structure of mPERMA through a multilevel factor analysis and next examine within-person means and the dynamics of change (e.g., intra-individual variability) in the PERMA elements. Findings revealed that mPERMA displays convergent validity with two global measures of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, namely Flourishing and Subjective Well-Being. Moreover, dynamical characteristics of the five elements of well-being measured over time, map onto their corresponding hedonic or eudaimonic global measures of well-being. Results of this paper present how dynamical features of well-being in daily life provide novel insights into predicting global well-being.

Well-being, character strengths, and depression in emerging adults.

Emerging adulthood is a period of transition between adolescence and adulthood, during which individuals explore different roles and possibilities. This period is often characterized by high levels of stress and uncertainty, which can increase the risk of depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between emerging adulthood dimensions, well-being, character strengths and depression, as well as to verify the differences in the levels of these elements among different groups of depressive symptomatology. Participants were 1,060 individuals (741 females, 305 males) between the ages of 18 and 30 years (M = 22.3, SD = 3.72). Spearman's correlation, linear regression, and Kruskal- Wallis with pairwise post-hoc analyses were used to analyze the data. There were significant positive correlations between emerging adulthood dimensions, well-being, and character strengths, and negative correlations between these variables and depression. There were also significant differences in the means of the evaluated constructs among the symptomm groups. The findings suggest that emerging adulthood dimensions, well-being, and character strengths are all associated with depression in emerging adults and have important implications for the provision of interventions in health and education for emerging adults. The study provides a deeper understanding of the factors influencing depression during emerging adulthood and emphasize the importance of promoting positive psychology elements and developing personalized interventions for emerging adults. This also suggest that public policies related to mental health and education should take into account the unique needs of emerging adults.

Mediating role of Depression between Fear of Negative Evaluation and Suicidal Ideation among University Students

This study aimed to determine how depression played a mediating effect in university students' fears of being negatively evaluated and suicide ideation. This study also analyzed gender disparities in depressive suicidal thoughts, and fears of being negatively evaluated. To determine the association between the variables in the current study, a cross-sectional correlational design was adopted. G power was used to compute the sample size, and 200 individuals between the ages of 18 and 25 were chosen using the practical sampling technique. The data was gathered from various universities in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. The data was collected on demographic sheet, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale—21 Items (DASS-21), Brief FNE Scale, and Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). SPSS version 21 was used to analyze the date, and the results were tested using independent t tests and the mediation correlation. The current study's findings indicate that there is no significant direct effect of Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) on suicidal thoughts (r=.17, P>0.5). However, the table demonstrates a substantial indirect influence (r=.13, p.0.5). This shows that depression acts as a go-between for Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) and suicidal ideation. Second, no significant differences in FNE, suicidal thoughts, or sadness were detected between male and female students. The study's findings highlight the position and significance of psychological elements that are related to one another. The study also suggests that health psychologists and counselors assist patients improve their resilience and empower them to tackle psychological disorders like depression and suicide ideation. The current study came to the conclusion that suicidal ideation and fear of being judged negatively are both significantly influenced by depression.

Enhancing Fairness in Performance Appraisals: A Conceptual Framework Through a Systematic Literature Review

This study aims to comprehensively explore the multifaceted landscape of performance appraisals and, consequently, construct a coherent conceptual framework that augments the fairness and effectiveness of performance evaluation processes. The research design employs a meticulous, systematic literature review, drawing from 42 carefully selected articles from Scopus. This methodology facilitates in-depth analysis of diverse variables and dimensions associated with performance appraisals, particularly concerning the design of appraisal systems, the psychological elements at play, and the often-overlooked political influences. Within this intricate interplay, the study endeavors to unearth insights into the intricate mechanisms that govern the goal-setting process and the subsequent execution of performance appraisals within the dynamic public sector. Through an analytical lens, this study's findings enrich the development of a conceptual framework that transcends theoretical boundaries, finding practical resonance within the realm of performance appraisals. This framework, fortified by a holistic understanding of key dimensions and influential factors contributing to subjective bias, is a powerful instrument for unraveling and addressing fairness concerns inherent in performance appraisal practices. Ultimately, the framework presents a systematic trajectory for heightening the efficacy of performance appraisal design and execution, all underpinned by the overarching objectives of nurturing an environment of acceptable fairness.

Cognitive Psychology: As essential & integrated part of medical education w.s.r. to Yukti Pramana in Ayurveda

Growth of any knowledge base depends on a dynamic continuum of a tripod of creating new knowledge through research, effective transfer of knowledge through proactive education and utilization of the knowledge with good professional practice. A set of knowledge system is likely to be relative to time & place setting which facilitates its need based development. But though Ayurvedic education system is one of the recognized age old education systems but still neither developed nor advanced alike other education system across the globe. Due to lack of maintenance of such dynamic continuum in current education system of ancient system of Indian medicine, the knowledge bases of Ayurveda becomes stagnant, static & gradually pass into merely history &may not remain dynamic & useful. Need of dynamism and activism through incorporation of cognitive psychology in education curriculum and enhancement of reasoning skill followed by critical thinking in the mind of medical professionals is quite necessary in the field of Ayurveda to make it up to date and develop it further in tune with the changing needs of the society today. Keeping this in view an effort has been made by the author to explore the concept of Yukti as key element of cognitive psychology make its relevant application in the field of current teaching & education and practice of Ayurved worldwide.

Epistemological specificity of art: from the «psychophysiology» of the primitive world to the «practical philosophizing» of the modern era.

The subject of the study is the epistemological specificity of art through the «prism» of the Paleolithic and modern eras. The focus of the research is aimed at analyzing the phenomenon of «eidetism», which is a link between modern and primitive art. The purpose of the article is to comprehend the epistemological specifics of art, which began with the «psychophysiology» of the primitive world and developed into forms of «practical philosophizing» of the modern era. The research methodology includes a review of literary sources, a dialectical approach to historical and art historical reconstruction, analysis of paleopsychological data, comparative analysis, elements of systems psychology and sociology. An element of novelty is the author's position that already in the lower, early layers of its evolution, the status of art «as one of the most ancient forms of human activity» is enriched by the status of «a form of practical philosophizing». The generalization is made that the art of the XX-XXI centuries, on the one hand, abandoned both mimesis and humanism, on the other – it continued the path of «practical philosophizing» begun in ancient times, based on the perceptual-empirical method of cognition of reality. The evolution of art from its primitive origins through archaic, classical to its modern state is, at the same time, the transformation of human consciousness, and the comprehension through artistic and creative activity of one's being and place in the universe, etc. - the development of its «depth» (the content of art). This is the development of art «in breadth» (the development of artistic form): the proliferation of its types and genres, the growth of stylistic and technological polyphony, etc. As a result, «art has come a long way from its purely psychophysiological hypostasis to «practical philosophizing». Artistic and creative activity itself as a whole continues to be the most important component of the global «mechanism» of mastering reality.

Social relations and leisure activities as predictors of wellbeing among older adults with multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional survey study in Denmark.

Due to the growing number of people aging with multiple sclerosis (MS), there has been a call for rehabilitation specially targeted older adults with MS in order to support them in better wellbeing, despite physical and cognitive impairment. However, the existing research within the area of rehabilitation has primarily focused on the physical and psychological aspects of aging with MS, omitting the social element. This study aims to examine how social relations and engagement in leisure activities predict wellbeing among older adults with MS living in Denmark. Furthermore, the study aims to identify which sociodemographic and health-related factors are the most important in predicting whether older adults with MS face challenges in participating in leisure activities and experiencing different kinds of social relations. A cross-sectional survey was designed to measure social relations, wellbeing, and engagement in leisure activities among older adults with MS. Of the 4,329 people over 65 years diagnosed with MS in Denmark in 2022, 2,574 (59.46%) were invited to participated in the study, and 1,107 (43.03%) ended up answering the survey. Linear and logistic regression analyses and dominance analyses were conducted to examine the associations between wellbeing, leisure activities, social relations, sociodemographic and health-related factors. The results of the study show that perceived emotional social support (mean difference 8.69, 95% CI 5.23; 12.14) and perceived instrumental social support (mean difference 4.15, 95% CI 0.95; 7.35), were associated with better wellbeing among older adults with MS. Perceived strained social relations (mean difference -7.95, 95% CI -10.66; -5.26) were on the contrary associated with lower levels of wellbeing. Strained social relations were the most important predictors of wellbeing accounting for 59% of the predicted variance. Experiencing social emotional support from friends, coworkers, or neighbors (39% of the predicted variance), experiencing instrumental social support from children or children in law (43% of the predicted variance), and experiencing strained social relations with partner (48% of the predicted variance) constituted he most important predictor of wellbeing. Engagement in five out of fourteen leisure activities were associated with better wellbeing among the participants. The leisure activities there was found to be the most important predictor of wellbeing represented both social (37% of the predicted variance), physical (18% of the predicted variance), and creative elements (13% of the predicted variance). Finally, cohabitation was found to be the most important predictor of having perceived emotional social support (59% of the predicted variance), instrumental social support (78.9% of the predicted variance) and strained social relations (18.8% of the predicted variance) and mobility was found to be the most important predictor of challenges in participating in leisure activities (81.8% of the predicted variance). The findings of the study highlight that rehabilitation targeting older adults with MS should focus on both physical, psychological, and social elements of peoples' everyday life. Further, the results indicate that future rehabilitation focusing on social elements of aging with MS should take into account health and sociodemographic characteristics such as cohabitation, mobility, age, and sex, as these potentially relate to participation in leisure activities as well as social relations among older adults.

The invisible other: Rituals and Egyptian perception of the unknowable

AbstractThis paper is positioned within broader scholarly debates about ritual‐religious and psychological elements underlying the phenomenon of altered states of mind in Egyptian Muslim contexts. This research examines the intricate relationships between ritual, consciousness, and the unseen/unknowable world reflected in the imagination and practices of urban and rural communities belonging administratively to the city of Tanta in Egypt. This comparative study proposes that the image of the embodied invisible Other, in both benevolent and malevolent forms, impacts the state of consciousness of persons participating in two different rituals, the zikr (remembrance of God) and the zār (the exorcism of spirits). This inquiry concentrates on the transformation of the states of people's consciousness, namely the majzūb (those mystically attracted to God) and the malbūs (those possessed by spirits), through embodied engagement with the invisible Other that is made visible through participation in the ritual performances of the zikr and/or the zār. Rituals performed by Egyptians, particularly those who experience altered states of consciousness, display both a psychic (emotional) experience and an encounter with the invisible Other that may be depicted as divine or otherwise non‐divine. Each case of the zikr ritual and zār cult relates to its participants' perception of reality.

Positive psychology and language learning: A systematic scoping review

AbstractAlthough emotions are vitally important for achievement and performance in learning a new language, prior research has mainly focused on negative emotions and the cognitive aspects of second language acquisition and foreign language learning. However, the number of studies on the relationship between positive psychology and language learning has increased since 2014. Nevertheless, research is still inconclusive. This study, using a systematic scoping review, aims to analyse and synthesise the studies on the relationship between positive psychology and of second language acquisition and foreign language learning to present implications for practice and future research. It concludes that the use of positive psychology elements effectively enhances foreign language enjoyment, decreases foreign language anxiety, and develops basic language skills. In light of the conclusions reached, implications for practice and further research are presented. Context and implications Rationale for the study Emotions are vital for performance and achievement in the second language acquisition and foreign language learning processes. However, research on these processes has mainly focused on negative emotions and the cognitive aspects until 2014. Although the number of studies has significantly increased after 2014, the results are inconclusive in gaining insight and shaping practice and future research. Why do the new findings matter? The findings in the study are significant for positioning the elements of positive psychology in second language acquisition and foreign language learning and may lead to the emergence of a novel language learning approach. Implications for researchers, teachers, and policy makers Researchers should focus on the relationships between positive psychology and language learning in different cultures and educational and instructional contexts. Language teachers need to attach importance to the mediating role of positive psychology in their classes. To achieve this, they should collaborate with school counsellors. Last, curriculum developers and policy makers should integrate and implement positive psychology elements into the pre‐service and in‐service teaching programmes.

Building Motivation for Learning Indonesian Language: Psychological and Social Strategies

Acquiring proficiency in Indonesian involves diverse psychological and social elements shaping learners' motivation. This abstract examines strategies to enhance motivation for Indonesian language acquisition, drawing from psychological and social insights. Understanding these strategies is pivotal for educators and learners to optimize language learning outcomes. This study adopts a mixed-method approach, integrating quantitative and qualitative analyses. Data collection includes surveys identifying intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors impacting Indonesian language learning, alongside in-depth interviews to delve into students' motivational experiences. Quantitative analysis involves descriptive and regression statistical techniques to reveal relationships between motivational factors and language proficiency. Qualitative analysis employs coding and thematic processes to uncover motivational patterns from interviews. Results highlight intrinsic factors like personal interest and satisfaction as key in sustaining motivation. Meanwhile, extrinsic factors such as recognition also influence motivation significantly. These findings stress the importance of a holistic approach to motivation in language learning. Implications underscore educators' need to address both intrinsic and extrinsic motivators in designing effective learning strategies. Utilizing a comprehensive psychological and social framework, educators can create supportive environments fostering higher Indonesian language proficiency. This can positively impact academic performance and personal growth.

516 The Livingston Nexobrid Pain Protocol - Further Experience in 80 Patients

Abstract Introduction Our unit has employed Nexobrid in the debridement of burns. It is a painful process yet there is no formal analgesia protocol in the literature. The team in Livingston developed a successful bedside pain protocol which is fast acting, long lasting and has a quick recovery time. It is administered by the Acute Pain Team nurses and reduces the need for invasive techniques and specialist medical staff. Method A Fentanyl based Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) protocol with clinician administered boluses is used in this unit. Patients’ pain scores were documented throughout the procedure, as well as their perception of their worst pain and their overall satisfaction with the treatment. All patients undergoing enzymatic debridement outwith the ITU environment utilised this protocol. Results Eighty patients undergoing Nexobrid burns debridement were included in this study. The PCA ran for around 4 hours. Pain was most severe on removal of the enzyme however after bolus analgesia, the mean score at this point was 3/10. Patient satisfaction with the treatment was reported as “very satisfied” or “satisfied” in 95% of cases. No complications were reported. Conclusions Addressing the significant psychological element of the pain response was an important role of the Pain Nurses in preparing patients for the debridement process. The analgesia protocol is safe, easy to administer and remains well tolerated, providing a high level of patient satisfaction and low rate of complications in the enzymatic debridement of burns. The role of the Pain Nurse in this protocol is important.

Aggressive Driving, Rule-Breaking, and Driver Stress in Spanish-speaking countries

Driver Aggression is a phenomenon many have studied in all five continents. It has been the focus of curiosity for all sorts of disciplines, and science has been unable to curb it, much less park it. Driver Stress, Road Aggression and Road Rule-Breaking are crucial elements in traffic psychology. Those who do not respect the rules are a major factor in increased risk and the occurrence of major traffic accidents. Little work has been done on how these phenomena behave in Spanish-speaking countries, much less the development of useful instruments to evaluate them. This study aims to generate two unique scales that can be used in Spanish speaking countries regardless of culture or geography, as well as determining the influence Driver Stress has on Driver Aggression and Rule-Breaking. This study comprises a sample of 1827 drivers from Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Spain. Through this paper, a small yet significant relationship was found between Driver Stress, Driver Aggression, and Driver Rule-Breaking. This suggests that personality factors are at play in these relationships in Spanish-speaking countries, and that these variables are an important factor on how drivers behave. This study also delivers two useful tools for evaluating Driver Aggression (LatinCAT) and Driver Rule-Breaking (LatinDANT) that have excellent construct validity for further research in Spanish-speaking countries.

Psychology - an inherent part of mathematics education

On the chronology of individual stations of psychology and their effect on mathematics education designed as working document for use in teacher training.The article is structured as a literature survey which covers the numerous movements of psychology towards mathematics education. The current role of psychology in mathematics education documented by different statements and models of mathematics education should provide a basis for the subsequent investigations. A longitudinal analysis pausing at essential marks takes centre of the continuative considerations. The observed space of time in the chapter covers a wide range. It starts with the separation of psychology from philosophy as a self-contained discipline in the middle of the 19th and ends with the beginning of the 21st century. Each stop states the names of the originators and the branches of psychology they founded. These stops are accompanied by short descriptions of each single research objective on the one hand, and their contributions to mathematics education on the other hand. For this purpose, context-relevant publications in mathematics education are integrated and analysed. The evaluation of the influence of concepts of psychology on teaching technology in mathematics is addressed repeatedly and of great importance. The layout of this paper is designed for the use as a template for a unit in teacher-training courses. The conclusion of the article where the author refers to experiences when teaching elements of psychology in mathematics education courses at several universities in Austria is intended for a proof on behalf of the requested use.
 Subject Classification: 01A70, 01-XX, 97-03, 97D80