Psychological Attributes Research Articles

Upper echelons and firm internationalization: A critical review and future directions

International business literature has long acknowledged the powerful influence of the upper echelons of firms, leading to an impressive volume of research delving into the impacts of managers’ demographic, psychographic, and experiential backgrounds on firms’ actions and strategies. We draw on this stream of literature to analyze and synthesize empirical findings related to the influence of upper echelons on firm internationalization. The review is organized along two dimensions:ex antedecisions andex postoutcomes of firms’ internationalization trajectories, and then the influence of managers’ demographic and psychological attributes. As it shows, we lack research on the influences of (1) executive attributes onex postoutcomes, (2) executives’ risk perceptions onex ante decisions, and (3) executive attributes on firm internationalization processes. Accordingly, we develop an integrative framework that maps and organizes various facets of this literature. We also propose four new themes to stimulate further research in this area.

Possible transgenerational associations between grandparents’ childhood exposures and religious belief in their granddaughters: a longitudinal cohort study

Background: Research in non-genetic inheritance indicates that grandparents’ smoking habits and their childhood experiences of trauma can influence the physical and psychological attributes of their grandchildren. This was particularly apparent for outcomes such as autism and obesity where the population prevalence changed over time. Other factors which have changed temporally include religious and spiritual beliefs (RSBs) which have been declining in Western populations. Methods: We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) to explore whether grandparental exposures were associated with the religious and/or spiritual beliefs of their grandchildren. In line with other inter/trans-generational human studies we predicted that: (P1) grandparents’ childhood exposures to cigarette smoking (whether in utero or by active smoking) and/or exposure to traumatic events during childhood will be associated with their grandchild’s RSB; (P2) associations will differ between maternal and paternal lines of inheritance; (P3) relationships will vary with age at grandparental exposure, and (P4) associations will differ between grandsons and granddaughters. Results: We found significant associations between the grandchild’s RSB and both the grandparents’ smoking and their childhood trauma histories (P1 supported). These associations were mainly found down the maternal line (P2 possibly supported) and results varied with age of exposure of the grandparents; being strongest for in utero exposure of cigarette smoke and for pre-puberty exposure of traumatic events (P3 supported), and that granddaughters were more affected than grandsons (P4 supported). Conclusions: We hope that these results will motivate collection of similar data to further evaluate these questions in other populations, including a possible role for biological mechanisms.

The balancing act: Identifying multivariate sports performance using Pareto frontiers.

Athletes often require a mix of physical, physiological, psychological, and skill-based attributes that can be conflicting when competing at the highest level within their sport. When considering multiple variables in tandem, Pareto frontiers is a technique that can identify the observations that possess an optimal balance of the desired attributes, especially when these attributes are negatively correlated. This study presents Pareto frontiers as a tool to identify athletes who possess an optimal ranking when considering multiple metrics simultaneously. This study explores the trade-off relationship between batting average and strike rate as well as bowling strike rate, economy, and average in Twenty 20 cricket. Eight hundred ninety-one matches of Twenty 20 cricket from the men's (MBBL) and women's (WBBL) Australian Big Bash Leagues were compiled to determine the best batting and bowling performances, both within a single innings and across each player's Big Bash career. Pareto frontiers identified 12 and seven optimal batting innings performances in the MBBL and WBBL respectively, with nine and six optimal batting careers respectively. Pareto frontiers also identified three optimal bowling innings in both the MBBL and WBBL and five and six optimal bowling careers in MBBL and WBBL, respectively. Each frontier identified players that were not the highest ranked athlete in any metric when analyzed univariately. Pareto frontiers can be used when assessing talent across multiple metrics, especially when these metrics may be conflicting or uncorrelated. Using Pareto frontiers can identify athletes that may not have the highest ranking on a given metric but have an optimal balance across multiple metrics that are associated with success in a given sport.

Does generation matter to innovation development? A new look at entrepreneurial businesses from the perspective of resource-based view (RBV)

PurposeResearch shows that innovation is imperative for business competitiveness and that entrepreneurs are stimulators of innovation. This is particularly true for younger entrepreneurs, who are recognized as having technological savvy, high dependency on the web, low fear of change and high zeal for challenges. However, not all businesses headed by younger entrepreneurs innovate, and research on younger entrepreneurs' innovation is lacking. This study assessed the main drivers of innovation in a sample of young Canadian entrepreneurs leading businesses in the initiation phase.Design/methodology/approachA sample of young Canadian entrepreneurs leading businesses in the initiation phase has been employed. This study is based on younger entrepreneurs and draws on the definition of generations Y and Z (Taylor and Keeter, 2010). It examines the initial stage of a business, up to 3 years. The sample includes 100 adults (65% female), whose ages ranged from 18 to 34 years. The drivers to innovate included external support (e.g. mentoring, funds, accelerators) and internal factors, including psychological attributes (i.e. risk-taking) and entrepreneurial motivations. Regression and structural equation modeling analyses have been conducted.FindingsThe findings revealed that entrepreneurial motivations for achieving self-fulfillment and contributing to the world, which are prevalent among younger generations, fostered innovation both directly and indirectly through the mediating effect of external support and risk-taking. External support fostered innovation not directly but through the mediating effect of risk-taking; in contrast, internal factors directly propelled innovation. This finding demonstrates the significance younger generations attribute to internal factors over external factors in the quest for innovation.Practical implicationsThis study can be an intriguing starting point for future studies to examine in more depth the intertwined role of external and internal factors in accelerating innovation among younger entrepreneurs. Studies could examine various psychological attributes and professional and business capabilities (Zahra, 2021) as well as external factors.Originality/valueOur findings add to this literature in stressing the need to strengthen risk-taking among younger entrepreneurs, which is affected by external support and produces innovation; and reinforce the relevance of the resource-based view in revealing younger entrepreneurs' avenues to develop innovation, pinpointing external support as contingent on motivation and demonstrating the role of risk-taking in the pursuit of innovation.

Dancing With Crisis: CEO’s Perception, Financial Alignment, and Strategic Change

Although executives’ psychological attributes have been extensively studied in the strategy literature, we lack insights into the role of CEOs’ perception towards firms' prospects under specific crises and their impact in this field. This study investigates how such CEOs’ perceptions influence firm strategic change by linking and extending the upper echelons theory and the behavioral agency model. We also examine the moderating role of CEOs’ financial alignment with shareholders. By using S&P 100 firms in 2020, which is the year when an unanticipated pandemic crisis outbreaks, this study finds that CEOs with a higher degree of optimism will not implement more strategic changes. Besides, our empirical evidence confirms that incentive alignment that works well in normal times does not necessarily guarantee its function in times of external crisis, indicating that a higher financial alignment will not motivate CEOs to implement more strategic changes.

Cognitive Style and Flight Experience Influence on Confirmation Bias in Lost Procedures.

BACKGROUND: Accident analysis and empirical research have shown that the decision-making process of pilots after becoming lost is adversely affected by confirmation bias; this constitutes a serious threat to aviation safety. However, the underlying mechanism of confirmation bias in the context of lost procedures are still unclear.METHODS: This study used scenario-based map-reading tasks to conduct two experiments to explore the mechanism of confirmation bias in the lost procedures. In Experiment 1, 34 undergraduate students and 28 flying cadets were enrolled in a formal experiment to examine the effects of verbal-imagery cognitive style, experience level, and their interaction on confirmation bias. In Experiment 2, we further explored the influence of strategy as a core component of experience on confirmation bias with 26 flying cadets.RESULTS: The study found that individuals were subject to confirmation bias in lost procedures. Visualizers (M = 0.78, SD = 0.75) were almost twice as likely to select the disconfirmatory features than verbalizers (M = 0.37, SD = 0.49). Visualizers exhibited a lower degree of confirmation bias than verbalizers, and experience helps verbalizers to reduce their degree of confirmation bias. The protective effect of experience mainly lies in individuals' choice of strategy.DISCUSSION: Future aviation safety campaigns could be aimed at adopting a candidate selection process that focuses more on psychological attributes by testing for cognitive style, and enriching individual experience through adequate training. Such measures would reduce confirmation bias.Xu Q, Wang M, Wang H, Liu B, You X, Ji M. Cognitive style and flight experience influence on confirmation bias in lost procedures. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(8):618-626.

Four-Year Trajectories of Internal Strengths and Socioemotional Support Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults with HIV

Positive psychological attributes are associated with better health outcomes, yet few studies have identified their underlying constructs and none have examined their temporal trajectories in clinical vs. non-clinical samples. From data collected over 4 years from people with HIV (PWH) and HIV-uninfected (HIV−) participants, we identified two latent factors (internal strengths; socioemotional support) based on responses to seven positive psychological attributes. Internal strengths increased over 4 years for PWH, but not for HIV− comparisons. Socioemotional support did not change significantly in either group. Lower internal strengths and worse socioemotional support were related to greater depressive symptoms. We speculate that improvement in internal strengths in PWH could reflect their being in care, but this requires further study to include PWH not in care. Given the apparent malleability of internal strengths and their association with improved health outcomes, these attributes can serve as promising intervention targets for PWH.

Predicting students' performance in English and Mathematics using data mining techniques.

This study attempts to predict secondary school students’ performance in English and Mathematics subjects using data mining (DM) techniques. It aims to provide insights into predictors of students’ performance in English and Mathematics, characteristics of students with different levels of performance, the most effective DM technique for students’ performance prediction, and the relationship between these two subjects. The study employed the archival data of students who were 16 years old in 2019 and sat for the Malaysian Certificate of Examination (MCE) in 2021. The learning of English and Mathematics is a concern in many countries. Three main factors, namely students’ past academic performance, demographics, and psychological attributes were scrutinized to identify their impact on the prediction. This study utilized the Orange software for the DM process. It employed Decision Tree (DT) rules to determine the characteristics of students with low, moderate, and high performance in English and Mathematics subjects. DT and Naïve Bayes (NB) techniques show the best predictive performance for English and Mathematics subjects, respectively. Such characteristics and predictions may cue appropriate interventions to improve students’ performance in these subjects. This study revealed students’ past academic performance as the most critical predictor, as well as a few demographics and psychological attributes. By examining top predictors derived using four different classifier types, this study found that students’ past Mathematics performance predicts their MCE English performance and students’ past English performance predicts their MCE Mathematics performance. This finding shows students’ performances in both subjects are interrelated.

A Study on Relationship between Self-Confidence and Risk-Taking Ability among the Doctoral Students of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University

Student life is a most important phase in a person’s life to learn many things and to do different tasks. Students pursuing their education overcome a lot of obstacles created under many circumstances. Many adversities are faced by the students during their studies. Many psychological attributes affects the life of students, among them the present study deals with self-confidence and risk-taking ability of the students. Self-confidence means recognizing your abilities, self-interest, and being aware of your feelings. Risk-taking ability is one of the personality traits that may be affected by confidence. The aim of this study is to study the relation between self-confidence and risk-taking among the doctoral Students of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (Main campus). This study was conducted using ex-post facto research design. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (Main campus). A total of 111 students pursue their third-year doctoral programme on the main campus and from them, 90 students were randomly selected for the study. The data was collected using a well-structured pre-tested interview schedule. Study revealed that the respondents had medium-level of self-confidence (77.78%) and risk-taking ability (74.45%). The two psychological concepts were also found to have significant relationship with each other and are also positively correlated. This proves that the students are adequately confident with whatever they do and are taking risks in most needed situations. The study also projected that students didn’t hesitate to take a risk because they trusted themselves in the career/academic process.

Psychological attributes of house facades: A graph network approach in environmental psychology

The interaction between humans and their living environments is of ubiquitous nature, however the relationship between environmental psychology and cognitive neuropsychology has scarcely been explored. Environmental psychology has approached the human-environment relation through psychological concepts such as affordance, attachment, identity, safety, or aesthetic preference. Cognitive neuropsychology, on the other hand, frequently uses houses as stimuli in object- and face-processing research. This study combines concepts from the two disciplines (cognitive neuropsychology and environmental psychology) to explore the interrelation between the architecture of living environments, human cognition and emotion.Using network analysis, we aimed to examine the underlying relationship between self-reported psychological attributes, and to explore the role of differences between three countries in appraisals of house facades. To that end, we used 50 images of house facades selected from a well-controlled data set of Canadian houses (DalHouses). 305 participants from Denmark, Germany, and Canada rated the houses on 12 psychological attribute dimensions.Results showed the highest strength for the nodes “friendliness”, “likability”, “invitingness”, “safety”, and “freedom”, while “typicality” and “familiarity” were unexpectedly low in strength. In terms of cultural differences, the three countries diverged in some correlations, e.g. facelikeness and loneliness, loneliness and freedom, but not in others, e.g. typicality and safety. Similar to the DalHouses study, "facelikeness" was not correlated with “typicality” nor with “liking”.Taken together, the present results identify psychological attributes that cluster together and could be particularly important in the characterization of house facades on a universal level, but also specific to different cultural and geographical backgrounds.

ONLINE SHOPPING USER PORTRAIT MODEL CONSIDERING PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL FACTORS

ONLINE SHOPPING USER PORTRAIT MODEL CONSIDERING PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL FACTORS

Factors Affecting the Involvement of Tribal Youth in Agricultural Livelihood Activities in Dindori District of Madhya Pradesh, India

In tribal areas mode of livelihood is different among different population but all category of people is dependent on agriculture for their livelihood directly or indirectly, fully or partially,. There are some groups of people who could not reached at the stage of agriculture, they are still miles away from agriculture and pastoralism. The Baigas of Central India are recently forced to practice settled mode of agriculture. Before they were practicing shifting cultivation, they had various mode of livelihood. They still enjoy their traditional mode of livelihood, i.e. hunting and food gathering in the deep forest. They are also fond of fishing. Many tribal youths are faced with difficulty of maintaining livelihoods and consequently, poverty remains exist among them. The importance of income generating activities to tribal livelihood cannot be over-emphasized. This paper examines the factors influencing involvement of tribal youth in agricultural income generating livelihood activities in Dindori district of Madhya Pradesh, India. Purposive multistage random sampling was used to collect data from 250 respondents, majority of respondents had medium mass media exposure with medium urban contact for income generating activities. There was significant relationship between involvement in agricultural income generating activities and socio-personal-economic, psychological and communicational attributes of the respondents. Therefore, it is recommended that when developing and planning programmes aimed at enhancing tribal youths' livelihoods, the government and NGOs should take into account all agricultural income-generating activities that tribal youths engage in as well as the aforementioned factors influencing their involvement.

Sociocultural Adjustment and Well-being Among Third Culture Kids and Their Families: Protocol for a Longitudinal Study.

BackgroundIncreasing globalization has led to more families with children being relocated each year, highlighting the importance of issues, such as adjustment and psychological well-being, in this population. These children, commonly known as third culture kids, often spend a significant part of their developmental years in countries and cultures foreign to them.ObjectiveOur longitudinal study aims to examine the roles of cognitive, psychological, sociocultural, and family factors in the longitudinal trajectories of the well-being and sociocultural adjustment of third culture kids and their families over time.MethodsThis study adopts both quantitative and qualitative procedures. Data from both procedures will be collected at baseline and at a 1-year follow-up. We aim to recruit 150 to 200 participants between 7 and 17 years old and one of their primary caregivers. After providing informed consent, participants will complete an online survey. Outcome measures include validated questionnaires on well-being and sociocultural adjustment. Predictor measures include validated questionnaires on negative self-thoughts, emotion regulation, resilience, psychological attributes, self-esteem, stress, acculturative stress, cultural intelligence, couple satisfaction, and family functioning. A multiple regression model will be used to analyze quantitative data. In addition, 15 to 20 families who participate in the online survey will be randomly selected to take part in a family interview focusing on questions related to well-being, relocation experiences, cultural issues, and challenges. A concurrent triangulation mixed methods design will be used to analyze and interpret data from both quantitative and qualitative methods.ResultsAs of March 15, 2022, a total of 138 children and 126 parents have completed the baseline online survey. In addition, 44 children and 48 parents have completed the 1-year follow-up online survey. A total of 8 families have completed the baseline family interview, while 4 families have completed the 1-year follow-up interview. Data analyses, transcription of the interview, and preparation for publication are on-going.ConclusionsFindings from this study would enable us to understand the adjustment processes, and risk and protective factors associated with the well-being and sociocultural adjustment of third culture kids and their families in Switzerland, which could have implications on the development of intervention programs for individuals and families to address acculturation and adjustment issues.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR1-10.2196/30088

المواطنة الرقمية وتقدير الذات والرضا عن الحياة: تقييم للفروق الجغرافية والديموغرافية بالمملكة العربية السعودية

Living in the new era of globalization has been enhanced by ubiquitous information and communication technologies. These advancements in communication technology introduce many consequences in a person’s life and impact the psychology of potential users and may lead to many psychological concerns. This study examines the impact of digital citizenship and considered the effects of digital life on self-esteem and the potential mediating role of life satisfaction. The cross-sectional research design uses a purposive non-probability sampling technique with a population of 2597 Saudis with formal education. Data were collected via multiple research questionnaires: to assess individuals ‘concept of digital citizenship, the Digital Citizenship Questionnaire developed by Nordin et al. (2016); to measure self-esteem, Webster et al. (2020) state self-esteem scale; and to measure life satisfaction, the Satisfaction with Life Scale developed by Diener et al. (1985). It has been observed significant associations fall the dimensions of digital citizenship with self-esteem and life satisfaction, while life satisfaction played a significant mediation role between digital citizenship and self-esteem. Findings of the results address useful insights about the digital citizenship construct and its relationship with psychological attributes of self-esteem and life satisfaction. The results will significantly contribute to the field of digital marketing, and digital network-based organizations and enhances the knowledge about digital citizenship along with the responsibilities and ethical use of digital technology in the respective firms.

CEO characteristics and the Doing-Using-Interacting mode of innovation: a new upper echelons perspective

ABSTRACT Little is known about how, and through which characteristics, CEO effects DUI mode innovation activities in SMEs. Thus, we connect the DUI mode concept with business management research and use data from 40 qualitative interviews in German non-R&D-based, but innovative SMEs. Applying the upper echelon concept as an analytical framework our results show that the CEO acts as an important moderator and mediator between DUI learning mechanism and innovation performance. In particular CEO’s values and cognitive base may help to increase innovation activities of the employees. Our paper is the first that empirically applies CEO’s psychological attributes of the upper-echelons concept to DUI innovations in non-R&D SMEs. We have developed a new version of the upper echelons model as well as hypotheses gained from the qualitative data analysis that are ready to be tested with quantitative procedures to improve the upper echelons theory concerning DUI-led innovation processes in SMEs.

Entrepreneurial competence perceived by university students: Quantitative and descriptive analysis

According to the scientific literature, the entrepreneur is the key to entrepreneurship, which is an essential process for the economic and social development of a country. Within the framework of the psychological traits or attributes of the entrepreneur, entrepreneurial skills and vocation, which are the prelude to entrepreneurial intention and behaviour, are currently necessary – considering that young people will form the next generation of entrepreneurs and that higher education plays a fundamental role in entrepreneurship. This paper's main objective is to analyse university students' perceptions about their competence and vocation for entrepreneurship in this context. The research has been carried out in a sample of Spanish university students (N=380) using a quantitative, descriptive, and discriminant methodology. The obtained results allow us to conclude that young people view entrepreneurship competencies positively and have a vocation for entrepreneurship but do not consider themselves competent or self-efficient. Further, specific and significant gender differences have been identified in young people's perceptions, in line with other authors' conclusions and with the GEM reports. All these findings, which make up novel contributions, are of great use in promoting entrepreneurship in university.

Grit Was Associated With Food Insecurity Among Low Income, At-Risk Rural Veterans

Abstract Objectives Rural veterans have poorer health, use health care services less often than their urban counterparts, and have more prevalent food insecurity than average U.S. households. Food insecurity and resource use may be influenced by modifiable psychological attributes such as grit, the determination and perseverance for long-term goals, and help-seeking behaviors, yet no previous studies have evaluated grit and help-seeking among rural veterans. Therefore, the association of grit and help-seeking behavior with food insecurity and use of resources was determined among rural veterans. Methods Rural veterans from five food pantries in southern Illinois counties with U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) rurality scores ≥5 of at least 18 years (n = 176) were recruited from March 2021 to November 2021 for this cross-sectional study. Food security range (USDA 6-item Household Food Security Survey Module), use of resources, grit (Short Grit Scale) and help-seeking behavior (General Help-Seeking Questionnaire) were assessed upon recruitment. Characteristics linked to each outcome variable were determined using chi-square tests. Food security and resource use were compared by grit and help-seeking scores. Regression estimated the relationship between odds of food insecurity and use of resources with grit and help-seeking, with adjustment for covariates. Results Logistic regression indicated higher grit scores were significantly associated with lower odds of food insecurity (OR = 0.2, p = 0.009). Help seeking was not significant in simple or adjusted regression models. Conclusions The study provided evidence to inform the content of future educational interventions to improve food insecurity and address health disparities among rural veterans by addressing grit. Enhancement of psychological traits like grit might improve quality of life independently from food security and potentially benefit other aspects of well-being. Funding Sources McCormick Foundation; Lilly Endowment; Purdue University College of Pharmacy Center for Health Equity and Innovation.

Enhancing perceived employability through work-integrated learning

PurposeEmbedded in higher educational settings, work-integrated learning (WIL) is a key reflection to students' perceived employability. The purpose of this study is to explore the antecedents of internal and external perceived employability. The research attempts to test a theoretical model examining the relationships among human capital, work values, career self-management, internal perceived employability and external perceived employability.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 588 students who have internship experience from two self-financing higher education institutions in Hong Kong. We adopted structural equation modelling (SEM) to test the proposed research hypotheses.FindingsResults support the idea that human capital and intrinsic work values are significant antecedents of perceived employability. Furthermore, this relationship is fully mediated by career self-management. The implications of the findings for understanding the process through which psychological variables affect an individual's perceived employability are discussed.Originality/valuePrevious studies have extensively examined the effectiveness of WIL in increasing graduates' employability. However, unclear focus has been given to examine psychological attributes, such as human capital, work values and career self-management in WIL. In addition, few researchers have empirically examined the linkages among human capital, work values, career self-management and employability through internships or WIL experiences. Therefore, to bridge these gaps, the present study examines the effect of human capital, work values and career self-management on students' perceived employability when gaining internships or WIL experiences in a higher education setting.

Multidimensional Profiles of Addictive Smartphone Use: A Latent Profile Analysis

Given that crucial psychological attributes of smartphone addiction have been studied in isolation from each other, we examined latent profiles of emotional distress (depression, stress, loneliness, and fear of missing out; i.e., FoMO); protective traits (self-control, mindfulness, grit); the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and approach system (BAS; drive, reward responsiveness, and fun seeking) in relation to addictive smartphone use. We identified three distinctive profiles, using five fit statistics: AIC, BIC, adjusted BIC, an entropy, and LRT. The self-controlled, gritty, and mindful profile (22.7%) was characterized by heightened levels of self-control, grit, and mindfulness but lower levels of emotional distress, BIS, and BAS. The emotionally distressed profile (29.8%) was distinguished by elevated levels of depression, stress, loneliness, FoMO, and BIS, but relatively lower protective traits and BAS. Lastly, the approach sensitive profile (47.5%) corresponded to the normative group characterized by relatively higher BAS but mostly average levels of emotional distress and protective traits. When both global and pairwise comparisons between profiles were performed using Wald tests, we found that the self-controlled, gritty, and mindful profile was associated with significantly lower smartphone addiction tendencies than emotionally distressed or approach sensitive profiles, while the latter two did not differ from each other. These results still held when multiple covariates (age, sex, and income) were controlled for. Using a sophisticated person-centered approach, our findings underscore multidimensional psychological profiles that have different associations with smartphone addiction.

Unwinding on the Weekend from Work-Related Stress: Moderating Effect of Weekday Psychological Stress on the Relationship between Increased Recovery Experience and Reduction of Psychological Stress on the Weekend.

Recovery is described as a process that is in contrast to the process whereby the psychological stress response increases. Recovery experiences refer to specific experiences that promote recovery and represent psychological attributes including relaxation. This preliminary study tested the hypothesis that levels of psychological stress before the weekend have a moderating effect on the relationship between an increased recovery experience during the weekend and a reduction of psychological stress from workdays to the weekend. Of 270 Japanese teachers who were invited to participate, 181 completed questionnaires on the psychological stress response before, on the psychological stress response and the recovery experience during the weekend. Data from 7 part-time teachers and 38 teachers who were not stressed at all before the weekend were excluded; therefore, data for 136 participants were ultimately analyzed. Results of hierarchal regression analysis indicated that increased relaxation was associated with an increased reduction in psychological stress response during the weekends in participants with high levels of psychological stress before the weekends. This moderating effect was not observed for other recovery experiences. Considering the psychological stress response is important for research on recovery experiences during weekends.