Psychological Adjustment Scale Research Articles

Effect of social support on Muslim women's sporting activities: mediating effect of psychological adjustment.

This study explores the relationship between social support and sporting activities of Muslim women and constructs a mediation model through role of psychological adjustment. Using stratified cluster sampling, 301 Muslim women were measured in group psychology using the Social Support Scale and the Sports Activities and Psychological Adjustment Scale. The statistical software SPSS 24.0 and SPSS PROCESS 3.3 were used for statistical processing. The common-method variation test was carried out using the Harman single-factor control test. Finally, the Bootstrap sampling test method and process plug-in were used to test the significance of the intermediary effect. (1) Social support has a significant predictive effect on sports activities (β = 0.32, p < 0.001); (2) psychological adjustment (β = 0.552, p < 0.001) mediates the relationship between social support and sporting activities [social support → psychological adjustment → sporting activities (95% Cl, 0.093, 0.323)]. Social support positively influences sporting participation among Muslim women, and psychological adjustment mediates this relationship. Strengthening social support for Muslim women can enhance their psychological adjustment, thereby improving their participation in sporting activities and offering valuable theoretical and practical guidance.

Discrepancies in perceived family resilience between adolescents with chronic illness and parents: using response surface analysis to examine the relationship with adolescents’ psychological adjustment

BackgroundThis study aimed to explore discrepancies in adolescents with chronic illness and their parents’ perceptions of family resilience, as well as the relationship between these differences and the psychological adjustment of adolescents with chronic illness.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 264 dyads of parents (77.7% mothers, mean age 41.60 years, SD = 6.17) and adolescents (48.5% girls, mean age 12.68 years, SD = 2.11) with chronic illness were recruited through convenience sampling from three children’s hospitals in Wenzhou, Hangzhou, and Shanghai, China between June 2022 and May 2023. The Chinese version of the Family Resilience Scale and the Psychological Adjustment Scale, which are commonly used measures with good reliability and validity, were employed to assess family resilience and psychological adaption, respectively. The data were analyzed using polynomial regression and response surface analysis.ResultsAdolescents with chronic illness reported higher family resilience than their parents (t=-2.80, p < 0.05). The correlations between family resilience and adolescents’ psychological adjustment reported by the adolescents (r = 0.45–0.48) were higher than parents (r = 0.18–0.23). In the line of congruence, there were positive linear (a1 = 1.09–1.60, p < 0.001) and curvilinear (a2=-1.38∼-0.72, p < 0.05) associations between convergent family resilience and adolescents’ psychological adjustment. In the line of incongruence, when adolescents reported lower family resilience than parents, adolescents had a lower level of psychological adjustment (a3=-1.02∼-0.45, p < 0.05). Adolescents’ sociability decreased when the perceived family resilience of parent-adolescent dyads converged (a4 = 1.36, p < 0.01).ConclusionThe findings highlighted the importance of considering the discrepancies and congruence of family resilience in the parent-child dyads when developing interventions to improve the psychological adjustment of adolescents with chronic illness. Interventions aimed at strengthening family communication to foster the convergence of perceptions of family resilience in parent-adolescent dyads were warranted.

The Impact of Culture Shock and Psychological Adjustment on Mental Well-Being in International Students

Cultural shock is attributed as a psychological response experienced due to adjusting into a new cultural environment. This present study research explored the impact of cultural shock on psychological adjustment and mental well-being. It was hypothesized that there will be an inverse relationship of Culture shock and Mental Well-Being in international students. For this purpose, correlational cross-sectional research design was used. The sample included 192 international students with the age range of 18 to 40 (M=21.02, SD=1.50) including 154 men and 38 women recruited through using convenience sampling strategy. A self-constructed demographic sheet, psychological adjustment scale (Ryff &amp; Keyes,1995)., Warwick-Edinburgh mental wellbeing scale (Tennant et al., 2007) and culture shock scale (Mumford, 1998) were used for the assessment. The result of Pearson product moment correlation illustrated the inverse relationship between culture shock and psychological adjustment in students. This revealed that examining the links between the evaluation elements could improve the rational understanding of psychological outcomes of acculturation related to personal variability factors. Such insights could also guide host university communities in bolstering the self-esteem and self-belief of their international student peers, aiding them in navigating their psychological adaptation challenges.

The Effectiveness of a Training Program Based on Psychoanalytic Theory in Developing Psychological Adjustment among Students with Motor Disabilities at Al-Balqa Applied University

This study investigated the effectiveness of a psychoanalytic theory-based training program in enhancing psychological adjustment among students with motor disabilities at Al-Balqa Applied University. A quasi-experimental design was employed, with 33 participants (male and female) from various faculties. A newly developed, 25-item psychological adjustment scale assessed five key dimensions. The program's impact was evaluated through pre- and post-application assessments in both the experimental and control groups. The results revealed statistically significant improvements in psychological adjustment within the experimental group (pre- vs. post-application). Additionally, significant differences were found between the control and experimental groups in the post-application assessment, with the latter demonstrating higher levels of psychological adjustment. These findings suggest that the training program based on psychoanalytic theory may be beneficial for promoting psychological well-being among students with motor disabilities.

The Effectiveness of a Psychoeducation Program based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Developing Emotional Regulation Skills and improving Psychological Adjustment among University Students in Jeddah

The Effectiveness of a Psychoeducation Program based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Developing Emotional Regulation Skills and improving Psychological Adjustment among University Students in Jeddah

Improving Psychological Adjustment of the Sexually Abused In-school Adolescents in Nigeria: The Roles of Emotional Stability, Social Anxiety, and Self-Esteem

The researchers considered examining the psychological adjustment process of sexually abused adolescents rather than dwelling on the causes. This study, therefore, examined emotional stability, social anxiety, and self-esteem as correlates of psychological adjustment of sexually abused adolescents. The survey research design was employed. The multi-stage sampling technique was employed in this investigation. The two Local Government Areas in Osogbo were purposively selected. The researchers considered this because of the sexual abuse cases reported in the area over time. For the study, a random sample of 362 students across 20 secondary schools, including eight private and 12 public secondary schools was used. The data for this study was gathered using reliable and standardized instruments: The Sexual Assault questionnaire (α = .80), psychological adjustment scale (α = .81), Self-Esteem Inventory (α = .71), emotional stability scale (α = .78) and Social Anxiety Scale (α = .90). The results demonstrated that 41.16% of the respondents were below 12 years, 47.51% were between 13–15 years and 11.33% were above 15 years old; 31.22% of the respondents were from nuclear families, 66.57%were from extended families and 2.21% were undecided. Also, the result showed a strong correlation between sexually abused adolescents’ psychological adjustment and emotional stability (r = .594; p.&lt;05), social anxiety (r = .605; p.&lt;05), and self-esteem (r = .521; p.&lt;05). The strongest predictor of psychological adjustment was social anxiety (β = .365; t = 7.804; p&lt;0.05) followed by emotional stability (β = .340; t = 7.260; p&lt;0.05) and self-esteem (β = .305; t = 8.194; p&lt;0.05). It was recommended that changing the trajectories of the sexually abused requires a lot of psychological re-orientation, especially considering interventions that employ the independent variables in this study (emotional stability, social anxiety, and self-esteem). This study adds to the current knowledge about the psychological adjustment of sexually abused teenagers as a difficulty that requires proper attention. Keywords: Psychological Adjustment, Sexual Abuse, Adolescents, Emotional Stability, Social Anxiety, Self-esteem

Does Spiritual Intelligence Link with Happiness and Psychological Adjustment among University Students?

Spiritual Intelligence (SI) is considered the most basic form of intelligence which enables an individual to deeply understand him and others and thus helps in achieving happiness and well-being in life (Subraniam &amp; Panchanatham, 2015). The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between spiritual intelligence, happiness and psychological adjustment in university students. A total of 350 students (Men = 175; Women = 175) were recruited from the universities of Lahore, Pakistan. The age of participants ranges between 18-30 years (M = 21.76; SD = 2.07). Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI-24), Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS), and Psychological Adjustment Scale were used to assess spiritual intelligence, happiness, and psychological adjustment, respectively. Results revealed that spiritual intelligence significantly relates to and predicts happiness and psychological adjustment. As compared to men, psychological adjustment and spiritual intelligence were found to be higher in women. To conclude, students having higher spiritual intelligence are more likely to be happier and show better psychological adjustment, when compared to those who showed lower spiritual intelligence. In the future, spiritual intelligence-fostering programs such as community activities, orientation programs, spiritual seminars, counseling, and classroom activities could be catered for students.

Stressful Life Events: Coping Strategies and their Relationship to Psychological Adjustment during the COVID -19 Pandemic

Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the level of stressful life events during the spread of the COVID-19 virus, as well as the strategies used to deal with these stressful events and the relationship between stressful life events and psychological adjustment. Methods: A cross-sectional web-based observational study. A survey was carried out among Jordanian universities using random sampling. The validity and reliability of the study tools (Psychological Adjustment Scale, Coping Strategies with Stressful Life Events Scale, and Stressful Life Events Scale) were confirmed. 229 participants, with an average age of 36.15 ± 14.05 years were selected to participate in this study. Results: The findings revealed that the overall level of stressful life events was moderate. Political events were ranked first, followed by economic, emotional, health, social, and family events. The findings also indicated that the positive interaction strategy was one of the most widely used approaches to dealing with stressful life events. Most of the correlations between stressful life events and the degree of psychological adjustment were inverse correlations (r = -0.58, p = 0.01). Conclusions: The individual interacts globally using a positive interaction strategy when facing stressful life events to transform it from a source of fear into a source of success.

Body image and its relationship to some psychological variables among students in the secondary stage of education in Saudi Arabia

Introduction. Body image perceptions among adolescents are intrinsically linked to psychological factors such as self-esteem and social comparison. The secondary stage proves to be a critical period for exploring identity, with body image playing a vital role in shaping mental well-being and interpersonal relationships. Aim. The current research aims to examine the differences and to identify the relationship between adolescents in body image and some psychological variables (life satisfaction – psychological adaptation) according to the gender variable (males – females). Methodology and research methods. The sample of the current research consisted of 433 adolescents, with 220 male students and 213 female students; their ages ranged between 16–19 years. To achieve the research objectives, the author adopted the descriptive correlative approach to conduct this study, in addition to using the scale of body image, life satisfaction, and scale of psychological adaptation. After verifying the stability and validity of the tools, they were applied to the study sample. Results. The results revealed differences between male and female adolescents in body image in favour of adolescents, meaning that adolescents are more satisfied with their body image than female adolescents. In addition, there are differences between male and female adolescents in the degree of psychological adjustment in favour of adolescents. However, there are no differences between male and female adolescents in the degree of life satisfaction and there is a positive, statistically significant correlation between life satisfaction and psychological adjustment. Furthermore, there is a positive, statistically significant relationship between the body image scale and the psychological adjustment scale. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive investigation into the complex interplay between body image and various psychological variables among adolescents in the secondary stage. This study adds to scientific knowledge in several ways. First, it provides insights into the complex relationship between body image and psychological variables among adolescents in the secondary stage, which can inform future research in this area. Second, the study’s findings on gender differences in body image and psychological adjustment can contribute to our understanding of how gender affects mental health outcomes in adolescence. Third, the study highlights the importance of addressing body image issues among adolescents and emphasises the need for targeted interventions and support systems. Overall, this study contributes to the growing body of literature on adolescent mental health and provides important insights for researchers, educators, and mental health professionals working with adolescents. Practical significance. The practical significance of this study lies in its potential to inform educators, parents, and mental health professionals about the importance of addressing body image issues among adolescents. By highlighting the differences in body image satisfaction between genders and the link between body image and psychological factors such as life satisfaction and psychological adjustment, the study emphasises the need for targeted interventions and support systems.

Cultural Adaptation: A Mediator between Cultural Intelligence and Academic Performance in a Thai Context

Seminal research on cultural intelligence is ubiquitous at an organizational level, albeit research at an educational level, especially in a Thai context is scant. Using a quota sample of 426 students, this quantitative paper gathered data from three subgroups in Bangkok: Thai, Chinese and ASEAN from two educational settings. Cultural Intelligence was measured using the “Four Factor Cultural Intelligence” Scale (CQS) of Ang et al., (2007), constituting 20 items, answered on a 7-point Likert-type scale. To measure sociocultural adjustment, the Sociocultural Adaptation Scale (SCAS-R), of Wilson (2013), constituting 21 items, answered on a 5-point Likert-type scale was used. Psychological adjustment was measured using the Psychological Adjustment Scale of Demes and Geeraert (2013), constituting 10 items, answered on a 7-point Likert-type scale. The relationship between the four dimensions of cultural intelligence to academic performance and the relationship of sociocultural adaptation and psychological adjustment as mediators between cultural intelligence and academic performance was hypothesized. Results of Structural Equation Modeling did not support the prediction of the relationship between the four dimensions of cultural intelligence and academic performance of students. The modification indices of the AMOS program testing the relationship between socio-cultural adaptation and psychological adjustment and academic achievement manifested an indirect relationship of the cultural intelligence on the academic achievement via socio-cultural adaptation. Students, who are coached prior to actual immersion in a culture chosen to complete their studies, could alleviate culture shock, adapt better to the new abode and score better grades.

Psychological Adjustment and Related Factors in Patients with Recurrence/Metastatic Lung Cancer after Curative Surgery

The purpose of study was to clarify the psychological adjustment and related factors in lung cancer patients with recurrence/metastasis after curative surgery. Forty-one with lung cancer who were informed of a recurrence/metastasis after curative surgery completed a questionnaire comprised of the Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale (MAC), Psychological Adjustment scale for Cancer Survivors (PACS), and information pertaining to demographic variables. When healthcare providers intervene in patients with lung cancer that has recurred/metastasized after curative surgery, it is necessary to assess patients' psychological adjustment based on demographic information, such as age, sex, marital status, and employment status, and to provide effective support promptly. Factors associated with psychological adjustment with recurrent/metastatic lung cancer after curative surgery were 1) female, 2) having a job, 3) over 65 years of age, 4) having a spouse, and 5) advanced-stage cancer. There was no difference in psychological adjustment between treatment and the period from cancer incidence to recurrence/metastatic. J. Med. Invest. 70 : 200-207, February, 2023.

PERCEIVED STRESS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT AMONG FATHERS AND MOTHERS OF PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED GIRLS

Background: Physical disability of a female child by birth or by some injury in a family is very challenging for the parents and siblings. Present study is an attempt to explore the role of Perceived Stress and Psychological adjustment among parents of Physically Handicap girls. Objective: to explore the relationship between stress and psychological adjustment among parents of physically handicapped girls. Methodology: The sample consisted of n=40 parents of physically handicapped female children from the Nishtar hospital Multan. Snowball sampling technique was used for data collection. The parents of female physically disable children were included in the study. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (Cohen et al. 1988)) and Psychological Adjustment Scale were used to measure study variables. Results: There was a negative association between perceived stress and psychological adjustment (r=-0.77, p=0.01) among parents of handicapped girls. Results further suggested through t-test scores that fathers of handicapped girls were high on psychological adjustment as compared to mothers (p=0.01) and mothers were more under stress as compared to fathers (p=0.02). Conclusion: The Fathers and mothers of physically disabled female children are different in term of coping the level of stress as well as the fathers show more psychological adjustment as compare to mothers. Keywords: Disability, psychological Adjustment, Stress.

The role of cognitive flexibility and hope in the relationship between loneliness and psychological adjustment: a moderated mediation model

ABSTRACT Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic caused people to suffer from secondary problems such as social isolation and loneliness as well as experiencing anxiety about catching and spreading the virus. Existing research emphasizes the roles of cognitive flexibility and hope for psychological adjustment but the mediating and moderating mechanisms have not yet been researched widely. Therefore, this study examined whether hope mediated the relationship between loneliness and psychological adjustment problems and whether cognitive flexibility moderated this mediation effect of hope in the relationship between loneliness and psychological adjustment problems during the COVID-19 pandemic curfew in Turkey. Methods A total of 512 Turkish students and young adults completed UCLA Loneliness Scale, Brief Psychological Adjustment Scale, Dispositional Hope Scale, and Cognitive Flexibility Inventory for this cross-sectional study. Results The results indicated that loneliness had a significant and positive predictive effect on the psychological adjustment problems and that this relationship was partially mediated by hope. Further, psychological flexibility moderated the relationship between loneliness and hope. Conclusions The current study contributes a better understanding of the influence of loneliness on psychological adjustment, especially during the COVID-19 curfew period. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) Loneliness is positively associated with psychological adjustment problems. (2) Hope proved to play an important role in psychological adjustment during the COVID-19 pandemic. (3) Cognitive flexibility is positively related to hope. What this topic adds: (1) Hope mediates the relationship between loneliness and psychological adjustment problems during the COVID-19 curfew. (2) The association between loneliness and hope is moderated by cognitive flexibility, such that the association becomes weaker for those who report higher levels of cognitive flexibility. (3) The indirect effect of loneliness on psychological adjustment problems via hope is conditional on the levels of cognitive flexibility.

Psychological Adjustment for Students with Learning Difficulties and its Relationship to Some Variables (A Field Study for Students of the Second Cycle with Learning Difficulties in the Basic Stage, Kremit City, Gezira State, Sudan, 2022)

Compatibility is a central concept in psychology in general and in mental health in particular. The individual always tries, during his activity, to obtain a state of satisfaction or satisfaction for his motives, but he often encounters difficulties in his performance that affect his psychological compatibility. Most workers in the field of special education agree that people with learning difficulties constitute a heterogeneous group of individuals, and this is one of the factors that lead to the difficulty of studying this group of heterogeneous characteristics. The study aimed to know the psychological compatibility of the second cycle students with learning difficulties in the basic schools in the city of Al-Karim. At a rate of (50%) of the original population of the study, the researcher used the Michael Best test to sort out the cases of learning difficulties and the psychological adjustment scale for children (Amani Abdel-Maksoud and Esra Abdel-Maqsoud, 2013). To analyze the data, the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program was used. Among the most important findings of the study, the psychological adjustment of the second cycle students with learning difficulties in the city of Karimt is high, and there are statistically significant differences in psychological adjustment among students of the second cycle with learning difficulties in the city of Karimat due to the gender variable in favor of males, and the presence of statistically significant differences in Psychological adjustment among students of the second cycle due to the variable of the educational level of the mother. The study recommends not to frustrate students with learning difficulties by the teacher and parents and make him self-confident through positive motivation and parents' understanding of the problem and cooperation with the school in a treatment program for these students away from psychological pressures.

THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL FAMILY SUPPORT ON PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT ON ASSIMILATION INTERESTED RESIDENTS IN ASSIMILATION OF INTERESTED CITIZENS IN CLASS II BAPAS PATI

In the early of 2020, Indonesia was shocked with a new virus, namely SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19. Many policies has taken by the government to preventing the spread of COVID-19. In overcrowded prison, there is limited space to have a safe distance. The option to reduce the spreading is creating acceleration of assimilation at home After serving their prison terms in prisons and detention centers and having their families returned due to the COVID-19 pandemic, they are certainly facing various psychological problems and problems in their daily life. To be able to survive with these conditions, humans must make psychological adjustments In the process of adapting to the environment, family social support is needed. The aims of this study to determine the relationship between family social support and psychological adjustment to asimilation clients at Class II Probation Board of Pati. This study uses a quantitative approach. The process of taking research samples is done by simple random technique, 93 study samples were obtained. Data collection was carried out with the distribution of questionnaires and literature study. Management of data was carried out using the SPSS 25 program. The data collection used the family social support scale and the psychological adjustment scale Data analysis used simple regression analysis with a determination coefficient =0,676 and a correlation coefficient=0,822 (p&lt;0.05) with an effective contribution of 67,6%. This study found a strong positive relation between family social support and psychological adjusment in Probation Client.

The Relationship Between Social Support Of Coolers And The Self Adjustment Of Employees With The Deaf

This research was conducted because there is a phenomenon of adjustment problems for deaf employees in their workplace, PT. Young Tree Industry Sidoarjo. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the social support of coworkers and the adjustment of deaf employees at PT. Young Tree Industry Sidoarjo. This research is a correlational quantitative research. The population of deaf employees is 23 people so that all of them are used as research samples. The data collection technique uses a psychological adjustment scale and social support which is arranged on a Likert scale. The data analysis technique for hypothesis testing was carried out with the Pearson Correlaton Product Moment. The results of this study indicate the correlation coefficient (rxy) = 0.834 (significance 0.000 &lt;0.05). Thus the research hypothesis is accepted, that there is a positive relationship between co-workers' social support and adjustment to deaf employees at PT. Young Tree Sidoarjo. This means that the higher the social support, the higher the adjustment, and vice versa. The determination test shows the effect of social support on self-adjustment by 68%.

Development and Preliminary Italian Validation of the Emergency Response and Psychological Adjustment Scale.

Evaluating the personal adaptation response to the emergency situations is very important for the prevention of mental distress, for the activation of network and community synergies and for the planning and implementation of appropriate psycho-social interventions. So far there are no short tools for the overall assessment of cognitive, emotional and behavioral responses of psychological adaptation to the emergency in the psychometric panorama. The Emergency Response and Psychological Adjustment Scale (ERPAS) was administered to a sample of 1,088 participants, while the concurrent validity was tested through a second administration to 600 participants along with the GSE (Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale) and the BDI-II (Beck Depression Inventory-II). Confirmatory factor analysis bore out a five-factor solution (including 18 items) with good fit indices of adaptation to data, χ2/df = 1.440, RMSEA = 0.028, RMSEA 90% CI = 0.018–0.038, GFI = 0.996, AGFI = 0.959, CFI = 0.982, and NFI = 0.944. Evidence of convergent validity was provided by the significant correlations with variables such as cognitive and somatic depression, and perceived general self-efficacy. The analyses also showed a strong invariance across gender. The ERPAS tool prefigures application during the assessment in multiple emergency contexts (e.g. earthquakes, floods, pandemics, terrorist attacks, war events, major accidents, major fires). This validation study of the ERPAS has shown that this version is a reliable and valid measurement for assessing people's modes of personal response (cognitive, emotional, behavioral) in emergency contexts.

Self-Esteem as a Predictor of Psychological Adjustment to Limb Loss: A Case Study of Acquired Limb Amputation

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; OBJECTIVES:&#x0D; To examine the psychological issues following acquired limb amputation and examine the significance of positive self-esteem in the psychological adjustment of amputation.&#x0D; METHODOLOGY:&#x0D; This case study was conducted in the surgical and orthopedic units of different government and private hospitals of Peshawar district. The study includes a sample of 100 acquired limb amputees,both adult males and females admitted in different hospitals of Peshawar. Patients with congenital limb loss or with preexisting psychological issues were excluded from the study. Psychological adjustment scale developed by Sabir (1999) and Self-Esteem scale developed by Rifai’s (1999) was used to determine the amputee’s level of psychological adjustment and self-esteem.&#x0D; RESULTS:&#x0D; Results revealed that amputation leads to number of psychological issues. It was found that males had lowered self-esteem and severe adjustment issues then females while young amputees exhibit greater signs of maladjustment as compared to older amputees. Regression analysis for selfesteem predicting psychological adjustment also displayed pronounced differences in the level of psychological adjustment due changing level of self-esteem. The model suggested a strong positive relation between self-esteem and psychological adjustment (r=0.880, B=0.867, t=18.37, p&lt;.001) and 77.5% of the variance in the dependent variable (psychological adjustment) was caused by predictor variable i.e. self-esteem (R2=0.775, F (98)=337.6, p&lt;.001).&#x0D; CONCLUSION:&#x0D; Amputation badly disturbs the psychological state of an amputee and an amputee’s self-esteem is an important coping tool and has a direct relation with better psychological adjustment to limb loss.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

The impact of sexual harassment on psychological adjustment and self- esteem: أثر التحرش الجنسي على التوافق النفسي وتقدير الذات

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of sexual harassment on psychological adjustment and self- esteem among a purposive sample consisted of 444 participants (119=male, 325=female), 46.3% had exposed to sexual harassment. To achieve the study aims two scales were used: Psychological Adjustment scale by Sura, E. M. (1986), and Self- esteem scale by Rosenberg, M. (1965). Results revealed that there were significant differences between exposed and not exposed to sexual harassment in both psychological adjustment and self- esteem. In addition, the results showed significant differences between males and females who were exposed to sexual harassment in psychological adjustment but not self- esteem. The full text of the study includes details of the results and discussion, as well as some of recommendations made by the researchers.

Comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and motivational interviews on social psychological adjustment, cortisol hormone and cognitive emotion regulation in coronary heart disease patients

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is a serious, chronic and life-threatening disease in the world. Therefore, this study is designed to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and motivational interviews on social psychological adjustment, cortisol levels and cognitive emotion regulation in coronary heart disease patients. Methods: For this purpose, a community of women aged 30 to 50 with cardiovascular disease referred to Shahid Rajaei Medical Center in Tehran, 45 people were selected in an accessible way and randomly in experimental and control groups (each group 15 People) were placed. The dependent variables were measured twice before and after the test using the Social Psychological Adjustment Scale, the IBL salivary cortisol kit, and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Results: Frequent measurement analysis of variance showed that both cognitive-behavioral intervention and motivational interview groups improved psychosocial adjustment, decreased cortisol in patients with coronary heart disease, and improved cognitive emotion regulation compared to the control group in both postoperative stages. Examination and follow-up have been significant. Conclusion: Both treatments were equally effective in improving patients' psychosocial adjustment, but motivational interviews were more effective in reducing cortisol than cognitive-behavioral therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy was more effective than motivational interviews in improving cognitive emotion regulation.