Psychoanalytic Orientation Research Articles

Therapeutic Approaches to Families of Young Israeli Soldiers

This paper presents a set of family interventions performed in a civilian psychiatric unit with patients who were young Israeli soldiers. The work was done with a psychoanalytic orientation coupled with special attention to the general cultural characteristics of the surrounding society as well as to the particular ones of the families themselves. An experience of group therapy with the soldiers' parents will also be described in detail.

Trends in Urban American Psychiatry: Practice in Chicago in 1962 and 1973

A 1973 mailed survey of all psychiatrists practicing in Chicago utilized many questions identical to those used in a 1962 survey of this same population. By 1973, more psychiatrists were working in the public sector than in 1962, but by 1973, their interest in a social and community therapeutic orientation had decreased. The psychoanalytic orientation remained strong, though interest in analytic training had declined. In both private and organizational practice, the average Chicago psychiatrist was seeing more Blacks, poor people and Catholics, and fewer Jews, in 1973 than in 1962. Societal changes associated with these changes in psychiatric practice are discussed.

On Terminating Psychotherapy: More Evidence of Sex-Role Related Countertransference

This study was designed to investigate therapists' affective reactions to and technical management of the termination of psychotherapy as a function of therapist sex. It was anticipated that if therapists need to protect themselves from the painful aspects of termination, they might abandon therapeutic roles for less threatening sex roles. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that male therapists might be less emotionally available and responsive than female clinicians during the terminal phase of psychotherapy, following cultural prescriptions for the display of emotions by the two sexes. The major findings, providing partial empirical support, revealed differential responses to termination as a function of the interaction of therapist sex and therapeutic orientation. Female therapists ascribing to other than a psychoanalytic orientation were found to become more anxious and emotionally closer to their patients at termination, compared to their male counterparts.

An outpatient art therapy group

Art therapy has been used in inpatient hospital groups (Azima, et al. 1957; Dougherty, 1974; Patch & Refsnes, 1968; Sinrod, 1964) standard therapy groups, and college counseling programs (Baruch & Miller, 1951; Darley, et al., 1952; Denny & Fagan, 1970; Potts, 1956; Seeman, 1968; Wolff, 1975.) However, to our knowledge, there have been no reports of art therapy groups used as the basic treatment modality in a psychiatric outpatient department. For the inpatient groups reported, approaches varied from a psychoanalytic orientation as explained by Azima et al. (1957) to a more supportive approach as outlined by Denny (1970, 1972). Azima et al. (1957) and Patch and Refsnes (1968) worked with individual patients within the context of the group on the assumption that manifestations of the unconscious appear in visual imagery, and that free drawings as vehicles for this imagery could lead to new personal insights. They attempted to learn the meaning of the art products by combining the patient’s associations and interpretations with materials from his past history and current situation. Azima and his colleagues concluded that free creativity accelerated the uncovering of unconscious conflicts to a depth similar to that achieved in individual analysis. Potts (1956), working with clients in sessions lasting four hours weekly, found that because a painted statement is “only a picture” it was possible to bring forth “rigidly repressed hostilities and guilt” (p. 117). Promoting an atmosphere of interaction and feedback, this art therapist led a twohour verbal session following the two-hour art session with clients commenting on each other’s work. In these sessions, mutual support among the clients in relation to the art productions fostered emotional growth. Patch and Refsnes (1968) also found that when an “art class” was conducted on a psychiatric ward, where the painting could be the subject and not the painter, the patients’ ability to give feedback and express feelings was greatly enhanced. These groups emphasized psychoanalytic principles: free art productions used as devices to penetrate ego defenses and uncover conflicted areas. Other art therapy groups have been more supportive and ego defenses were strengthened or allowed to remain intact. Denny (1970, 1972), whose theoretical approach combined elements of existential and humanistic psychology, felt that what occurs in art therapy may be thought of as taking place through behavioral processes and changes in attitude and behavior. He described art therapy techniques in which minimum self description and maximum self disclosure take place. Denny believed that it was important to encourage self disclosure but he emphasized that this must begin and proceed at the client’s own tempo. Working with a group of adolescents, Wolff (1975) explained that the group goal was to “rap” about problems and to work together, using art media, with a view toward increasing awareness and ability to express emotions and to build relationships with others. He concluded, with the benefit of questionnaires filled out by the clients, that the art work appeared to provide an

A psychological study of the modern hero: the case of James Bond.

Reasons for the popularity of the modern hero are presented with a psychoanalytic orientation. Close attention is given to the familiar case of James Bond. Various bases are offered for the readers' identification with the hero; erotic and aggressive features of the writing and imagery are illustrated; the origin and character of our hero are related to the classic study of Otto Rank; the adventures of our hero are fitted to the monomyth of Joseph Campbell.

Supervision transcripts: III—Some problems in a claustrophobic case

IN THIS excerpt from a supervisory session several points should be noted. In the first place, although the student had already treated the patient's fear of driving with notable success, she nonetheless, because of her earlier psychoanalytic orientation, leapt at speculative hypotheses when the patient suffered a setback dunng her efforts at treating his claustrophobia. These hypotheses were put forward as ~f principle, not because the circumstances of the setback pointed to them. In fact, the setback closely followed locking the patient in the trunk of a car as a therapeutic measure. It was this, evoking considerable anxiety, that was the starting point for a reconditioning of both claustrophobic anxiety and pervasive anxiety. Another point is that the enclosure m the car trunk was brief. Brief strong anxiety stimuli often increase anxiety-conditioning; while prolonged exposure (flooding) can be beneficial, paradoxical as it may seem. However, this is not a matter on which it is at present possible to generalize. Flooding is not always effective. There is much to be learned about the necessary conditions for it to succeed. Clinical experience, both in the Behavior Therapy Umt and elsewhere, indicates that it is probably wise to present the flooding stimulus in the first place at an intermediate intensity. Research at Oxford (Gelder, 1972) suggests that prolonged weak anxiety arousal may be optimal. The immediate effect of the patient's enclosement in the trunk was a high level of anxiety. Thin subsided and then built up again in the course of a few days, probably on the basis of cognitwe reminiscence of the experience. Anxiety conditioning, due to anxiety evoked by imagined stimuli is a common phenomenon that is hardly ever mentioned.

Self‐Understanding Seminars: The Effects of Group Psychotherapy in Counselor Training

This study was conducted to determine whether significant benefits would be derived from providing counselor trainees with psychoanalytically oriented group psychotherapy. Twenty trainees were divided into 2 therapy groups that met for 30 1.5‐hour weekly sessions. Each experimental trainee was matched with a control (no treatment) trainee counterpart on the basis of sex, number of graduate credits, and counseling specialty. The instruments administered were: the Tennessee Self Concept Scale, the Elmore Psychological Anomie Scale, the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, and the Porter Counseling Inventory. There were no significant differences on the Tennessee Self Concept Scale. On the Elmore Psychological Anomie Scale, the control subjects had an increase on Valuelessness (p = .181). On the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, the experimental subjects had an increase on Deference (p = .033) and a decrease on Exhibition (p = .190) and Change (p = .091). On the Porter Counseling Inventory, the experimental subjects achieved an increase in Evaluative (p = .112) and Interpretive (p = .034) responses and a decrease in Understanding (p = .083) responses. The relevance to training of both the lack of definitive differences on some of the variables and the significant findings were discussed. The data were interpreted as providing support for the value of a psychotherapeutic experience as part of training programs, particularly those that accept a psychoanalytic orientation.

Ideologies of mental healers: evolving therapy orientations of novice psychotherapists.

“The first group initially scored high on the modes of change popularly considered the hallmark of psychoanalytic orientation. By the end of their rotation period resident's faith in these modes declined most significantly. ...The second group showed no preference for the presumptive hallmarks of the analytic orientation even at the beginning of their training.”

Observations on neurogenic stuttering: a contribution to differential diagnosis.

The search for the etiology of stuttering goes back to ancient times. For centuries, it was considered probable that some kind of defect in the peripheral speech mechanism was causal. During the present century, there has been great interest in the possible significance of certain central physiological dysfunctions including biochemical, neuromotor, and neurosensory. Some theorists and clinicians, especially those with psychoanalytic orientations, have viewed stuttering as an overt manifestation of an underlying neurosis. During the past quarter century, increasing attention has been given to stuttering as learned behaviour - a distortion of normal developmental speech dysfluency due to adverse evaluation.

Brief psychotherapy: a reappraisal of some theoretical assumptions.

Community psychiatry puts a new premium on efficiency in psychotherapy. Unless effective brief methods based on psychodynamic principles are developed, the practical application of the theoretical advances of the last half century may be jeopardized by consequences of the increasing public demand for psychotherapeutic care. Extending the Johnson-Szurek hypothesis on the role of expectation to include the ego as well as the superego and the therapist as well as the parent may provide a theoretical background for a more optimistic and briefer psychotherapy that retains a psychoanalytic orientation.

Life and Death of a Mental Hospital.

This book is the history of a private hospital that lived out its brief life in the decade of the 1950's. It was born under auspicious circumstances. The staff was mostly trained at the Menninger Foundation, and all regarded themselves as genuinely psychoanalytically oriented. There was every expectation that the success of the Menninger Foundation in the midwest was going to be transferred to the west coast. The new hospital, which was given the fictitious name of Crest by the authors, seemed to be the answer to many unmet needs in the psychiatric community. No other hospital in the area stressed milieu therapy with a psychoanalytic orientation. The milieu therapy was a "total push" program with the staff's attitudes for each patient determined by individual prescription. Despite the note of high hope on which the hospital started, its history is a series of disillusionments and defeats. The authors explain the

IMPACT OF SOCIAL PSYCHIATRY; EFFECT ON A PSYCHOANALYTICALLY ORIENTED DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY.

Our purpose in this report is to describe the impact of the development of a unit in social psychiatry on the main body of the psychoanalytically oriented department within which it grew, and in turn the effect of the parent department upon its offspring unit. The issues may most readily be introduced by quoting from two statements, made by two psychiatrists who are both psychoanalytically trained, being graduates of institutes and members of the American Association, and who are full-time members of the Department. The first quotation is from a talk given by the senior author (M. R.) at the Second Onchiota Conference on June 15, 1962, at which a group of psychoanalytical and psychiatric educators met to discuss the topic of Psychoanalytic Content in Residency Training Programs. At the time he said1: At our place, we consider that we have a psychoanalytically

Group Psychotherapy and Group Function.

Is there any need for the group psychotherapist be acquainted with knowledge of group dynamics or function? One school of thought, bearing a full psychoanalytic orientation and approach, feel familiarity with this subject is of little significance the group therapist. Drs Rosenbaum and Berger differ strongly with this point of view. As editors of Group Psychotherapy and Group Function they have not attempted resolve this issue but are rather concerned with the lack of connection between the therapist and scientific investigator of group function. Their aim is to stimulate therapists ask questions and stimulate social psycholgists be aware of the many questions that therapists are asking them. It appears that many group psychotherapists due their initial training and orientation have turned the theories of individual personality and pathology when attempting give meaning their work. On the other hand,

Psychiatric problems in geriatrics

Foi apresentado um resumo das idéias comumente aceitas em psiquiatria dinâmica com relação aos problemas emocionais da velhice. A necessidade de uma solução eclética para esta questão de crescente importância na sociedade hodierna não impede que se utilize, com vantagem, uma orientação psicanalítica no tratamento dêsses indivíduos. No caso apresentado acham-se ilustrados alguns pontos de vista do autor.

Psychoanalytic orientation in psychotherapy.

A general discussion of the psychoanalytic orientation in psychotherapy may encompass all of psychotherapy or be limited to more modest aims. In this paper an attempt will be made to define terms, to differentiate the psychoanalytic orientation in psychotherapy from other orientations, to describe briefly the techniques of this form of therapy, and to differentiate these techniques from the technique of psychoanalysis. Modifying somewhat the definition formulated in a previous paper,1I regard psychotherapy as an organized, conscious, purposeful, scientific effort on the part of the therapist to influence by psychological methods, i. e., primarily by words and behavior, the state of mind (and of body) of a patient, to the end that symptoms and disease syndromes may be ameliorated or cured. What the therapist does may be active, in the sense of doing something to the patient, or passive, as in listening to the patient; but, in either

Psychoanalytic Orientation in Case Work. Thomas M. French , Ralph Ormsby

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsPsychoanalytic Orientation in Case Work. Thomas M. French , Ralph Ormsby C. T.C. T. Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Social Service Review Volume 18, Number 4Dec., 1944 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/635143 Views: 1Total views on this site Copyright 1944 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Psychoanalytic orientation in family case work: Round Table, 1942.

Psychoanalytic orientation in family case work: Round Table, 1942.