Psychoanalytic Method Research Articles

ЖАЗУШЫ А. КЕМЕЛБАЕВА ӘҢГІМЕЛЕРІНДЕГІ ТҰЛҒА КОНЦЕПЦИЯСЫ

The article discusses the concept of personality in the stories of the writer A. Kemelbaeva. The concept of personality in the work is the result of the author's worldview, position. Personality is the carrier of the author's point of view. The main goal of the scientific work is to consider the entire close unity between the author and the person on the basis of the writer's stories, analyze the features of the creation of images and the cognitive-ideological nature, the individuality of the approach. Although the images in the author's stories are simple working people of various fields, they are educated people of today's time, savvy in the phenomena of the world. Feeling the mystical power of creation and understanding it, he relies on the beliefs of the people. He believes in the truth of the creator, in his power. It is noted that freedom of belief, morality, and its significance in human life are one of the main characteristics of the writer's heroes. The main direction in his works is rooted in the best examples of World Literature; his stories are distinguished by an unexpected plot development, a rich artistic solution and content, National color. The scientific and practical significance of the work is that it contributes to literary studies in the study of the process of development of modern Kazakh prose, artistic searches and the continuation of traditions. After all, A. Kemelbaeva is a writer who does not repeat others, always brings innovations to Kazakh literature with his fresh searches and stylistic individuality. Especially in his stories, the mythical-mystical character, the detective line, ethnographic scenes, the revived use of traditional examples of oral literature express the author's stylistic individuality, the specifics of the artistic worldview. In the philological analysis of literary texts, biographical, historical-social, structural-descriptive, psychoanalytic methods were used. The results of the research work can be used in special courses of Philology of higher educational institutions, lectures on modern Kazakh literature. The theoretical and practical significance of the results of the work is characterized by the identification of the main place, historical nature and other features of the concept of personality in literary studies in the analysis of a work of art.

Research methods in cultural studies

Introduction: The issue of using research methods in cultural studies is a key factor in the analysis of cultural phenomena and processes. Contemporary approaches include hermeneutics, structuralism, semiotics, ethnographic, comparative, phenomenological, sociological, and psychoanalytic methods. Each of them provides unique tools for cultural research.Objective: The purpose of the study is to analyze the effectiveness of various research methods in cultural studies and to identify their advantages and disadvantages in the conditions of modern challenges. The research methodology involves the analysis of the structural components of cultural studies and the possibility of applying variable methods for their identification.Methods: The research sample consists of a set of methods: hermeneutics, structuralism, semiotics, ethnographic, comparative, phenomenological, sociological and psychoanalytical. The article examines the practices of applying methods for the interpretation of cultural texts, the analysis of structural elements of cultural systems. Results: Results of the study emphasize the importance of the integration of interdisciplinary approaches and modern technologies to increase the effectiveness of cultural studies. The conclusions of the study indicates the need to adapt traditional methodological approaches to the conditions of globalization and cultural hybridization. Prospects for further research are aimed at the development of new methodological tools and the use of modern technologies for data collection and analysis. Special attention should be paid to international cooperation and exchange of experience between researchers for the development of global cultural knowledge.Conclusions: Research methods in cultural studies are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of cultural phenomena, but they face challenges such as subjectivity in interpretation, necessitating improved methodologies and interdisciplinary cooperation

THE MOTIF OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT'S INFLUENCE ON THE INDIVIDUAL

The article analyzes the motif of the influence of urban life on the characters (the fate of people) of Tolen Abdikov’s story “The right hand” and Didar Amantay’s story “I miss you”. Also, issues such as loneliness, misunderstanding within the family, lack of time in the city, the density of the life schedule, people’s envy and jealousy, that are part of city life were comprehensively analyzed through examples from the works. The influence of city life on the consciousness, mood and soul of a person, conflict situations in communication between people were revealed based on a psychoanalytic analysis of the heroes’ characters and analyzed with examples of situations which took place in the personal practice of the scientist K. Jung who studied the psychology of creativity. The hermeneutic method is employed for the interpretation of the text of a literary work, while the psychoanalytic method is utilized for discerning the author's unconscious imagination and analyzing the unconscious actions of characters within the literary piece. Furthermore, the article sets forth the task of analyzing changes in the psychology of urban characters in relation to societal transformations. The conclusions drawn from this study can be applied as additional educational material in preparation for lectures and practical classes in the disciplines “Theory of Literature”, “Modern Kazakh Literature”, “Literary Analysis and Literary Creativity” which are taught in universities and also during studying the formation of new directions in literary criticism.

Psychoanalysis at Hawkspur Camp and Other Therapeutic Communities for Antisocial Children and Young People

Psychoanalytically informed therapeutic communities constitute an important, but often forgotten, chapter in the history of applied psychoanalysis. Apart from the original experiments by analysts and educators such as August Aichhorn or Homer Lane, little is known about the vibrant and socially progressive nature of residential communities established during and in the aftermath of the Second World War. This article explores the uses of psychoanalysis in four such communities that worked with antisocial children and young people: the Hawkspur Camp, established in 1936 by David Wills and Marjorie Franklin; the Barns Hostel, a hostel for ‘unmanageable’ child evacuees from Edinburgh and Glasgow, active during the Second World War; the Reynolds House, a residential home for boys leaving approved schools who had no home to return to, started in London in 1963; and the Cotswold Community, a residential school for ‘maladjusted’ children in Wiltshire, transformed into a therapeutic community in 1967. Apart from the modifications of psychoanalytic methods made necessary by this environment, a key question posed by these communities is what constitutes healing social relationships at large, and how psychoanalysis can be instrumental in building and maintaining them.

Examining the Tale of Keloğlan and Giant Mother Using Psychoanalytic Method: Transition from the Preoedipal Stage to the Oedipal Stage

Psychoanalytic literary theory is one of the frequently used analytical approaches. The theory tries to understand the unconscious motivations and desires of characters in literary works, as well as subjects in real life. This theory, founded by Sigmund Freud and developed by his followers, suggests that the words, behaviors and actions in a literary text can be interpreted through a psychoanalytic lens in order to reveal the repressed desires and anxieties of the characters and the author alike. In the psychoanalytic approach, the oral stage, one of the psychosexual stages, is the period when strong bonds between the mother and the child are at the forefront, and competition with the father has not yet emerged. This period can also be called the pre-oedipal period. At this stage, as sexual differences begin to be perceived, the child turns towards the opposite-sex parent. This phase, which includes the phallic period, is referred to as the oedipal period. During this period, the father, whom the child perceives as positive or negative, is also included in the child's life. Fairy tales have been passed down through generations and have survived until today, both orally and in writing. The effects of situations such as fear and violence that can be found in fairy tale on children and how the child perceives and assimilates this content have attracted the attention of psychoanalytic literary theorists. It is assumed that the language of fairy tale can be effective in solving some unconscious issues of the child in the pre- and post-oedipal periods. In this text; In terms of psychoanalytic theory, the tale of Keloğlan and the Giant's Mother, which is thought to include the issues of the child's pre-oedipal period, has been tried to be interpreted in the light of 'psychoanalytic literary theory'.

PSYCHOLOGISM IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF FEMALE IMAGES IN THE NOVEL “BLACKBERRY WINTER” BY S. JIO

The article examines Sarah Gio’s novel Blackberry Winter as an example of the use of psychologism in the construction of female characters. Psychologism in literature reflects the complex psychological states of characters and social contexts, helping to understand their emotions and motivations more deeply. The analysis of the psychological depth of characters in the literature of the second half of the twentieth century is one of the key aspects of literary studies: the psychoanalytic method proposed by Freud allows us to consider characters as living people, revealing their internal conflicts and motives. The protagonists, Vera Ray and Claire Aldridge, reflect complex psychological states and conflicts through internal monologues, interaction with other characters, and symbolism. Vera Ray is living during the Great Depression of 1933, struggling to survive and reflecting her deep maternal instincts, fear and anxiety for the future of her son Daniel. Her interactions with other characters, such as Mr Harrison and Lon Edwards, emphasize her determination and inner strength. On the other hand, Claire Aldridge, a contemporary journalist, is grieving the loss of a child and struggling with feelings of hopelessness and isolation. Her inner monologues reflect her depression and search for meaning in life. Her interactions with her husband Ethan, memories of happy times and her desire to find new meaning through work and therapy highlight her emotional pain and desire to overcome her grief. The analysis of Vera and Claire’s inner world shows how detailed internal monologues, interaction with other characters and symbolic gestures help to reveal the characters’ psychological depth. This allows readers to gain a deeper understanding of their emotions, motivations, and internal conflicts, making their characters realistic and multifaceted.

Notes on Vibratory Models of Care

This text documents a workshop presented at the Witch Institute at Queens University, August 2021. In this workshop, we experimented with the medium of the dream. We draw from the onto-ethico-epistemology of Karen Barad to refigure the boundaries of the psychoanalytic method of containment. We consider practices of care and their cosmologies outside of the enclosure of psychic life as circumscribed by psychoanalysis. Rather than interpreting the dream as personal poeisis, we play with/in the practice of collective dreaming, re-casting the dream as a spell—that is, an agential and animating vibratory force.

August Aichhorn educational centers for delinquent adolescents as an example successful extrapolation of psychoanalytic theory into the practice of social and pedagogical work

August Aichhorn educational centers for delinquent adolescents as an example successful extrapolation of psychoanalytic theory into the practice of social and pedagogical work The article is devoted to a topical and little-studied issue – the extrapolation of psychoanalytic theory into the practice of social and pedagogical work with delinquent teenagers on the example of the educational centers of the Austrian psychoanalyst and pedagogue August Aichhorn. The article examines the methodological foundations of A. Aichhorn’s pedagogical activity, shows the influence of S. Freud’s classical psychoanalysis, A. Adler’s individual psychology, and European reform pedagogy. The similarities and differences of his psychoanalytic pedagogy from representatives of European schools of “free education” and representatives of “humanistic pedagogy” are analyzed. The specifics of the work of A.Aichhorn and his colleagues with delinquent teenagers in the “Youth House” educational center are revealed, and the requirements for pedagogical staff are considered. The psychoanalytic concept of juvenile delinquency developed by A. Aichhorn, namely the concept of latent and overt child delinquency, is analyzed in detail, its causes and consequences, the main unconscious psychological motives that encourage illegal behavior are analyzed. The influence of the family on the formation of a delinquent personality is highlighted. Special attention is paid to modern psychoanalytic concepts of delinquency, namely: the psychoanalytic concept of internal regulation of behavior (W. Reckless), the concept of neutralization (in-depth analysis of the protective mechanisms of the psyche, which are the basis of delinquent motivation (G. Sykes and D. Matza), psychoanalytical concept of criminal behavior (J. Coleman). The psychoanalytical methods and techniques used in penitentiary practice on offenders (including juveniles) are explained. The importance of A. Aichhorn’s psychoanalytical pedagogy for modern pedagogical science is proved. The article analyzes the activities of the “August Aichhorn Center for Adolescent Residential Care” (New York, USA), which specializes in work with delinquent and antisocial children and adolescents.

МОТИВ ФІТОМЕТАМОРФОЗ У ТВОРЧОСТІ ТАРАСА ШЕВЧЕНКА ТА ОВІДІЯ

Background. The study is devoted to a comparative analysis of the motif of phytometamorphosis in Ovid's poem "Metamorphoses" and three romantic ballads by Taras Shevchenko in order to establish common characteristics of functioning and to find out the reasons and authorial features of the use of thе denoted motif. Despite the widespread view that the plots of the analyzed ballads by Taras Shevchenko are inspired by the literary art of European romantics and national folklore motifs the paper argues for the rationality of drawing analogies between the use of the motif of phytometamorphosis in Ovid's poem and the balladry of the Ukrainian poet. Methods. In carrying out the research, a set of linguistic and literary methods was used: descriptive, comparative, mythopoetic, linguistic and cultural, functional, and psychoanalytic methods. Results. The parallels and authorial peculiarities in the use of the motif of transformation in the story about Apollo and Daphne, as described in Ovid's Metamorphoses, and the ballad "Topol" by Taras Shevchenko are identifiedThe reason for the change in form in both works is the rescue of the heroines from threatening circumstances. It is established that the main poetic function of the metamorphosis technique in the ballads "Poplar" and "Around a grove in an open field" is to soften the tragic ending of the narrative. The reasons for the florometamorphoses in the plots of Ovid's poem and Taras Shevchenko's ballad "Lilea" are analyzed, and the common semantic and functional features of this motif in the compared works are established. Some similarities related to the motif of metamorphosis in Ovid's poem and Ukrainian folklore are noted. Conclusions. On the basis of the study, the general summary theses on the genesis, functions and authorial peculiarities using the metamorphosis motif in the balladry of Taras Shevchenko and Ovid's poem "Metamorphoses" are made.

THE OTHER: ДЕСТИГМАТИЗАЦІЯ КАТЕГОРІЇ "ІНШИЙ" КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ РОМАНУ ДЖОНА ВІНДЕМА "ЛЯЛЕЧКИ"

Background.The article explores the bibliotherapeutic analysis of John Wyndham's novel "The Chrysalids," portraying a pedantic post-apocalyptic society of the future shaped by the ideology of its superiority. This society is framed against the backdrop of physical "perfection" and a conviction in the unconditional necessity of eliminating otherness driven by fear. Methods. The concept of the "norm" is scrutinized using cultural-historical, comparative, and psychoanalytic methods to shed light on the evolution of societal perceptions of normalcy and its impact on individuals. An effort is made to unveil the issues of stigmatization arising from deviations from widely accepted norms and the problems associated with such social policies. In his novel, Wyndham emphasizes the baselessness of certain societal practices within specific communities that lead to violence and the proliferation of hatred and fear. Results. The novel's exploration of the relative nature of norms enables an examination of the issue through Richard Hudson's theory of societal standards and deviations. This occurs against the backdrop of constant modifications to these norms, leading to the erosion of the concept's structure and, consequently, the potential for oppressing those who fall outside defined boundaries. The author's unique contribution lies in attempting to discredit the dominance of the "norm" concept and, consequently, resisting the stigmatization of deviations from it. This is due to the potential harm they pose to human life and the overall development of society, especially in the context of wartime and post-war periods. Conclusion. The article argues for incorporating the novel into the "Foreign Literature" curriculum in secondary schools, emphasizing its therapeutic potential within the Ukrainian context. In a climate where injuries and various types of physical and mental trauma are becoming more widespread daily, impacting both the military and civilian populations, inclusion is particularly crucial for children and adolescents. This demographic is especially susceptible as their moral values are still formative and can be easily influenced.

‘Ambivalence’ as a Concept in John Clare's Middle and Late Poetry

This paper signifies the contradictory point of view in John Clare’s poetry. Clare (1794-1864) is an English romantic poetry in the nineteenth century, who writes more than ten volumes about nature. So, this study highlights the concept of Psychoanalytic theory which is ‘ambivalence’ and how through this theory can interpret any literary text on the basis of utilizing psychoanalytic methods to literary texts in order to reveal the author's inner emotions such as motives, dreams, as well as wishes. Consequently, the concept of ‘ambivalence’ has a lot in common with the human psyche and its struggles. Sometimes the reader finds the author/poet talking about something real or a notion with pleasant sentiments, and then he refers to the same thing with sad sensations that are not as happy as the first ones without explanations. Here, the critic's job is to identify the reasons behind these contradicting emotions in the piece of literature. Then, two long poems ("Summer Images" and "Child Harold") from different times show opposing perspectives of natural scenes in the poet's environment and abstract thoughts that revolve in his head. Another aspect is Clare’s insanity. Is it only an accusation, or is it true?. Finally, this critical study emphasises the idea that Clare’s poetry always reflects the inconsistency and instability of thoughts and feelings that the poet suffers from due to his irritated psychological and mental condition.

Psychoanalytic Reading of Decadence and Crisis in Ted Hughes’ “Relic” and T.S. Eliot’s “The Hollow Men”

This research employs psychoanalytic methods to explore themes of decadence and crisis in Ted Hughes’ “Relic” and T.S. Eliot’s “The Hollow Men”. Drawing from Freudian and Jungian theories, it delves into the psychological aspects to reveal expressions of the despair of modernity. The paper illustrates underlying psychological decay within the poems, examining subconscious motives, suppressed desires, and conflicts. Through this exploration, intricate psychological states contributing to perceptions of crisis come to light. Highlighting these literary pieces as reflections of contemporary turmoil, the poems expose the erosion of both individual and collective identities. By using the lens of psychoanalysis, a deeper understanding of the interplay between the human psyche and society emerges, offering insights into the profound implications of modern decadence and crisis. Ultimately, the application of psychoanalysis enriches comprehension of the connections between psychological intricacies and societal disintegration, shedding light on the significance of the poets’ selected works

L’anti-Œdipe du point de vue de la philosophie des sciences et des perspectives foucaldiennes du savoir-pouvoir

BackgroundFreud identified his theory of the Oedipus complex as his greatest scientific contribution, made it the centerpiece of his clinical theory of the etiology and cure of the psychoneuroses, and adamantly defended it throughout his life. The theory dominated psychoanalysis for almost a century and determined how the problems of countless patients were interpreted. However, recent scholarship suggests that the arguments Freud used to support the theory are unsound and that, far from being harmless pseudoscience, the Oedipal theory constitutes an oppressive form of Foucauldian “knowledge-power” that rearranges family relationships in sociosyntonic but emotionally harmful ways. Continued identification of psychoanalysis with Oedipal theory poses an obstacle to fresh psychoanalytic thinking and psychoanalytic credibility. To liberate psychoanalysis from its Oedipal shackles, a clear understanding of the theory's faulty origins and deleterious effects is essential. Objectives and methodsThis paper distills the conclusions of two recent books that consider how and why Freud staunchly defended the Oedipal theory and the deleterious effects on the modern family that resulted. After the failure of his seduction theory, Freud developed the Oedipal theory to defend his central theoretical claim, the sexual theory of neuroses. However, the Oedipal theory remained an entirely ad hoc, scientifically unpersuasive defense without novel evidential support less dependent on psychoanalytic method, which had also been cast into doubt by the seduction theory's failure. Freud attempted to provide such “more direct” evidence in the case of Little Hans, on which my analysis focuses. Regarding the evaluation of Freud's evidence, the method is philosophy-of-science logical reconstruction, analysis, and evaluation of the arguments Freud offered. Regarding the theory's effects, the method is neo-Foucauldian analysis of how acceptance of the theory changed family power relations — that is, the theory's knowledge-power. ResultsI identify four pivotal arguments Freud presents in the Hans case to support Oedipal theory. Each argument is brilliant as a logical construction but unsound when compared to the evidence of the Hans case history. I then analyze the knowledge-power of the Oedipal theory as it appears in the Hans case as well as in modern family life. Acceptance or awareness of the theory serves to create a sense of danger in mother-son physical affection, leading to separation of children from parents — especially at bedtime — and thus protection of the marital bed in the new era of egalitarian sexual and emotional marriage that started at about the time that Oedipal theory was proposed. ConclusionsFreud's arguments defending Oedipal theory are brilliantly conceived, but Freud misreads the facts of the Hans case so that his arguments are unsound. In failing to confirm novel predictions, Freud's Oedipal theory remains ad hoc and scientifically unacceptable. It was nonetheless widely accepted because of its distinctive knowledge-power, which supported the evolving nature of marriage in a way that limited parent–child interaction, co-sleeping, and affection. The theory of the Oedipus complex of both false and harmful, and in clinical intervention it is a form of theoretical counter-transference.

Anti-Oedipus from philosophy of science and Foucauldian knowledge-power perspectives

BackgroundFreud identified his theory of the Oedipus complex as his greatest scientific contribution, made it the centerpiece of his clinical theory of the etiology and cure of the psychoneuroses, and adamantly defended it throughout his life. The theory dominated psychoanalysis for almost a century and determined how the problems of countless patients were interpreted. However, recent scholarship suggests that the arguments Freud used to support the theory are unsound and that, far from being harmless pseudoscience, the Oedipal theory constitutes an oppressive form of Foucauldian “knowledge-power” that rearranges family relationships in sociosyntonic but emotionally harmful ways. Continued identification of psychoanalysis with Oedipal theory poses an obstacle to fresh psychoanalytic thinking and psychoanalytic credibility. To liberate psychoanalysis from its Oedipal shackles, a clear understanding of the theory's faulty origins and deleterious effects is essential. Objectives and methodsThis paper distills the conclusions of two recent books that consider how and why Freud staunchly defended the Oedipal theory and the deleterious effects on the modern family that resulted. After the failure of his seduction theory, Freud developed the Oedipal theory to defend his central theoretical claim, the sexual theory of the neuroses. However, the Oedipal theory remained an entirely ad hoc, scientifically unpersuasive defense without novel evidential support less dependent on psychoanalytic method, which had also been cast into doubt by the seduction theory's failure. Freud attempted to provide such “more direct” evidence in the case of Little Hans, on which my analysis focuses. Regarding the evaluation of Freud's evidence, the method is philosophy-of-science logical reconstruction, analysis, and evaluation of the arguments Freud offered. Regarding the theory's effects, the method is neo-Foucauldian analysis of how acceptance of the theory changed family power relations — that is, the theory's knowledge-power. ResultsI identify four pivotal arguments Freud presents in the Hans case to support Oedipal theory. Each argument is brilliant as a logical construction but unsound when compared to the evidence of the Hans case history. I then analyze the knowledge-power of the Oedipal theory as it appears in the Hans case as well as in modern family life. Acceptance or awareness of the theory serves to create a sense of danger in mother-son physical affection, leading to separation of children from parents — especially at bedtime — and thus protection of the marital bed in the new era of egalitarian sexual and emotional marriage that started at about the time that the Oedipal theory was proposed. ConclusionsFreud's arguments defending Oedipal theory are brilliantly conceived, but Freud misreads the facts of the Hans case so that his arguments are unsound. In failing to confirm novel predictions, Freud's Oedipal theory remains ad hoc and scientifically unacceptable. It was nonetheless widely accepted because of its distinctive knowledge-power, which supported the evolving nature of marriage in a way that limited parent–child interaction, cosleeping, and affection. The theory of the Oedipus complex is both false and harmful, and in clinical intervention it is a form of theoretical countertransference.

Psychoanalytic view of Jacques Lacan on love

Jacques Lacan (1901-1981) was not only a French psychoanalyst, but also a Western psychoanalytic thinker and a prominent name in the history of psychoanalysis by teaching lectures and holding weekly seminars, he made significant changes in psychoanalysis, taking Freud’s psychoanalysis to another stage and giving a philosophical dimension to Freud’s thought, which is why we call him the Freud of France. In addition to psychoanalysis, philosophy and linguistics are two of Lacan’s most important fields of work. This research is an attempt at Lacan’s psychoanalytic view of love. The research considers the foundations of the concept of love in Lacan’s psychoanalysis and then develops it towards Lacan’s philosophical views. At the same time, Lacan’s psychoanalytic view of love is related to desire, lack, need, desire, and unconsciousness as the basis of language, narcissism, and Lacan’s psychoanalytic system, which consists of three aspects: real, imaginary and symbolic. Finally, the principle of love in Lacan’s psychoanalysis is to “give what you are not”. This forms a major part of the basis of this research. To arrive at a comprehensive view of Jacques Lacan’s psychoanalysis of love, an attempt has been made to answer the following questions: Does Lacan’s psychoanalysis provide us with anything concrete about love? The essence of love in Lacan’s psychoanalysis gives us a picture of Lacan’s psychoanalytic method of desire. Why does a lack of Lacan’s psychoanalysis define the phenomenon of love? The essence of love in Lacan’s psychoanalysis gives us a picture of Lacan’s psychoanalytic method of desire. We have also reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that the research is an attempt to discuss the various characteristics of love in Lacan’s psychoanalysis, which are reflected in Lacan’s work Psychoanalysis speaks more precisely than love.

Containment, affirmation and structural deficiency – revisiting an issue in psychoanalytic method

ABSTRACT The aim of Freudian analysis was to recover repressed memories, phantasies and wishes and make them conscious. This was the basic principle of analytic cure, and the means was interpretation. During the last 5–6 decades, analytic method has been supplemented by types of interventions addressing the relationship between therapist and patient. New kinds of intervention aim at adapting to the patient’s developmental level and capacity to profit from interpretations. These interventions seek to establish (new) meaning, not to uncover hidden meaning. A special point concerns a combined type, where an interpretation is wrapped in an affirmative form. The authors discuss this development and focus on the concepts of containment (Bion) and affirmation (Killingmo). They are developed from different models, but in spite of this, their aims seem to be similar; to remove doubts about the experience of reality and establish new meaning, thus preparing the way for interpretation of unconscious material. Two clinical vignettes illustrate some of the challenges facing the analyst in dealing with these dynamics.

The neglected object: A history of the concept of dreams in Polish psychiatry and psychology in the interwar period, 1918-1939.

The development of the concept of dreams in interwar Polish psychiatry and psychology was influenced by Western European concepts as well as by sociocultural factors of the newly independent state. Few Polish psychiatrists addressed the subject of dreams. They were influenced mainly by Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic concept of dreams, but also by Alferd Adler's, Carl Gustav Jung's, and Wilhelm Stekel's ideas. Nevertheless, they approached psychoanalysis critically. The most comprehensive concept of dreams in Polish psychiatry was oneiroanalysis by Tadeusz Bilikiewicz. Oneironalysis was a method of dream analysis based on psychoanalysis but it rejected the psychoanalytic method of free associations and challenged psychoanalytic approaches to the interpretation of dream symbols. Polish psychologists were even less interested in dreams than psychiatrists. Problems with dreams, the most elaborate psychological work by Stefan Szuman consisted of an outline of epistemological problems with general theories of dreams and a harsh critique of psychoanalysis. The neglect of the subject of dreams in Polish psychiatric society can be seen as connected with the social and professional reception of psychoanalysis in Poland. Psychoanalysis was met with opposition from conservative scholars and publicists presenting nationalistic and anti-Semitic attitudes. It was also criticized by the biologically oriented majority of psychiatrists of the Polish Psychiatric Association. In the case of psychology, the most influential Polish psychological school, Lvov-Warsaw School, promoted Brentanian intentionalism, introspection, and psychology of consciousness, therefore, leading to psychologists' reluctance to explore unconscious states like dreams.

Free-Association Session Scale: factor structure and preliminary validity test.

One of the main concepts of the psychoanalytic method postulated by Freud in 1912 is the fundamental rule, which involves asking the patient to say whatever comes to mind as the analyst follows the patient's speech with fluctuating attention. Despite different theoretical models, this concept has remained an invariant element that characterizes the psychoanalytic method. For this reason, the purpose of the current study is to present a new instrument that measures this process based on the clinician's assessment. The Free-Association Session Scale (FASS) has been designed according to the psychoanalytic framework. Study 1 presented the preliminary validation of the FASS factor structure. Experienced Italian psychoanalysts (N = 281; 196 women) completed the FASS and sociodemographic questionnaire. The following two factors were identified using exploratory factor analysis: (1) Perturbing, and (2) Associativity. Study 2 cross-validated the two factors using an independent sample (N = 259; 187 women) of experienced psychoanalysts and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The FASS has been tested for concurrent validity using the Session Evaluation Questionnaire (SEQ) and Linguistic measures of the Referential process. The two-factor model achieved a close-fit test, and the FASS items were found to measure the corresponding factors with good reliability. The Perturbing factor is negatively associated with three SEQ factors (Depth, Smoothness, and Positivity) and negatively correlated with symbolization (IWRAD and IWRAD_IWRRL), confirming a more complex and unexpected session. The Associativity factor is positively associated with all four SEQ factors (Depth, Smoothness, Positivity, and Arousal). In conclusion, the FASS is a promising new questionnaire for assessing psychoanalytic session quality processes with satisfactory validity and reliability.

The Tragedy of Dorian Gray: From the Perspective of Lacan’s Three Registers Hypothesis

Oscar Wilde’s novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, tells a story of the conflict between soul and body, with a tragic suicide of Dorian Gray as an end. Analyzing the reasons for the protagonist’s suicide tragedy in The Picture of Dorian Gray can help readers better understand the development and literary connotation of the novel. This article takes Lacan’s three registers hypothesis psychoanalytic method as the theoretical perspective, returns to the original text, focuses on the protagonist’s psychological characteristics and interaction with the “Others,” and analyzes the inner interaction of the “three registers hypothesis” in his growth process, thereby interpreting the reasons why Dorian Gray commits a tragic suicide. This paper believes that Dorian Gray leads to his internal imbalance while seeking harmony between the Imaginary and the Symbolic, eventually leading to his suicide. Analyzing the tragedy of Dorian Gray from the perspective of Lacan’s “three registers hypothesis” theory enables readers and researchers to have a deeper understanding of the character of the protagonist in the novel.

Interpreting Suicide Notes: A Tripartite Method.

This paper will present a new method of interpreting suicide notes. It will begin with a discussion of the limitations of interpreting suicide notes. The paper will then clarify the purpose of interpretation as attempt at communication and how to understand the suicide note as an object of interpretation. This is followed by introduction of three traditional methods of interpretation: the pluralist, intentionalist, and psychoanalytic methods. Each suicide note is then interpreted using the appropriate method. The paper culminates in presenting a method to interpret suicide notes as a form of self-narration. This interpretation is done by using a tripartite method which combines the three previous methods as a way of focusing on the author's self-narration. The paper culminates in demonstrating the tripartite method and shows its effectiveness in elucidating the role of self-narrative in the suicide note.