Psychosexual Development Research Articles

Hypersexuality as a Manifestation of Various Disorders

The article deals with hypersexuality, which can be a manifestation of a wide variety of disorders. These include: consequences of a psychotrauma; premature psychosexual development; borderline personality disorder; submaniac and maniac states in bipolar affective disorder and schizoaffective type of the course of schizophrenia; disinhibition of libido, rough and naked eroticism in the initial stage of schizophrenia; consequence of advanced emotional volitional disorders in simple-type schizophrenia; temporal lobe epilepsy; dementia; mental retardation (oligophrenias); various organic brain lesions (resulting from neuroinfections, injuries, vascular damages, neoplasms) [the temporal and frontal lobes of the brain are indicated as regulators of libido]; consequence of disorders in the hypothalamic area and limbic system. It is reported that a correlation exists between development of hypersexuality and damages in certain cerebral areas in patients with non-traumatic brain damage. It is pointed out that hypersexuality may result from maldevelopment of the right hippocampus, anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, in patients with disseminated sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, Kluver-Bucy syndrome as well as be caused by various hormonal disorders and consequences of premenstrual changes and effect of virilizing hormones during the childhood or intrauterine period. Numerous clinical illustrations of cases with hypersexuality, caused by various disorders, are given. The author holds the opinion that it is necessary to divide hypersexuality at least into two categories: true hypersexuality and sexual disinhibition, when with the normal or even reduced level of libido manifestation the hypersexual behaviour results from absence or insufficiency of inhibitory mechanisms (for example, in dementia).

Gratification Disorder Associated With Perineal Irritation in Young Children: Management and Short-Term Outcome

Masturbatory behaviors occur as a part of psychosexual development in young children, but if such behaviors exceed resulting in discomfort and disability, it is known as gratification disorder. Children with such genital self-stimulatory behaviors are infrequently seen and diagnosed in Asian outpatient settings, possibly due to prevalent stigma. We report the cases of 3 children of 3, 4, and 8 - year-old with the diagnosis of gratification disorder based on comprehensive history-taking, general physical examination, and neurological examination along with videotape recording of the event. Investigations such as electroencephalogram (EEG), urinary microscopic examination, and culture were also conducted in each case. Clinical history, examination, and investigations such as EEG and urinary examination were reviewed. Behavior therapy and psychoeducation were successful in alleviating the disorder and allaying parental fears of taboo in all these cases. There was significant improvement in self-genital stimulatory behavior in all 3 cases at 3 months follow-up.

“ANAK SEHAT, ANAK GEMBIRA” PAKET EDUKASI KESEHATAN ANAK USIA PRASEKOLAH TK STRADA DEWI SARTIKA III – TANGERANG - BANTEN

ABSTRACTThe task of a child's independence in carrying out activities for himself is increasingly developing at preschool age, so parents need to know the development and achievement of children's abilities according to their age. This knowledge is needed so that parents can train children in achieving developmental tasks such as self-care and become a role model for children to practice good health behaviors, one of which is to maintain dental hygiene. The results of this educational package include 2 things. From the child's side, the results of education and demonstration about brushing teeth are that the child is able to mention the frequency and the right time to brush teeth, the impact if irregularly brushing teeth, the right time to replace the old toothbrush with a new one, and be able to show how to brush teeth as has been exemplified before. While in terms of parents, there was an increase in the average knowledge of parents before and after the provision of education by 27.68%. At the end of the activity, the parent participant expressed his desire to begin to recognize the child's developmental achievements according to his age. The conclusion of the health education activities provided is the increased ability of children to information about dental health and the willingness to perform self-care optimally according to their age stages. Furthermore, it is important to hold continuing education to realize the importance of monitoring the development of preschool children which includes language, psychosocial, psychosexual, cognitive, emotional, and spiritual development.

Further Thoughts on the Oedipal Lens: Reply to Commentaries

ABSTRACT My response aims to demonstrate how a capacity for triangular space allows us to tolerate and encompass differences of all sorts, ranging from theoretical orientations to family and coupling structures. I re-emphasize the contemporary Kleinian/Bionian Oedipus as a developmental model of the mind that is a departure from the classical model of the Oedipus complex and its associated anchoring in psychosexual development. I reargue the necessity of divorcing Oedipal theory from its historical heterosexist bias and highlight the clinical relevance of a contemporary Oedipal lens when working with a wide variety of non-heteronormative relationships, including, LGBTQ couples, families and single parents.

High-functioning autism: changes over fourteen years of psychoanalytic psychotherapy: part two

ABSTRACT This paper is the second of three, outlining different aspects of my patient Sam’s fourteen years of psychotherapy. This second paper focuses on two aspects in the work. The major issue involves Sam’s psychosexual development from eleven to twenty-four years of age, emphasising the autistic level of the Oedipus complex. The second issue is the decline and eventual disappearance of Sam’s autistic rituals, which he had used in his treatment. The discussion of his psychosexual development includes the perverse and sadomasochistic aspects tied into his sexuality, along with powerful castration anxieties, which were also tied into annihilation anxieties. More recently, Sam has been consciously concerned with behaving ‘appropriately’ with women, but with unconscious fears of his own sexual impulses regarding being bullying and aggressive. Autistic rituals were not uncommon in the early part of Sam’s treatment. I outline in detail the last autistic ritual he showed me, during his sixteenth and seventeenth years. No further rituals have been observed from Sam’s eighteenth year onward. I conclude with some observations on how Sam responded to the sudden switch from in person to online psychotherapy in March 2020.

Oedipus for Everyone: Revitalizing the Model for LGBTQ Couples and Single Parent Families

ABSTRACT The misguided application of Oedipal theory has led to the pathologizing of those with different gender identities or sexual preferences. Despite this harm, Oedipal dynamics are often viewed as a central organizing schema for understanding the dynamics of couples and families. In this paper, I revitalize Oedipal theory, divorcing it from its historical heterosexist bias, and highlighting its relevance for working with couple and family relationships, including LGBTQ and single parent households. Rather than using classical Freudian Oedipal theory which situates Oedipus in the psychosexual development of children, I use a contemporary Kleinian/Bionian model to orient the discussion to the relevance of Oedipal issues in adult relationships. Problematic Oedipal dynamics are not always present, but when they dominate or underlie adult relationships, they can be stifling, destabilizing, and destructive. This perspective emphasizes the importance of considering Oedipal triadic structures when working with diverse couples and families.

Effects of Pre and Post-Natal Androgen Exposure on Psychosexual Aspects and Gender Change in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-hydroxylase Deficiency

Introduction: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is defined as a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme required to synthesize cortisol by the adrenal cortex. Defects in the 21-hydroxylase enzyme make up 90% of CAH. These defects impaired cortisol synthesis leading to an ACTH increase resulting in androgen excess in both salt-wasting (SW) or simple virilizing (SV) forms. As androgens play a role in the human psychosexual development favoring male psychosexuality, this study was designed to evaluate the impact of androgen exposure on the psychosexuality of individuals with CAH due 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Methods: This retrospective cohort includes 46,XX individuals (115 female-assigned; 8 male-assigned) with a molecular diagnosis of CAH due to CYP21A2 pathogenic variants in homozygous or compounds heterozygous state. External genitalia virilization was scored using Prader scale. Phenotype, time at diagnosis, sex assignment, and gender change were assessed. The gender role at childhood was assessed through the playmates and toys profile at childhood. Gender identity was assessed by a projective psychological test (HTP). Sexual orientation was assessed by self-report sexual identity. Compliance of glucocorticoid replacement was assessed by adequate testosterone and androstenedione serum levels for age. Results: CAH was diagnosed at the neonatal time in 73% (n=78). Fifth-nine (51%) had the SW form and 49% (n=56) had the SV form. While all cases of SW were diagnosed at the neonatal time (0.12 ± 0.14 months), the mean age at diagnosis among SV was 6.03 ± 8.45 years (p=<.001). The median of Prader score was 3 in both forms. Male sex assignment was associated with more virilized external genitalia (p=.002). Gender change occurred in 6 cases (female to male), all with SV form. The prader score was higher among those who changed gender (p=.01). All of those who changed their gender had poor treatment compliance. A total of 13% (n=15) of all groups defined themselves as homosexual. There was a strong association between male toys and preference for male playmates in childhood with homosexuality and male gender identity in adulthood with both gender change from female to male and homosexuality. Conclusion: Prenatal androgen exposure favors male psychosexuality in 46,XX CAH individuals as observed by the association between highest Prader scores and all assessed psychosexual outcomes. This influence is also substantiated by post-natal androgen exposure as observed by compliance issues and late diagnosis among those who changed from female to male gender.

Peran Ayah dalam Perkembangan Psikoseksual Anak Usia 3-5 Tahun pada Masa New Normal

The number of pornography and cybercrime among Indonesian children reaches 4448 cases – children as a perpetrator and victim. Meanwhile, Indonesian children experience 183 cases of rape and sexual abuse, 54 cases of sodomy or pedophilia – children as a perpetrator, 42 cases of sodomy or pedophilia – children as a victim, and 44 cases of abortion. A preliminary study on March 2020 in West Surabaya showed that 6 in 10 children aged 3-5 years faced sexual abuse or harassment and rape by their closest circle. The research aims are to describe the level of knowledge, perception, role implementation, emotional connection between father and child in the accompaniment of psychosexual development of children. This paper combined quantitative and qualitative methodologies with a phenomenological approach. Respondents were father compatible with inclusion criteria was determined by researchers. This study used a total sampling of 112 fathers who lived in West Surabaya. The research instruments were a questionnaire and observation sheet. Data analysis utilized percentage analysis, data reduction, and data triangulation. There were 64.5% low levels of knowledge, 70.5% negative perceptions, 63.4% fathers absence in assisting the psychosexual development of children, and 69.6% absence of emotional connection. The new normal period gave limited the role of a father in children's psychosexual development.Â

Deviations in psycho-sexual development of teenage girls and its legal consequences in modern society

IntroductionWhen studying the multiple aspects of the problem of criminal offences of a sexual character committed by adult males towards teenage girls, the role of digital communication technologies is not taking into account.ObjectivesTo reveal the negative aspects of social and family connections and the influence of digital communications on the formation of deviations in psycho-sexual development of teenage girls who had become victims of sexual delicts of a non-violent character.MethodsWe have studied the specifics of psycho-sexual behavior of seventeen teenage girls, aged 12-16 and their Internet and SMS correspondence with adult males by analysis of semantics and pathos-psychological markers.ResultsIntellectually, all the teenage girls are within normal age limits. They were bringing up in full, materially well-off families. Most of the girls’ parents experience a formal attitude towards them. The disrupted emotional ties of the teenage girls with mother or both parents leads to deviations in the development of normal teenage reactions, sexual attitudes. Their feeling of loneliness within the family, forces them to turn towards support to Internet-society or other adults of the opposite sex to their parents’ acquaintances. The desire to ascertain perfectionist expectations and self-assertion leads the teenagers to the realization of various forms of auto-destructive sexual behavior. They actively demonstrate in the Internet obscene photos of their genitals. While trying out their sexual importance, they persistently urge adult males towards sexual contacts.ConclusionsThus, the negative aspects of psycho-sexual development of teenage girls can disrupt their sexual behavior in adulthood.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Study of the formation of the professionally important qualities of a psychologist, necessary for the resocialization of adolescents exposed to religious extremist influence

Introduction.The interest of extremist associations and destructive religious movements in the indoctrination and recruitment of adolescents is explained by the researchers by the peculiarities of age and psychosexual development, which make adolescents sensitive to entering a destructive religious cult. An adolescent is a valuable demographic and social resource for religious and political organizations professing extreme views, since it is at this age that resistance to destructive psychological influences is low as never before, while personal needs for self-expression are especially acute. Since being in a destructive religious cult often entails various disorders of psychological health and social maladjustment, adolescents are especially in need of the process of resocialization, which includes various therapeutic, corrective and rehabilitation measures aimed at restoring the socio-psychological status of former members of destructive cults. In turn, this entails the need for special training of psychologists for the implementation of this process, the identification of special professional qualities that affect the effectiveness of the resocialization process, in order to develop them in specialists in the field of social rehabilitation.Materials and Methods.The aim of the study is to identify the level of formation among psychologists of the CVC, necessary for effective resocialization of adolescents at risk. The empirical study involved 161 psychology subjects: employees of educational organizations, psychological and rehabilitation centers, private practice specialists and psychological assistance centers. The age range of the sample is from 25 to 53 years old, 94.37% of the sample were women. The conclusions were based on the results of mathematical and statistical processing of the data obtained using the computer program SPSS Statistics 22 and Excel 2016. Psychodiagnostic techniques were used: "Social norms of prosocial behavior" I.А. Furmanova, N. V. Kukhtovoy, test "SOINT" N.F. Kalina, A.S. Lazurkina, methodology “Diagnostics of the level of emotional burnout by V.V. Boyko "; methodology "Assessment of suggestiveness" O.P. Eliseev's.Results.With high indicators of prosocial behavioral attitudes, the subjects showed rather low indicators of social intelligence, low indicators of critical thinking, psychological markers of symptoms of emotional burnout, expressed in indicators of psychosomatic and psychovegetative disorders in the sphere of the emotional state of the personality of a specialist, which can reduce the ability of a specialist to show empathy, which is an important component of the structure of the professionally important qualities of a psychologist.Discussion and Conclusions.The results revealed the factors of restraining the personal and professional growth of psychologists in this area, and the effectiveness of professional activity in resocialization of adolescents, since the competence of the subjects of the resocialization system (socio-pedagogical, psychological and professional) largely determines the effectiveness of the process of resocialization of minors. The identified problems of professional self-development can be used to create and organize special conditions that contribute to the development of a system of professional competencies, indicating the areas of work of specialists.

The Role of Culture and Religion on Sexual and Reproductive Health Indicators and Help-Seeking Attitudes amongst 1.5 Generation Migrants in Australia: A Quantitative Pilot Study.

In Australia, 1.5 generation migrants (those who migrated as children) often enter a new cultural and religious environment, with its own set of constructs of sexual and reproductive health (SRH), at a crucial time in their psychosexual development—puberty/adolescence. Therefore, 1.5 generation migrants may thus have to contend with constructions of SRH from at least two cultures which may be at conflict on the matter. This study was designed to investigate the role of culture and religion on sexual and reproductive health indicators and help-seeking amongst 1.5 generation migrants. An online survey was completed by 111 participants who answered questions about their cultural connectedness, religion, sexual and reproductive health and help-seeking. Kruskall-Wallis tests were used to analyse the data. There was no significant difference between ethnocultural groups or levels of cultural connectedness in relation to sexual and reproductive health help-seeking attitudes. The results do suggest differences between religious groups in regard to seeking help specifically from participants’ parents. Notably, participants who reported having ‘no religion’ were more likely to seek help with sexual and reproductive health matters from their parent(s). Managing cross-cultural experiences is often noted in the extant literature as a barrier to sexual and reproductive health help-seeking. However, while cultural norms of migrants’ country of origin can remain strong, it is religion that seems to have more of an impact on how 1.5 generation migrants seek help for SRH issues. The findings suggest that 1.5 generation migrants may not need to adapt their religious beliefs or practices, despite entering a new ethnocultural environment. Given that religion can play a role in the participants’ sexual and reproductive health, religious organizations are well-placed to encourage young migrants to adopt help-seeking attitudes.

Primary Headache Associated with Sexual Activity in Adolescents: Illustrative Cases

AbstractPrimary headache associated with sexual activity (PHASA) is well described in adults, but reports in adolescents are lacking. PHASA is likely underreported in adolescents. A delay in or an absence of timely and adequate treatment has the potential to negatively impact normal adolescent psychosexual development. Physicians should consider this disorder in adolescents presenting with headaches, and understand the characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment. We reported two cases of PHASA in adolescents and review the epidemiology, presentation, and management.

High-functioning autism: changes over fourteen years of psychoanalytic psychotherapy: part 1

ABSTRACT This paper is both a follow-up and a lead-in. It follows up an earlier contribution [(Holloway, R. (2013). On emerging from autism and into the terror of relationships. Journal of Child Psychotherapy, 39(1), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/0075417X.2012.761422)] to this Journal dealing with the author’s work with his patient Sam, who has high-functioning autism (HFA). This earlier contribution discussed Sam’s treatment from 2007 to 2012. The current paper revisits some aspects of the 2013 paper, but with a different thematic focus. It adds material from a more recent period in Sam’s therapy, from 2012 to 2021. The focus in this paper vis-a-vis the early part of Sam’s treatment is on the sadomasochistic aspects of his graphic novels, attempting to understand the origins of this sadomasochism. It also discusses recent aspects of Sam’s therapy, including a turning point in which Sam’s ability to use projective identification communicatively eventuates in an experience of emotional at-one-ment between us. This paper is also a lead-in to a pair of additional papers which will follow in future issues of the Journal. The two following papers are intended to further flesh out Sam’s clinical picture. The next two papers will thematise Sam’s psychosexual development up to the present time and the shifts in Sam’s defensive structures and functioning.

THE DESCRIPTION OF KNOWLEDGE, PERCEPTION, ROLE, ROLE IMPLEMENTATION, EMOTIONAL CONNECTION IN PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN AGED 3-5 YEARS IN NEW NORMAL PERIOD AT THE SUBURBAN OF SURABAYA

The number of pornography and cybercrime among Indonesian children reaches 4448 cases – children as a perpetrator and victim. Meanwhile, Indonesian children experience 183 cases of rape and sexual abuse, 54 cases of sodomy or pedophilia – children as a perpetrator, 42 cases of sodomy or pedophilia – children as a victim, and 44 cases of abortion. Preliminary study on March 2020 in West Surabaya showed that 6 in 10 children aged 3-5 years faced sexual abuse or harassment and rape by their closest circle. The research aims are to describe the level of knowledge, perception, role implementation, emotional connection between father and child in the accompaniment of psychosexual development of children. This paper combined quantitative and qualitative methodologies with a phenomenological approach. Respondents were father compatible with inclusion criteria – was determined by researchers. This study used total sampling – 112 fathers lived in West Surabaya. The research instruments were questionnaire and observation sheet. Data analysis utilized percentage analysis, data reduction, and data triangulation.Result: There were 64.5% low level of knowledge, 70.5% negative perception, 63.4% father absence in assisting psychosexual development of children, and 69.6% absence of emotional connection.Conclusion: The father’s role in assisting the psychosexual development of children aged 3-5 years can decrease the number of psychosexual disorders in adulthood.Keywords: knowledge, perception, role, role implementation, father, child’s psychosexual

Clinical and phenomenological features of the formation of gender reassignment ideas in schizophrenia spectrum disorders

To study the features of the formation of gender reassignment`s ideas in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and to differentiate diagnosis of these psychopathological formations with transsexualism. The study was carried out in the Department of Sexology and Therapy of Sexual Dysfunctions of the Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry - a branch of the Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology in the period from October 2018 to May 2020. The study included 100 outpatients referred for gender reassignment. The subjects were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of 58 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (Paranoid schizophrenia, F20.0; Schizotypal disorder, F21; Chronic delusional disorders, F22) with ideas of sex change. The second group included 42 patients with a diagnosis of «Transsexualism» (F64.0). Clinical-psychopathological, pathopsychological and statistical methods were used. Patients with transsexualism are statistically significantly more often adapted in terms of work and family, have experience of life in the desired gender, use hormone therapy and gender-affirmative interventions before undergoing a medical commission on gender reassignment and less often hospitalized in psychiatric hospitals, compared to patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (p<0.05). Patients with schizophrenia are more likely to experience delays and disharmony in psychosexual development. Sex reassignment ideas are more common in schizotypal disorder than in other types of schizophrenia. Ideas of gender reassignment in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, as a rule, are formed on the basis of existing deviations in the early stages of the formation of gender identity. The central place in the psychopathology of schizophrenia spectrum disorders with ideas of gender reassignment is occupied by depersonalization-dysmorphophobic experiences with the following formation of overvalued, delusional or paranoid ideas of sex reassignment.

Social Evolution, Progress and Teleology in Spencer's Synthetic Philosophy and Freudian Psychoanalysis

This article compares notions of progress and evolution in the social theories of Freud and Herbert Spencer, thus revising Freudian social theory and relocating it within a social-evolutionist tradition. It first argues that the two authors held similarly complex theories that contained mixed elements of positivism and teleology –in its positivist aspects, both authors made use of unified natural laws and, in its teleological aspects, they understood progress and the evolution of civilization along a linear path of progressive development. It is further examined how both authors made use of analogies between organisms and social aggregates–in Freud's case, he formulated a libidinal analogy between the stages of psychosexual development and the civilizatory stages. Finally, it is examined the ethical commitments to the individual that are consequences of such an understanding of the natural law.

ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕННОСТИ ОТЦА И МАТЕРИ КАК ОСНОВА ПРЕОДОЛЕНИЯ ЖИЗНЕННЫХ ТРУДНОСТЕЙ

The problem of overcoming life's difficulties is one of the most actual problems of psychology. In this regard, one of the significant factors that determine success is the peculiarities of the representation of the father and mother as the first human communities, whose values and strategies permeate almost the entire system of human relations with the world. A great contribution to the analysis of this problem was made by the psychoanalytic direction, which considers parents as a "window to the world", providing a painless overcoming of problems at different stages of psychosexual development, the development of a" grandiose Self " that believes in its own potential for perfection and overcoming. Special significance, along with the mother in the early stages, is given to the father, the measure of identification with which affects both the development of a sublimating, overcoming personality, and co-dependent, with violations of gender-role identity (homosexuality) of a person. Positive representation of the father and mother is the basis for productive coping methods. Negative representation of parents is self-doubt, increased anxiety, unproductive coping strategies, reaching its extreme expressions-parricide

Development of zoophilic interests and behaviors in the example of an adolescent male.

In the research literature the phenomenon of bestiality is considered as a form of animal abuse or as an expression of love and affection toward animals or even as another sexual orientation. The article elucidates the mechanisms of development and maintenance of paraphilia in an 18-year-old single male. Psychological evaluation was conducted with both clinical and psychometric measures. The patient's course of psychosexual development is characterized by two perspectives - his own and that of his mother. At the time of the assessment, the subject's primary sexual outlet was masturbation and zoophilic sexual contact with sheep. The deviation developed over ten years prior to the exposure of the patient's zoophilic interests. The diagnostic process indicated that the subject suffers from significant psychopathology. Following the assessment, the patient was diagnosed with another disorder of sexual preference (F65.8) based on the ICD-10 criteria. The mechanisms of development and maintenance of his paraphilia are discussed with regard to other research. Patients who have sex with animals, or who fantasize about doing so, often struggle with negative reactions from their therapists (including a lack of knowledge, laughter, and pressure) when they decide to disclose their experiences. The article may be useful to clinicians who encounter this problem in their practice as an example of the functional capturing of this phenomenon.

Sex-typical behavior in children born preterm at very low birth weight.

Perinatal events may alter psychosexual development. We aimed to assess whether a preterm birth at very low birth weight (VLBW; <1500 g) or antenatal synthetic glucocorticoids (sGC) given to the mother are associated with altered sex-typical behavior in childhood. Sex-typical behavior was assessed using the Pre-school Activities Inventory (PSAI) at the mean age of 4.9 years (SD 1.6) in 879 children, of whom 143 were preterm with VLBW (PT <1500 g, all exposed to sGC), 282 were preterm with birth weight ≥1500 g (PT ≥1500 g, 171 exposed to sGC), and 454 were full term (FT, 166 exposed to sGC). Antenatal sGC was not associated with PSAI scores in either sex. PT <1500 g boys had less male-typical PSAI scores than other boys, even in multivariate model adjusting for age, maternal age, antenatal sGC, number of brothers and sisters, and motor or cognitive impairment. PT <1500 g girls had less female-typical PSAI scores than other girls in the multivariate model. The effect size was small (d = 0.03) for both sexes. Preterm birth with VLBW is associated with reduced sex-typical behavior in childhood, which is in line with the previous data indicating altered psychosexual development in adults born preterm. Mechanisms underlying these observations are not fully understood. Preterm birth is associated with reduced rates of marriage and reproduction in adulthood, but sex-typical behavior in children born preterm has not been studied before. The results of this study indicate that preterm birth with very low birth weight <1500 g is associated with reduced sex-typical behavior in childhood in both sexes. These observations are in line with the previous data indicating altered psychosexual development in adults born preterm. Mechanisms underlying these observations are not fully understood and require further studies.

SEXUALITY CONSTRUCTION IN CINDERELLA STORY: ASH NOVEL

ABSTRACT&#x0D; Recently, there has been a huge increase of sexuality construction studies in literature field including in Young Adult genre. Ash novel is one of young adult genre retelling the classic fairy tale story of Cinderella with the gendering plot twist of the main female character. Instead of construct the main characters to heterosexual, Malinda Lo deconstructs her gender and sexual identity. The aim of this research will focuses on investigating the relationship between the elements of psychosexual development and sexuality construction in the narratives that change the main character’s gender and sexual identity. This research are using 5 stages of development theory by Sigmund Freud and performativity theory by Judith Butler. To analyze the narratives, this research is using deconstruction theory by Jaques Derrida as methodology approach. The gendering process and sexuality construction to lesbian appears in several events that bring the main character questioning the masculine role and construct her identity by the dominant stepmother.&#x0D; Keywords: Sexuality Construction; Cinderella; Young - Adult Literature; Lesbian; Psychosexual Development; Performativity, Deconstruction.