Child Psychiatric Disorders Research Articles

Current challenges of intensive care in children affected by the war in Ukraine

Background. Treatment of children with combat injuries due to the war in Ukraine requires intensive care and high professionalism. The purpose of study was to demonstrate the experience of providing intensive care to children affected by the war in Ukraine and to discuss the implementation of international standards for providing medical aid to such patients at the stages of evacuation from the war zone. Materials and methods. We have examined and provided intensive care to 15 children aged 1 month — 18 years old with combat injuries due to hostilities in Ukraine. Literature search was performed in PubMed databases using the keywords “combat trauma in children, “blast injuries in children”, “intensive care of children with tertiary peritonitis”, “acute and chronic pain”, “acute psychiatric disorders in children”, “sepsis and septic shock in children”, “multiresistant nosocomial infections”. Results. The main clinical problems of people affected by hostilities were: acute and chronic pain, acute psychiatric disorders (psychosis, hallucinatory syndrome, agitation), sepsis and colonization by multiresistant nosocomial pathogens, especially if a patient was previously treated in the intensive care unit for more than 2 weeks (pneumonia, wound infections), gastrointestinal failure syndrome, gastroparesis, tertiary peritonitis, nutrient deficiency, prolonged mechanical ventilation and difficulty weaning from it. All patients received multidisciplinary care. Conclusions. Thus, our experience of treating children requiring intensive care after war injuries indicates that such patients have a combination of many clinical problems already known to clinicians, which are typical for both long-term intensive care patients, and those with severe injuries.

The Therapeutic Potential of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders

The Therapeutic Potential of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders Abstract: This short review summarizes the literature available on therapeutic interventions with prebiotics and probiotics and their potential use in psychiatric disorders in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Most studies of children and adolescents are done on ADHD and autism spectrum disorders, whereas single reports exist largely on positive effects on cognitive symptoms and quality of life. Initial studies regarding anorexia nervosa point to a potential effect of weight gain and reduction of gastrointestinal symptoms. To date, the effects of prebiotics and probiotics in depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia have been mainly investigated in adults. The best reported evidence exists for depression, whereas the effects on depressive symptomatology are small. Positive effects are seen on gastrointestinal symptoms in these disorders. Given these positive effects, the mixed literature reports may result from very heterogeneous study designs. Nevertheless, the high potential of prebiotics and probiotics may be seen for minors with mental health problems. Further studies that include child and adolescent psychiatric populations and reflect the complexity of the gut-brain axis are urgently needed.

Prenatal Exposure to Antiseizure Medication and Incidence of Childhood- and Adolescence-Onset Psychiatric Disorders

Prenatal antiseizure medication (ASM) exposure has been associated with adverse early neurodevelopment, but associations with a wider range of psychiatric end points have not been studied. To examine the association between prenatal exposure to ASM with a spectrum of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence in children of mothers with epilepsy. This prospective, population-based register study assessed 4 546 605 singleton children born alive in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden from January 1, 1996, to December 31, 2017. Of the 4 546 605 children, 54 953 with chromosomal disorders or uncertain birth characteristics were excluded, and 38 661 children of mothers with epilepsy were identified. Data analysis was performed from August 2021 to January 2023. Prenatal exposure to ASM was defined as maternal prescription fills from 30 days before the first day of the last menstrual period until birth. The main outcome measure was diagnosis of psychiatric disorders (a combined end point and 13 individual disorders). Estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) using Cox proportional hazards regression and cumulative incidences with 95% CIs are reported. Among the 38 661 children of mothers with epilepsy (16 458 [42.6%] exposed to ASM; 19 582 [51.3%] male; mean [SD] age at the end of study, 7.5 [4.6] years), prenatal valproate exposure was associated with an increased risk of the combined psychiatric end point (aHR, 1.80 [95% CI, 1.60-2.03]; cumulative risk at 18 years in ASM-exposed children, 42.1% [95% CI, 38.2%-45.8%]; cumulative risk at 18 years in unexposed children, 31.3% [95% CI, 28.9%-33.6%]), which was driven mainly by disorders within the neurodevelopmental spectrum. Prenatal exposure to lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and oxcarbazepine was not associated with an increased risk of psychiatric disorders, whereas associations were found for prenatal exposure to topiramate with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (aHR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.40-4.06) and exposure to levetiracetam with anxiety (aHR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.26-3.72) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (aHR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.03-3.07). Findings from this explorative study strengthen the evidence for the warning against the use of valproate in pregnancy and raise concern of risks of specific psychiatric disorders associated with topiramate and levetiracetam. This study provides reassuring evidence that lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and oxcarbazepine are not associated with long-term behavioral or developmental disorders but cannot rule out risks with higher doses.

Fecal Microbiota Transplants in the Context of (Child and Adolescent) Psychiatric Disorders

Fecal Microbiota Transplants in the Context of (Child and Adolescent) Psychiatric Disorders Abstract: There has recently been a significant increase in interest in gut microbiota and its interaction with the brain (gut-brain axis). Not only are the findings of microbiome research interesting for basic scientists, they also offer relevant insights for clinical practice. A causal relationship between gut microbiome and various somatic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel diseases, and obesity as well as psychiatric diseases such as major depression, anxiety disorders, and eating disorders seems plausible. To study the causal relationship of intestinal bacteria with individual phenotypes, researchers apply so-called stool transplantations (fecal microbiota transplantations) in the preclinical context. For this purpose, they transfer microbiota samples from patients into laboratory animals to observe possible changes in phenotype. In the clinical context, fecal microbiota transplantation is already being used with therapeutic intentions for selected diseases, for example, recurrent infections with Clostridioides difficile or inflammatory bowel diseases; they have already become part of the official clinical guidelines for C. difficile. For many other diseases, however, including mental illnesses, the potential of using fecal transplantations for therapeutic purposes is still being explored. Previous findings suggest that the intestinal microbiome, particularly fecal microbiota transplantations, represent a promising starting point for new therapeutic approaches.

Diagnosis and management of ADHD: a pediatric perspective on practice and challenges in Switzerland

BackgroundAttention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in childhood. In Switzerland, the complex diagnosis and treatment are being carried out by adolescent−/child psychiatrists, and pediatricians. Guidelines recommend a multimodal therapy for patients with ADHD. However, it has been questioned whether health professionals follow this approach or favor drug therapy. This study aims to provide insights into the practice of pediatricians in Switzerland regarding diagnosis and treatment of ADHD and their perceptions of these processes.MethodAn online survey (self-report) about current practices of diagnosis and management as well as challenges regarding ADHD was distributed to office-based pediatricians in Switzerland. One hundred fifty-one pediatricians participated. Results show that therapy options were almost always discussed with parents and older children. Exchange with parents (81%) and level of child’s suffering (97%) were central when selecting therapy options.ResultsTherapies about which pediatricians informed most often were: pharmacological therapy, psychotherapy, and multimodal therapy. Challenges voiced were the subjectivity of diagnostic criteria and dependence on third parties, low availability of psychotherapy, and a rather negative public attitude towards ADHD. Needs that were expressed were further education for all professionals, support for coordination with specialists and schools as well as improvement of information on ADHD.ConclusionsPediatricians do consider a multimodal approach when treating ADHD and take the families` and children’s opinions into account. Improvements of the availability of child and youth psychotherapy, the strengthening of the interprofessional cooperation with therapists and schools, and efforts to increase public knowledge about ADHD are proposed.

The effects of the mother’s ADHD on her parenting role

IntroductionAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the second most common psychiatric disorder in childhood, affecting 5-7% of the child population. The same disorder in adults is less documented and is estimated at 2.5% of the population. The mothers of children with ADHD are 24 times more likely to develop ADHD than mothers of children without ADHD. About 17% of mothers of children with ADHD meet criteria for the disorder themselves. The core symptoms of ADHD are inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity.ObjectivesThe objective of this e-poster is to describe the effects of the mother’s ADHD on her parenting roleMethodsThe current poster is based on the bibliographic reviews of papers via the ‘PubMed’ search engines.ResultsIn some studies mothers with ADHD may use ineffective discipline methods in order to limit their children.The mothers with ADHD often have difficulties with executive functions such as planning, organizing and implementing goals and with self-control. Characteristically, in a study with a sample of mothers with children aged 3-6 years were observed difficulties in defining the boundaries of the children, unstable behavior and low self-esteem. Additionally, mothers with ADHD may have difficulty forming and maintaining social relationships and this have a negative effect on children’s social skills. The maternal role is influenced by when the mother suffers from depression, anxiety, uses alcohol or psychotropic substances. In addition, her role is influenced by when there are problems in the marital relationship or she is a single parent. The reactions of the mother with ADHD may be influenced not only by whether she has ADHD but also by whether or not her child has been diagnosed with ADHD. The mother with ADHD and child with ADHD has to deal not only with her own symptoms but also with her child’s symptoms. The coexistence of the specific disorder in both may cause increased levels of stress to the mother. Nevertheless, some research reports that these mothers show empathy towards their children, i.e. they have a more positive and supportive behavior, they are more protective, less irritable and less frustrating (similarity-fit hypothesis). In other studies mothers with ADHD worsen their children’s symptoms with their behavior (similarity-misfit hypothesis). There is a significant correlation between the mother’s ADHD and the child’s emotional, behavioral and social functioning.ConclusionsIn conclusion, mothers with ADHD may experience difficulties in all developmental stages of their children. Therefore, the treatment of the disorder (medication and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy) is necessary in order to improve the mothers’ symptoms, the mental condition of their children and the family’s quality of life.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Il risperidone

Risperidone is one of the most common pharmacological treatments for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Although over the last decades its efficacy and its relatively safe and easy use have been confirmed for several psychiatric disorders, its indication remains confined to the treatment of severe irritability in subjects over 5 years with disruptive behavioural disorders and intellectual disability. Recently, its use has been approved under law 648 for autism related irritability, Tourette Disorder and as an add-on therapy to methylphenidate. The most common adverse effects include increased appetite and weight, somnolence, hyperprolactinaemia, glucose as well as lipid profile alteration and need an appropriate baseline and follow up assessment. The paper reports treatment indications, information about the mechanism of action, the Italian indications and the answers to the most frequent queries for a correct clinical and pharmacological monitoring of such patients.

Association of self-reported mother–infant relationship with child and adolescent mental health

The quality of the relationship between mother and infant may have profound implications for the development of a child. Early indicators of psychological vulnerability may allow targeting of support for the child's cognitive, emotional and social development. A challenging mother-infant relationship could be one indicator of risk. This study examined variations in psychological well-being and psychopathology among boys and girls according to early maternal perception of the mother-infant relationship. This study is based on 64 663 mother-infant pairs from the Danish National Birth Cohort, for which data on the mother-infant relationship were collected at 6 months postpartum. Behavioural problems were assessed with the Danish version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at child ages 7, 11 and 18 years, and we retrieved information on diagnosed childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders and prescriptions of psychotropic drugs from Danish registries. Children in the challenging mother-infant relationship group had higher odds of behavioural problems at age 7 among both boys and girls. The same pattern of elevated estimates was identified for boys across all SDQ domains and for girls in three of five SDQ domains. All associations were attenuated at age 18, but increased odds of behavioural problems still existed. A challenging early mother-infant relationship increased the offspring's risk of being diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder or being prescribed a psychotropic drug before the age of 18. A challenging self-reported mother-infant relationship was associated with later psychopathological difficulties. Routine clinical enquiry may be useful in identification of future vulnerability.

RNA epitranscriptomics dysregulation: A major determinant for significantly increased risk of ASD pathogenesis.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are perhaps the most severe, intractable and challenging child psychiatric disorders. They are complex, pervasive and highly heterogeneous and depend on multifactorial neurodevelopmental conditions. Although the pathogenesis of autism remains unclear, it revolves around altered neurodevelopmental patterns and their implications for brain function, although these cannot be specifically linked to symptoms. While these affect neuronal migration and connectivity, little is known about the processes that lead to the disruption of specific laminar excitatory and inhibitory cortical circuits, a key feature of ASD. It is evident that ASD has multiple underlying causes and this multigenic condition has been considered to also dependent on epigenetic effects, although the exact nature of the factors that could be involved remains unclear. However, besides the possibility for differential epigenetic markings directly affecting the relative expression levels of individual genes or groups of genes, there are at least three mRNA epitranscriptomic mechanisms, which function cooperatively and could, in association with both genotypes and environmental conditions, alter spatiotemporal proteins expression patterns during brain development, at both quantitative and qualitative levels, in a tissue-specific, and context-dependent manner. As we have already postulated, sudden changes in environmental conditions, such as those conferred by maternal inflammation/immune activation, influence RNA epitranscriptomic mechanisms, with the combination of these processes altering fetal brain development. Herein, we explore the postulate whereby, in ASD pathogenesis, RNA epitranscriptomics might take precedence over epigenetic modifications. RNA epitranscriptomics affects real-time differential expression of receptor and channel proteins isoforms, playing a prominent role in central nervous system (CNS) development and functions, but also RNAi which, in turn, impact the spatiotemporal expression of receptors, channels and regulatory proteins irrespective of isoforms. Slight dysregulations in few early components of brain development, could, depending upon their extent, snowball into a huge variety of pathological cerebral alterations a few years after birth. This may very well explain the enormous genetic, neuropathological and symptomatic heterogeneities that are systematically associated with ASD and psychiatric disorders at large.

Psychiatric Disorders and Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence—A Systematic Review of Cross-Sectional Studies

Obesity and psychiatric disorders have high prevalence and are both considered major health problems. Within the last decades, the rates of obesity have risen over 6%, while the prevalence of psychiatric disorders is over 12% for children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to systematically review the evidence regarding the relation of obesity and psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. This review, based on the PRISMA guidelines, included cross-sectional studies published within the last decade, pertaining to the relation between psychiatric disorders and obesity in children and adolescents up to the age of 19 years. Studies on eating disorders were excluded. A total of 14 studies of 23,442 children and adolescents that investigated the relation of obesity with anxiety, mood disorders, and psychosis were included in this systematic review. Nine of the included studies reported a significant relationship between the psychiatric disorder under investigation and obesity. Understanding the nexus between obesity and psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents is of great importance, given the alarming increase in both conditions in youth. Such findings could facilitate the development and implementation of targeted interventions.

Epidemiology of Psychiatric Disorders and the Relevant Comorbidities in Children and Adolescents in Yazd Province in 2016

Introduction: Due to significant social, economic, cultural, and lifestyle changes in Iran during past decades and the relationship among the unstable social and economic status and mental complications the study of psychiatric disorders has become important and necessary, the aim of this study was epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents.
 Methods: A total of 1035 children aged 6-18 years from Yazd Province, Iran were enrolled in this cross-sectional study in 2017 using a multistage cluster sampling method. Data were collected using the following inventories for school-age children (6-18 years): Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SAD-SPL). Logistic regression and SPSS version 16 software were used for data analysis.
 Results: 44.1% of participants were boys and 55.9% were girls. The mean age of the participants was 11.3±3.9 years. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents was 35.5%. Meanwhile, anxiety disorders had the highest prevalence rate (22.2%) and among anxiety disorders, separation anxiety disorder (8.7%) and generalized anxiety (8.6%) were the most prevalent. There was a significant difference in all psychiatric disorders based on gender, more evident in the high rate of obsessive-compulsive disorder, enuresis, tic, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hyperactivity, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, smoking disorder, and epilepsy were more evident in boys (P-value < 0.05).
 Conclusion: The prevalence rate of psychiatric disorders in young population of Yazd Province is relatively high and because of its impact on individuals' social and personal function, it could have substantial implications for mental health services.

LessStress - how to reduce stress in school: evaluation of a universal stress prevention in schools: study protocol of a cluster-randomised controlled trial

BackgroundChronic stress is detrimental to health, and children and young people have had to cope with significantly more stress since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, stress at school and in relation to learning is a major problem in this age group. Studies in Germany have indicated that the pandemic has led to a reduced quality of life (QoL) and an increased risk for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Schools are an ideal setting for interventions against stress, which is one of the strongest predictors for the development of psychosocial problems. The present study seeks to address stress by means of a short prevention training programme in schools, including emotion regulation, mindfulness, and self-compassion. In addition to information material for self-study, students should have the opportunity to actively deal with the topic of stress and develop coping strategies within a short space of time. In contrast to very long stress reduction programmes that often last several weeks, the programme is delivered in just 90 min.MethodsThe effectiveness of the short and economical prevention programme LessStress will be examined in a cluster-randomised controlled trial (RCT) encompassing 1894 students. At several measurement time points, students from two groups (intervention and control) will be asked about their subjectively perceived stress levels, among other aspects. Due to the clustered nature of the data, mainly multilevel analyses will be performed.DiscussionIn Germany, there are no nationwide universal prevention programmes for students against stress in schools, and this gap has become more evident since the outbreak of the pandemic. Universal stress prevention in schools may be a starting point to promote resilience. By dealing with stress in a healthy way, mental health can be strengthened and maintained. Moreover, to reach at-risk students at an early stage, we advocate for a stronger networking between child psychiatry and schools.Trial registrationGerman Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) DRKS00025721. Registered on November 4, 2021

Changes in major psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents from 2001 to 2020: A retrospective single-center study.

This study aimed to determine the hospitalization rates, length of stay, age at the time of admission, and sex distribution for major psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents and provide a reference for early intervention for these diseases and distribution of medical resources in hospitals. We screened 4,423 patients in the child and adolescent wards of the Anhui Provincial Mental Health Center from 2001 to 2020, and examined the top four (81.1%) mental health disorders that accounted for the overall proportion of patients admitted, namely schizophrenia (SCZ) (45.7%), depressive disorder (DD) (14.5%), bipolar disorder (BD) (9.3%), and childhood emotional disorder (CED) (11.6%), and for each disorder, the percentage of hospitalization, length of stay, age at admission, and sex distribution were analyzed. From 2001 to 2020, there was a significantly decreasing trend in the proportion of hospitalizations for SCZ (p < 0.001) and an increasing trend for depression and CED (p < 0.001). In terms of length of stay, SCZ was significantly longer than the other three disorders (p < 0.001), whereas there was no significant difference between DD, BD, and CED, and there was no significant trend in length of stay for any of the four disorders. The age at admission for CED was significantly lower than that for the other three disorders (p < 0.001). There was a decreasing trend in the age at admission for DD (p = 0.011) and an increasing trend for BD (p = 0.001). A significant increase in the number of female patients admitted for SCZ, DD, and CED was observed, while there was no significant change in the sex ratio for BD. Although there is a significant downward trend in the percentage of hospitalizations for SCZ, it is still the most common psychiatric disorder in children and adolescents. We observed a significant increase in the percentage of hospitalizations for DD and CED. In addition, the proportion of female patients being hospitalized is on the rise, and this aspect requires continuous attention.

Comparison of serum vitamin D levels between healthy and ADHD children.

The most common psychiatric disorder in childhood is Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Researchers have studied the effects of micronutrients on ADHD in recent years, but vitamin D (vit D) deficiency has received less attention. In this study, serum vit D levels were compared between healthy and ADHD children. This case-control study was carried out, in 2020, on 6-to-12-years-old children. There were 45 children with ADHD in the case group and 45 healthy children in the control group. Intravenous blood samples were taken from each child to measure serum vitamin D levels. A p-value < 0.05 was considered as significant. Mean serum vit D levels in children with ADHD (17.34±8.37 ng / ml) were significantly lower than those in the control group (23.02±10.97 ng / ml) (P= 0.007). There were no significant differences in mean serum levels of vit D due to ADHD subtypes. Mean serum vit D levels were not significantly associated with the gender of children with ADHD. There was an inverse correlation between vit D levels and the severity of ADHD, but it was not statistically significant. The present study showed that children with ADHD had significantly lower serum vit D levels than healthy controls.

Polygenic risk scores for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with high risk and first episode for psychosis

Polygenic risk scores for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with high risk and first episode for psychosis

Epilepsy and Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Teenagers in the Psychiatric Department of the Conakry University Teaching Hospital

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to: determine the prevalence, describe the socio-demographic characteristics of patients with psychic disorders and epilepsy, and highlight the different psychic disorders encountered in epileptic patients. Material and methods: This was a descriptive transverse retrospective study of a duration of ten (10 years) (from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2022) of all children and teenagers aged 19 and above of any sex and regardless of the origin of epilepsy and psychic disorders monitored in the Department who received an EEG during the study period. Results: The prevalence of epilepsy and psychic disorders in children and teenagers was 12.5%. The average and big adolescence were the most affected about 25.1% and 23%; the medical history of malaria and hyper-pyretic seizures was predominant about 43.7% and 32.2%; for the majority of parents and relatives psychic disorders of epilepsy were synonymous with devil’s disease in 52.5% of cases. The most represented psychic manifestations were behavioral, psychomotor, and language disorders. The temporal seat was the most predominant, representing 51% of cases. Carbamazepine was the most prescribed anti-epileptic drug about 58.5%. Conclusion: A broader study in the general population would be needed for better management.

Recent Updates on Prevention and Intervention in Child and Adolescent Mental Health: Biological Perspective

Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents have a varied and heterogeneous presentation. Many risk factors play a role in the emergence of the disorder. Newer molecules have been tried for comorbidities in ASD and ADHD. Many have shown efficacy but need more robust evidence for clinical use. Oxytocin in ASD has shown efficacy however is not yet in clinical use. Viloxazine in ADHD has been FDA-approved and has shown efficacy in ADHD. Neuromodulation is tried in almost all disorders; however, studies are limited. Computer-based cognitive training has proven to be helpful in psychotic disorders. More trials are warranted to consolidate the evidence. Digital interventions and virtual reality can be a new way forward. Studies are limited.

Newer Modalities in Psychopharmacology in Children and Adolescents: A Selective Narrative Review of the Literature

Research in psychopharmacology in children and adolescents is an area of growing interest with numerous newer modalities becoming available in recent years. Nevertheless, it still lags significantly behind research in adult psychopharmacology although, in the last decade, the gap is beginning to be bridged with FDA approval for newer agents for the paediatric age group. The purpose of this selective narrative review is to examine the latest advances in psychopharmacology in the last decade and their safety, tolerability and applicability in children and adolescents. In methodology, we identified 4 main areas of recent advances in psychopharmacology, viz. Ketamine, Nitrous Oxide, Cannabidiol and cannabis derivates and the area of pharmacogenomics. We then conducted a comprehensive search of the literature using PubMed, Embase and Ovid databases to identify the most recent updates in these areas, especially focussed on the paediatric population. The search was limited to English language studies and focussed on recent updates in these four areas. In the results, it was seen that all the four identified areas have potential applicability in children and adolescents with some studies evaluating their safety and tolerability in the paediatric population. However, literature on the long-term safety and efficacy of these newer modalities in the paediatric population is limited and none of the identified agents are currently recommended for routine clinical use in children and adolescents. Overall, it could be concluded that the results of this selective narrative review suggest that newer modalities in psychopharmacology offer promising treatments for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. However, further research is needed to fully understand the long-term safety and efficacy of these treatments as well as optimal dosing and monitoring strategies to ensure their safe and effective use in the paediatric population.

Clinical Practice Guidelines for Assessment and Management of Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder.

Clinical Practice Guidelines for Assessment and Management of Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder.

Cognitive deficit in children (literature review)

In the review article, the authors provide the definition of the term «cognitive deficit», epidemiology and possible etiological and pathogenic pathways of child psychiatric disorders, accompanied by cognitive dysfunction, as well as experimental psychological methods which are used to diagnose cognitive deficit. Reasons which lead to cognitive deficit in children are diverse and include almost all neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, developmental delay, autism and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. The prevalence of psychiatric conditions accompanied by cognitive impairment is extremely high, in spite of substantial achievement in psychopharmacology and rehabilitation. Meanwhile, preservation of human cognitive functioning is the most important mission of the heath-care system.