Psychiatric Disorders In People Research Articles

The effect of cognitive behavioural therapy on depression, anxiety, and stress in women with HIV

ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA Nobakht A, Mohraz M, Rahimzadeh M, Tehranizadeh M, Moghadam Z, Saeieh S. The effect of cognitive behavioural therapy on depression, anxiety, and stress in women with HIV. HIV & AIDS Review. International Journal of HIV-Related Problems. 2018;17(3):218-223. doi:10.5114/hivar.2018.78495. APA Nobakht, A., Mohraz, M., Rahimzadeh, M., Tehranizadeh, M., Moghadam, Z., & Saeieh, S. (2018). The effect of cognitive behavioural therapy on depression, anxiety, and stress in women with HIV. HIV & AIDS Review. International Journal of HIV-Related Problems, 17(3), 218-223. https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2018.78495 Chicago Nobakht, Atefeh, Minoo Mohraz, Mitra Rahimzadeh, Maryam Tehranizadeh, Zahra Behboodi Moghadam, and Sara Esmaelzadeh Saeieh. 2018. "The effect of cognitive behavioural therapy on depression, anxiety, and stress in women with HIV". HIV & AIDS Review. International Journal of HIV-Related Problems 17 (3): 218-223. doi:10.5114/hivar.2018.78495. Harvard Nobakht, A., Mohraz, M., Rahimzadeh, M., Tehranizadeh, M., Moghadam, Z., and Saeieh, S. (2018). The effect of cognitive behavioural therapy on depression, anxiety, and stress in women with HIV. HIV & AIDS Review. International Journal of HIV-Related Problems, 17(3), pp.218-223. https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2018.78495 MLA Nobakht, Atefeh et al. "The effect of cognitive behavioural therapy on depression, anxiety, and stress in women with HIV." HIV & AIDS Review. International Journal of HIV-Related Problems, vol. 17, no. 3, 2018, pp. 218-223. doi:10.5114/hivar.2018.78495. Vancouver Nobakht A, Mohraz M, Rahimzadeh M, Tehranizadeh M, Moghadam Z, Saeieh S. The effect of cognitive behavioural therapy on depression, anxiety, and stress in women with HIV. HIV & AIDS Review. International Journal of HIV-Related Problems. 2018;17(3):218-223. doi:10.5114/hivar.2018.78495.

Psychiatric and behavioral comorbidities in epilepsy: A critical reappraisal.

Psychiatric and behavioral disorders are important aspects of epilepsy and have received increasing attention in the last several years. The literature upon which most of the field relies contains some biases that must be carefully examined and resolved in future studies. First, in the pediatric epilepsy literature, many reports find that children with epilepsy have high levels of behavioral and psychiatric disorders when compared to appropriate controls. Most of these studies rely on parent-proxy completed instruments to assess these behavioral endpoints. Parents' reports are not objective but reflect parents' reactions and emotions. Increasing evidence suggests inherent biases in proxy reports and highlights the need to assess children directly. Second, periictal phenomena may be mischaracterized as underlying mood disorders. Third, many studies report elevated levels of psychiatric morbidity before and after the diagnosis of epilepsy, suggesting an inherent relation between the two types of disorders. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, while widely recognized as posing a diagnostic dilemma in the clinic, may account for some of these research findings. Diagnostic errors between epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures need careful consideration when evaluating studies demonstrating associations between psychiatric disorders and epilepsy or poorer seizure control in association with psychiatric disorders in people who have epilepsy. Mental health concerns are important for everyone. An accurate, undistorted understanding of the relation between mental health disorders and epilepsy is essential to ensure appropriate therapy and to avoid unnecessary and potentially harmful treatments and common misconceptions.

Prevalence of psychopathological features in intellectual diability: The Italian SPAID-G multicentric study

IntroductionDespite increasing awareness of high prevalence of psychiatric disorders in people with intellectual disability (ID), diagnostic tools are few and scarcely used in daily practice. SPAID-G (psychiatric instrument for the intellectually disabled adult-general version) is the first Italian for carrying out psychiatric diagnostic orientations in adults with ID. It was designed to be easy and quick instrument for daily clinical practice.Objectives/AimsThe present study was aimed at evaluating psychometric and psychodiagnostic characteristics of the SPAID-G and at supplying new data on the prevalence rate of psychiatric disorders in a multicentric Italian sample of people with ID living in different settings.MethodsThe SPAID-G was consecutively administered to more than 800 persons with ID attending residential, rehabilitative or clinical services across Italy. A part of the sample was also assessed for psychopathology through the use of DASH-II, PDD-MRS and clinically diagnosed in accordance to DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 criteria.ResultsSPAID internal consistency, inter-rater reliability and concordance with DASH-II and PDD-MRS resulted to be good. Around 40% of the sample was assessed to have a cluster of psychopathological symptoms that could be consistent with a psychiatric diagnosis. Autism, impulse control disorder and personality disorder resulted to be the most frequent over threshold scores.ConclusionsThe SPAID-G seems to be a valid and cost-effective screening tool for the psychiatric assessment within the Italian population with ID.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Behavioural equivalents as predictors of psychiatric disorder in people with intellectual disability

IntroductionThe last decades’ considerable advances of the psychiatric assessment in People with Intellectual Disability (PwID) do not include the ability to identify Behavioural Equivalents (BE) of psychiatric symptoms and their relationship with different psychiatric syndromes. Recent reports have found BE to be differentially associated with one or more specific Psychiatric Disorders (PD).AimsThe present study was aimed at evaluating the correlations between BE and DSM-5 syndromic groups of symptoms, in a wide multicentric sample of PwID.MethodsAn observational cross-sectional analysis was performed for a sample of 843 adults with ID, randomly or consecutively recruited among those living in residential facilities of the National Healthcare System, or in private institutes of care, or those attending psychiatric outpatient clinics. The total sample was administered with the SPAID-G (Psychiatric Instrument for Intellectual Disabled Adult - General version), which is a checklist for the detection of significant behavioural changes from the baseline. The items of the checklist represents BE of the symptoms of the main psychiatric disorders included in the DSM-5.ResultsMany significant correlations were found, some of the most relevant were for mood disorders. Psychomotor agitation, aggressivity, disorganised behaviour and distractibility were most pronounced in bipolar patients; for depressed patients, irritability and weight loss had higher correlations than in other diagnostic groups.ConclusionsAlthough not diagnostically specific, some BE seem to be more strongly related with specific PD. This line of research could improve the definition of the specific expression and clustering of psychiatric symptoms in PwID.

Context and tension in psychiatric diagnoses in people with intellectual disabilities: Challenges and responses

ABSTRACTPeople with intellectual disabilities are more likely than the general population to experience psychiatric disorders. Service provision changes in New Zealand, similar to those in other countries, have resulted in increased expectations for primary health practitioners to take responsibility for the assessment and treatment of psychiatric disorders in people with intellectual disabilities. The study explored (via thematic analysis of responses to an online survey, focus group, and an individual interview) challenges that health practitioners (13 psychiatrists, 24 clinical psychologists, 3 general practitioners, and 8 other health practitioners) had experienced when diagnosing psychiatric disorders in people with intellectual disabilities, and how they had overcome these challenges. The study revealed the complexities that health practitioners experience when diagnosing psychiatric difficulties in people with intellectual disabilities. Additionally, a number of strategies to address these challenges emerged.

Understanding Psychiatric Disorders in People With 22q11.2 Deletion and Duplication

Understanding Psychiatric Disorders in People With 22q11.2 Deletion and Duplication

Suicide and depression in the World Health Organization South-East Asia Region: A systematic review

Background Depression is the most common comorbid psychiatric disorder in people who die by suicide and 39% of global suicides occur in the World Health Organization (WHO) South-East Asia Region. The aim of this systematic review was to identify, for countries of this region, first the prevalence of depression among people who (i) die by, or (ii) attempt, suicide, and second, the proportion of people with depression who attempt or die by suicide. Methods PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE and Google Scholar were searched, together with five available national databases, for quantitative research papers published in English between 1956 and 4 September 2016 from the 11 countries of the WHO South-East Asia Region. Results The 19 articles that met the predefined eligibility criteria were from five countries: Bangladesh (1), India (12), Indonesia (1), Sri Lanka (3) and Thailand (2); no eligible papers from the remaining countries of the region were retrieved. Eight studies, from Bangladesh, India, Indonesia and Sri Lanka, reported the prevalence of depression among people who had died by suicide. The study settings varied, as did the proportion of depression recorded (6.9-51.7%), and the study sample sizes ranged from 27 to 372. Eight studies from India and one from Sri Lanka investigated depression among people who had attempted suicide. Using a range of screening and diagnostic tools, the reported prevalence of depression ranged between 22.0% and 59.7%. The study sample sizes ranged from 56 to 949. Only two articles were found, both from Thailand, that reported on suicide in people with depression. Conclusion Despite the high burden of mortality of suicide in the WHO South-East Asia Region, evidence on the relation between suicide and depression is scarce. There is a need to understand this phenomenon better, in order to inform suicide-prevention strategies in the region.

Lithoum use in the treatment of mental retardation comorbid with bipolar disorder: Two case reports

Mental Retardation (MR) is a spectrum of disorders characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning which could result from a range of etiological factors. The prevalence of MR in the community is estimated to be about 1%. Presentation of psychiatric disorders in people with MR could be different from general population. Limited behavioral repertoire, cognitive capacity and communication difficulties can lead to atypical presentation of mental disorders. The prevalence figures for bipolar disorder in people with MR range from 0.9% to 4.8%. Considering the fact that vast majority of these patients are on antipsychotics, which can suppress some affective symptoms, it is possible that many cases with bipolar diagnosis are overlooked or are difficult to confirm. In these case reports, clinical presentation of two adult patients with bipolar disorder and their successful treatment with lithium is presented. We aim to raise awareness of bipolar disorder comorbidity, its atypical presentation and response to Lithium in this patient group.

The Assessment of Psychiatric Disorders in Intellectual Disability: The State of the Art

Intellectual Disability (ID) represents a meta-syndromic group of several different conditions, each one with specific cognitive and communication features. This constitutes one the main reason for which the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders in adults with ID is challenging. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive and updated state of art on the assessment of psychiatric disorders in people with ID. In order to accomplish this goal, authors performed a systematic literature mapping trying to answer to the following questions: what are the issues in the psychiatric diagnostic process for adults with ID? What methods and procedures have been used for psychiatric assessment in ID? To date, is it possible to identify the most effective diagnostic procedures? Results indicated that the main critical issues in the psychiatric diagnostic process were the following: the identification of psychiatric symptoms, the behavioural equivalents, the diagnostic criteria, the setting, the source of information, the screening and diagnostic instruments. An increasing interest in screening instruments for providing appropriate diagnosis for people with ID has been noted in the recent years. For this reason, available assessment tools have been briefly indicated, with their strengths and weaknesses. Although the recent advances, more research is needed in order to increase diagnostic accuracy in this heterogeneous group of patients.

Diagnosing psychiatric disorders in people with intellectual disabilities: issues and achievements

Purpose – Diagnosing psychiatric disorders (PD) in adults with Intellectual Disability (ID) presents several issues and need specific skills and tools. The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed description of the current status of art through a systematic mapping of the literature. Design/methodology/approach – The authors reviewed the international literature on the basis of the following questions: what are the issues in the psychiatric diagnostic process for adults with ID? What methods and procedures have been used for psychiatric assessment in ID? To date, is it possible to identify some most effective procedures? Findings – The analysis of the literature indicates that main issues of the psychiatric diagnostic process in adults with ID are the following: identification of psychiatric symptoms, behavioural equivalents, diagnostic criteria, setting, source of information, screening, and diagnostic tools. The evidence base is only emerging and although many relevant achievements have been reached in the last two decades, no definitive guideline has been produced. Most recent acquisition also allowed to identify some assessment procedures that are currently considered the most effective. Individualised assessment remains the best way to meet the needs of this heterogeneous and variable patient group. Originality/value – This paper offers a comprehensive and updated description of current achievements and issues towards the assessment of PD in people with ID.

Cortisol Supplement Combined with Psychotherapy and Citalopram Improves Depression Outcomes in Patients with Hypocortisolism after Traumatic Brain Injury.

Depression is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in people with Traumatic brain injury (TBI). Depression after TBI is closely related with social and psychological factors and hypothalamic-pituitary -adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding effective treatment approaches for depression. A total of 68 patients with depression following closed TBI were recruited. Glasgow Coma Scale score (GCS) was employed to demonstrate the severity of neurological deficits and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was employed to measure functional outcome after TBI. The severity of depression was quantified using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) in line with DSM-IV. Citalopram and Prednisone were administered to subjects with normal cortisol levels or hypocortisolism separately, based on psychotherapeutic interventions. We investigated the relationship between degree of depression of TBI patients and the severity and progression of TBI with the therapeutic effects of Citalopram in combination with psychotherapeutic and Prednisone in depressed patients. There was no relationship between the severity of depression and the severity and progression of TBI. The basic treatment of psychotherapeutic interventions could partially relieve depressive symptoms. Combination of psychotherapeutic support and Citalopram significantly improved depressive symptoms in patients with normal cortisol levels, but not in hypocortisolic patients. Combination of Prednisone administration with psychotherapeutic treatment and Citalopram significantly improved depression outcome in hypocortisolic patients after TBI. Hypocortisolism after TBI may regulate depression. Combination of Prednisone with psychotherapeutic treatment and Citalopram may provide better therapeutic effects in depression patients with hypocortisolism after TBI.

Diabetes and psychiatric illness in the total population of Stockholm

ObjectiveConcomitant psychiatric disorders in people with diabetes affect morbidity and mortality. We aimed to study psychiatric morbidity in people with diabetes and the general population using administrative health care data in Stockholm County. MethodsThe study population included all living persons who resided in Stockholm County, Sweden, on January 1, 2011 (N=2,058,408). Subjects with a diagnosis of diabetes were identified with data from all consultations in primary health care, specialist outpatient care and inpatient care during the time span 2009–2013. As outcome, information was obtained on all consultations due to any psychiatric diagnosis as well as, specifically, schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, depression, and anxiety disorders, in 2011–2013. Analyses were performed by age group and gender. Age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for women and men with diabetes, using individuals without diabetes as referents, were calculated. ResultsAge-adjusted OR for all psychiatric diagnoses among people with diabetes was 1.296 (95% CI 1.267–1.326) for women and 1.399 (95% CI 1.368–1.432) for men. The greatest excess risk was found for schizophrenia, with OR 3.439 (95% CI 3.057–3.868) in women and 2.787 (95% CI 2.514–3.089) in men, with ORs between 1.276 (95% CI 1.227–1.327) and 1.714 (95% CI 1.540–1.905) for the remaining diagnoses. ConclusionThe prevalence of psychiatric disorders is elevated in people with diabetes, which calls for preventive action to be taken to minimize suffering and costs to society.

Psychiatric disorders in people with intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder)

Persons with intellectual disability come into frequent and underreported contact with the legal system. Advances in forensic psychiatry help better identify persons with intellectual disability in forensic contexts, inform evaluation and treatment, and elucidate unique characteristics of this population. With the release of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), forensic psychiatrists must adjust to changes in the diagnostic process. This review examines the past year's contributions to the literature, including predictors among offenders with intellectual disability, concurrent diagnoses, efficacy of competence restoration, means of studying individuals with intellectual disability, and impact of DSM-5. Impoverished personal relationships are found to be an important predictor of offense among persons with intellectual disability. A Personality Disorder Characteristics Checklist allows screening for personality disorders (indicative of increased risk of violence) among intellectual disability offenders. Referrals to specialists for treatment more often occur for violent and sexual offenses than for other offenses. Competence restoration is historically low among those with intellectual disability, specially compared with those referred for substance abuse and personality disorders. However, the Slater Method results in higher rates of restoration than traditional training methods. DSM-5 alters the definition of intellectual disability, moving from an IQ-oriented diagnosis system to a multifaceted approach, introducing more flexibility and nuance.

Concordance of the Mini‐Psychiatric Assessment Schedule for Adults who have Developmental Disabilities (PASADD) and the Brief Symptom Inventory

When assessing the mental health needs of people who have intellectual disabilities (ID) it is important to use measures that have good validity and reliability to ensure accurate case recognition and reliable and valid outcome data. Measures developed for this purpose tend to be self-report or by informant report. Multi-trait screening tools developed to identify psychological and psychiatric disorders in people who have ID tend to be informant based. Research examining the concordance of different tools has found this to be high but not for specific diagnoses. Multi-trait self-report measures are fewer and have not been compared with informant approaches. This study aims to examine the concordance between two multi-trait measures of mental health used with people who have ID. One administered to informants [the Mini-Psychiatric Assessment Schedule for Adults who have Developmental Disabilities (PASADD)] and one self-report [Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)] The measures were completed with 109 adults who have ID and with someone who knows them well. Level of agreement across the four scales in common was good for three. The poorest convergence was for the obsessive compulsive disorder sub-scales. However, a high level of concordance was found between most sub-scales. The BSI and the PASSAD seem to be good indicators of psychiatric problems and psychological distress; however, similar to other multi-trait measures they did not demonstrate appropriate specificity for particular disorders.

Towards the Prevention of Behavioural and Psychiatric Disorders in People with Intellectual Disabilities

Intervention for behavioural and psychiatric disorders in people with intellectual disabilities often only takes place once these conditions are well established and more resistant to change. As an alternative, this paper promotes a public health prevention model and maps out opportunities for intervention at primary, secondary and tertiary levels. The resulting model is partly derived from generic research into these issues and partly on specific evidence on interventions for people with intellectual disabilities; it also contains more theoretical considerations. The additional research that is necessary to demonstrate the efficacy of the interventions identified is also considered. Central to this proposal is a greater integration of issues for people with intellectual disabilities within much broader policy and research agendas.

The Coexistence of Psychiatric Disorders and Intellectual Disability in Children Aged 3–18 Years in the Barwani District, India

Background. The coexistence of psychiatric disorders in people with intellectual disability (ID) is common. This study determined the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children with ID in Barwani, India. Method. A total of 262 children with ID were evaluated for psychiatric disorders using the diagnostic criteria outlined in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Results. Psychiatric disorders appeared in study participants at the following rates: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 6.5%; autism, 4.2%; anxiety, 2.7%; bipolar disorder, 1.1%; delusional disorder, 0.8%; depression, 2.3%; obsessive-compulsive disorder, 0.8%; schizophrenia, 1.9%; enuresis, 10.3%; epilepsy, 23.7%; and behavioral problems, 80.9%. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was statistically higher in severely intellectually disabled children (IQ ≤ 49) than mildly intellectually disabled children (IQ ≥ 50). Conclusions. There is a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children with ID when their IQ ≤ 49 compared with ID children whose IQ ≥ 50.

Intellectual Disability and Mental Ill Health: A View of Australian Research

This general review situates Australian research within a framework that quantifies and describes mental health needs of the population with intellectual disabilities across the life span, surveys service provision, and develops the evidence base to inform clinicians regarding assessment and management of psychopathology and psychiatric disorder in people with intellectual disabilities. In particular, Australian research has examined the prevalence, nature, associated factors, and trajectory of clinically significant psychopathology from childhood to adulthood. The Developmental Behavior Checklist and a suite of versions, including an adult version, have proven to be robust instruments in identifying and describing psychopathology in people with intellectual disabilities. Australian researchers have also examined aspects of psychiatric assessment in a population with cognitive and communication impairments, which has direct relevance to clinical practice. Surveys and audits of policy, real-life practice, and service structure and provision have identified serious deficiencies in the training of health professionals and the provision of mental health care to people of all ages with intellectual disabilities and mental ill health. In light of the weight of the evidence, state and federal governments are developing new service models and there are increasing opportunities for professional education and training.

2024 – Psychopharmacological treatment in psychiatric patients with HIV

Nearly 33 millions of people are infected by the Human Imunodeficiency Virus (HIV) all over the world. According to the available scientific literature, there is a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders in people infected with HIV, compared to the general population, but these patients are often underdiagnosed. In fact, about 50% of the patients with HIV had a psychiatric disorder and only 50% of these patients received a psychopharmacological treatment. Furthermore many studies proved the necessity to treat properly these psychiatric patients with HIV. Effectively, when the Mental Health of Psychiatric patients with HIV are not controlled, the mortality by HIV increases dramatically. Moreover, due to the use of the antiretrovirals and the existence of drug interactions, treating this kind of psychiatric patient is a challenge. The aim of this work is to present the psychiatric treatments which are available for the psychiatric patients with HIV, after a complete analysis of various scientific articles about this theme. Having knowledges in this area is important due to the crescent number of cases of HIV and also due to existence of drug interactions which can threaten the safety of these patients.

Mental health and challenging behaviour: an overview of research and practice

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to explore the current evidence base in understanding the relationship between mental health and challenging behaviour in people with intellectual disabilities.Design/methodology/approachThe article discusses how challenging behaviour is associated with psychiatric disorders. Common aetiological factors between challenging behaviour and psychiatric disorders and diagnostic issues are considered. The article ends with a review of the assessment and management of challenging behaviour within the context of mental health.FindingsSeveral studies have highlighted common aetiological factors that are responsible for challenging behaviour and psychiatric disorders in people with intellectual disabilities, and although there is an overlap in the symptoms, both are thought to be different phenomena. Treatment of the psychiatric disorder should ameliorate the challenging behaviour, although a functional analysis of the behaviour may still be required in order to understand the purpose of the behaviour. There is evidence for a range of different treatment approaches.Originality/valueThe article will assist professionals working with people with intellectual disabilities to understand the complex relationship between mental health and challenging behaviour. It also gives guidance on principles of management of people with complex mental health and behavioural needs.

Neural mechanisms of social risk for psychiatric disorders

Mental health and social life are intimately inter-related, as demonstrated by the frequent social deficits of psychiatric patients and the increased rate of psychiatric disorders in people exposed to social environmental adversity. Here, we review emerging evidence that combines epidemiology, social psychology and neuroscience to bring neural mechanisms of social risk factors for mental illness into focus. In doing so, we discuss existing evidence on the effects of common genetic risk factors in social neural pathways and outline the need for integrative approaches to identify the converging mechanisms of social environmental and genetic risk in brain.