Guava Psidium Research Articles

Synthesis Edible Film Chitosan/Polyethylene Glycol/ Carboxymethylcellulose with Lemongrass Oils as Insect Ovipositing Repellent

Chitosan is a long linear chain polymer that has biodegradable properties. Chitosan can be found naturally in marine and terrestrial environments. However, chitosan as an edible film has brittle and weak properties. Therefore, addition of plasticizers such as polyethylene glycol and also emulsifiers such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) could improve the chitosan properties. In this study, the potency of modified chitosan as an edible film will be tested as an Insect Ovipositing Repellent (IOR) against B. carambolae fruit fly, which is known as one of the main pests on fruits in Southern East Asia. Chitosan-based films plasticized with polyethylene glycol, emulsified with carboxymethylcellulose and lemongrass oils as essential oils were prepared. Then the films was characterized; intermolecular interactions were determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the mechanical properties such as elongation, tensile strength, the thickness was tested using universal testing machine (UTM). Guava (Psidium guajava L), as a sample was used for testing the potential of chitosan film as IOR against the B. carambolae fruit fly. The addition of CMC and lemongrass oils to the chitosan/PEG films increased tensile strength and reduced elongation at break of the blended films. The best film resulted from composite of Chitosan/PEG/CMC/Lemongrass oil with a ratio of 1%/0.5%/0.1%/2%, and it is active as fruit fly repellent with IOA and ER of -0.745 and 85.412%, respectively.

Partitioning of dry matter and minerals in Kenyan common guava under salt stress: implications for selection of adapted accessions for saline soils

ABSTRACTCommon guava (Psidium guajava L.) is valued for its fruit, which is a source of vitamins, minerals, and natural antioxidants. However, guava production faces salinity challenges globally. Salinity through sodium chloride (NaCl) – 0 mM (control), 10/20 mM (low), 20/40 mM (medium), and 40/80 mM (high) – supplied through a standard Hoagland nutrient solution to 10 genetically diverse guava accessions from Kenya was investigated. Leaf number and dry matter (DM) were significantly reduced at the medium and high salinity levels while root DM remained similar. Root water content increased with rising salinity levels, whereas leaf water content was significantly reduced at the high NaCl level. A decrease in the leaf potassium/sodium (K/Na) and calcium/sodium (Ca/Na) ratios with increasing salinity was observed, possibly due to the high accumulation of Na rather than to the replacement of K and Ca. Leaf phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) decreased with increasing salinity. Leaf boron (B) and iron (Fe) were significantly reduced only at the high salinity level. Differences among the accessions relative to the accumulation of Na were observed and positively correlated with the DM. Thus, the ability to maintain more DM under salt stress could serve as an indicator for salinity tolerance in Kenyan guava.

Effectiveness of Psidium guajava to increase hemoglobin and hematocrit levels of third trimester in pregnancy

A decrease in one or more parameters of red blood cells: hemoglobin concentrate, hematocrit or the total amount of red blood cells is called anemia. Coverage of iron supplements programme in Indonesia has not reached the goals, so additional supplements are needed to increase hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. Test results showed that on 100 mg red Psidium guajava contained vitamin C as much as 12,3 mg and 79,9 mg on white Psidium guajava. This study used quasi experiment, pre and posttest design. Hemoglobin and Hematocrit levels were analyzed using a photometer automated hematology analyzer, with research carried out for 7 days. The results showed an increase in Hemoglobin levels in respondents given red Psidium guajava at 0,3 gr/dl and in respondents given white Psidium guajava at 0,6 gr/dl. Hematocrit levels in respondents given red Psidium guava decreased by 0,35% and 0,25% in respondents given white Psidium guava. Wilcoxon test shows there is an increase in Hemoglobin levels but there is no effect on Hemotocrit levels with responden given red and white Psidium guajava. By using Mann Whitney test, p value of 0,303 was obtained, which means there was no differences in respondents given red and white Psidium guajava. Clinical conclusion is white Psidium guajava is better on improving the value of hemoglobin levels and helps the absorption of iron in pregnant women’s third trimester.

The phenolic compounds, tocopherols, and phytosterols in the edible oil of guava (Psidium guava) seeds obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction

An edible oil was obtained from guava seeds by supercritical CO2 extraction. The oil was characterized by its fatty acid composition, physicochemical properties, and the contents of phenolic, miscellaneous, phytosterol, and tocopherol compounds. The oil, obtained with a yield of 8.6 ± 1.2 g oil/100 g guava seeds, had a high content of linoleic acid (78.5 %, w/w), followed by that of oleic acid (13.8 %, w/w). The guava seed oil had physicochemical properties comparable to those published in previous research, except for the low stability to oxidation. The chromatographic profile of the phenolic and miscellaneous compounds was dominated by vanillin (9.6 ± 0.3 mg/100 g oil) and cinnamaldehyde (9.4 ± 0.2 mg/100 g oil), followed by vanillic acid (3.9 ± 0.4 mg/100 g oil), cinnamic acid (2.4 ± 0.1 mg/100 g oil), and minor amounts of other phenolic aldehydes. Among the phytosterols and tocopherols, β-sitosterol (1048.9 ± 48.4 mg/100 g oil) and γ-tocopherol (82.6 ± 3.7 mg/100 g oil) were the most abundant. The low oxidative stability of the oil compared to that published in previous reports might reflect the high complexity of this matrix. This oil might have applications, directly or after blending with more stable edible oils.

Postharvest Application of Moringa Gum and Cinnamon Essential Oil as Edible Herbal Coating for Extending Shelf Life and Quality of Guava Psidium Guajava

In recent years, the use of various chemicals before and after harvest has become common to boost shelf life. However, the use of these chemicals has its own drawbacks, as some of them are considered to be harmful to the environment and also unfeasible. The main objective of this study is to use edible herbal coating formulations based on Moringa gum [MG] (Concentration: 1, 2 3, 4 and 5 %) and cinnamon essential oil (1 %) for the enhancement of quality and lifespan of guava kept at room temperature for 15 days by applying two methods of coating; dipping and brushing. The guava was dipped and brushed in MG solution for 2 minutes. Analyses of the guavas were done at every 3 days interval. The treatment C3D (Concentration 3 %; dipping) showed the minimum shrinkage index (13.34 %), Physiological Weight Loss [PWL] (27.09 %), fungal decay (70 %), pH (3.76), Total Soluble Solids (TSS) (11.14 °B), mesophilic microbial count (6.73 log CFU/g) as compared to the other samples. The maximum firmness (190.72 N), Titratable Acidity [TA] (0.28 g/L), antioxidant content (15.58 %) and phenolic content (15.93 mg GAE/g) were also observed in C3D coated guavas. These findings indicate that usage of C3D MG coating was successful in maintaining the physiochemical properties of guava and in preserving the fruit's sensory qualities. Future studies would benefit the industries on the utilization of MG for postharvest management of fruits and vegetables as a healthy alternative to chemical fungicides.

Çeşitli Biyoaktivatör Uygulamalarının Çarkıfelek ve Guava Bitkilerinin Fidan Gelişimi Üzerine Etkileri

Passifloraceae familyasında yer alan çarkıfelek bitkisi dünyada meyve olarak tüketiminin yanında tıbbi amaçlı ve süs bitkisi olarak da kullanılabilmektedir. Besin deposu olarak adlandırılan guava (Psidium guajava L.) meyveleri ise hem taze hem de işlenmiş olarak tüketilmektedir. Tıbbi önemi ve besleyicilik değerleri yüksek olan, ülkemizde yetiştiriciliği sadece ılıman güney sahillerinde yapılabilen çarkıfelek ve guava bitkilerinin meyvelerinin ihracat potansiyelinin bulunması, bu bitkilere ticari önem kazandırmaktadır. Bu çalışma bazı biyoaktivatör uygulamalarının çarkıfelek ve guava bitkilerinin fidan büyüme ve gelişime kriterleri üzerine olan etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneme 2018-2019 yılları arasında sera koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada bitkisel materyal olarak Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Araştırma ve Deneme Alanında, tohumdan çimlendirilerek elde edilen çöğürler kullanılmıştır. Biyoaktivatör olarak Messenger, Crop-set ve ISR-2000 isimli 3 farklı ticari preparat kullanılmıştır. Uygulamaların bitkilerin büyüme ve gelişmesine olan etkisini belirleyebilmek amacıyla haftalık olarak gövde boyu (cm), gövde çapı (mm) ve yaprak sayısı (adet/bitki) ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, çarkıfelek bitkisinde en yüksek ortalama gövde boyu (10,17 cm), gövde çapı (13,56 mm) ISR-2000 uygulamasında ulaşıldığı tayin edilmiştir. Guava bitkisinde ise Messenger uygulamasından en yüksek ortalama gövde boyu (11,93 cm), gövde çapı (16,44 mm) ve yaprak sayısı (9,07 adet/bitki) değerlerine ulaşılmıştır. Elde dilen sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde, çarkıfelek fidanı yetiştiriciliğinde ISR-2000 biyoaktivatörünün, guava fidanı yetiştiriciliği için ise Messenger biyoaktivatörünün uygulanabileceğini tavsiye edilmektedir.

Alternative Control of Alternaria Brown Spot in Tangerine

Alternaria brown spot is considered the main disease of tangerines in the State of Paraiba. The objective of work was to evaluate vegetal tinctures from bitter melon (Momordica charantia) and guava (Psidium guajava) leaves, as an alternative control for Alternaria brown spot in tangerine. The effects of vegetal tinctures were tested in leaves and fruits (detached) of tangerine “Dancy” inoculated with tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata. The effect of tinctures on mycelium growth and spore germination of the pathogen was tested. Tinctures at 20% concentration promoted reduction of disease severity. A reduction of 80% in the diameter of leaf lesions was observed for bitter melon tinctures and 75.3% for guava tinctures. In fruits, the reduction was 48.4% (bitter melon tinctures) and 43.3% (guava tinctures). Guava tinctures, starting at a concentration of 5%, inhibited 100% of mycelium growth of tangerine pathotype of A. alternata, while the use of bitter melon tinctures inhibited 100% of mycelium growth starting at a concentration of 10%. The greater sensitivity to tinctures observed when these were added to the culture medium when compared to inoculation in leaves and fruits may be explained due to the higher exposition of the pathogen to the active principle when the vegetal tinctures were added to the culture medium, than when tinctures were sprayed over the vegetal surface in fruits and leaves. The number of germinated spores decreases 76.7% and 82% when using tinctures from guava and bitter melon (20%). Tinctures from bitter melon and guava are potential tools for alternative management of the Alternaria brown spot in tangerine “Dancy”.

Synergistic Effect of Leaf Extracts of Ficus hispida and Psidium guajava for Anti-Diabetic Activity on Wistar Rats

Ficus hispida (tropical fig tree) is a moderate sized tree which is commonly known as devil fig, traditionally used in the ailment of pain, inflammation, and neurological disorders. Psidium guajava (Guava/peru)is a wellknown tropical tree and also used as a folk herbal tea used to treat diabetes and leaves were used as astringent, anodyne, febrifuge, antispasmodic, tonic, in wounds, cholera, lactagouge, diarrhoea, vomiting and variety of diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery, hypertension, gastroenteritis, diabetes, cough, oral ulcers etc., The aim of the present study is set out to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of ficus hispida and psidium guajava on streptozocin induced diabetized rats. The leaf extracts at a dose of 100mg/kg were screened for their blood glucose lowering effectamong streptozocin induced diabetized rats and the blood samples were collected through the tail vein from which blood glucose levels were determinedat 0h, 1h, 2h and 4hafter administration of test samples. Both the leaf extracts of Ficus hispida and Psidium guajava produced significant (p 0.01) decrease in the blood glucose levels. The ethanolic extract of leaves of Ficus hispida and Psidium guava produced synergistic effect when compared with standard by showing an effective response on diabetic rats. These plants supported the folk fore claim of anti-diabetic activity. Further investigations are needed for the proper identification and isolation of these bioactive compounds to produce safer drugs for treatment of harmful diseases.

Macroinvertebrate colonisation associated with native and invasive leaf litter decomposition

Lake and reservoir ecosystems are regarded as heterotrophic detritus-based habitats which are dependent on both autochthonous and allochthonous organic matter for the majority of energy inputs. In particular, allochthonous detritus is in particular important for the trophic dynamics of microbial organisms, macroinvertebrates and benthic plants in freshwaters. Here, we assess macroinvertebrate colonisation, and quantify decomposition rates, of leaf litter from species of native and invasive plants in a small agricultural reservoir. Native fig Ficus sycomorus and silver cluster–leaf Terminalia sericea were compared to invasive tickberry Lantana camara and guava Psidium guajava, whereby macroinvertebrate colonisation was assessed over time. Leaf treatments had a significant, group-specific effect on abundances and composition among focal macroinvertebrates. Invasive leaves reduced Physidae and Oligochaeta abundances, yet Ostracoda were significantly more abundant in the presence of invasive P. guajava. Chironomidae relative abundances increased under invasive L. camara treatments, whilst differences among leaf treatment effects on Coenogrionidae abundances were not statistically clear. In turn, macroinvertebrate diversity did not differ significantly among plant treatment groups. The decomposition rate of the leaf litter demonstrated differences among the species, following a decreasing order of L. camara > F. sycomorus > T. sericea > P. guajava. The study results highlight that leaf litter species identity among invasive and native plants plays an important role in the colonisation of macroinvertebrates in small reservoirs, thereby differentially supporting aquatic environments and food webs. However, differences were not uniform across invader-native groupings. Nonetheless, certain invasive leaf litter decomposes faster than native litter, with possible implications for broader nutrient dynamics and subsequent community composition.

Seedlings of the Invasive Strawberry Guava Psidium cattleianum Were More Sensitive to Defoliation Than the Closely Related Malagasy Native Eugenia goviala in a Simulated Herbivory Experiment

The success of non-native plants in their recipient environments is often attributed to their relatively lower herbivorous attack (i.e., leaf damage). However, whether non-native plants are inherently more tolerant to leaf damage than native ones remains unclear. We conducted a field experiment to test the effects of clipping (25%, 50%, and 75% leaf area loss) on growth (stem height and production of new leaves) of the natural regenerations of invasive strawberry guava Psidium cattleianum (Myrtaceae) and its closely related native, Eugenia goviala (VU, Myrtaceae,), in a degraded forest in Andasibe, Madagascar. Each clipped individual was paired with a neighboring control (0% defoliation). Survival rates after 105 days were high (>93%) for both species and were not related to clipping levels. Eugenia goviala increased stem growth by 98% at 25% clipping but exhibited no response at higher clipping levels. Clipping tended to reduce stem growth in P. cattleianum but effects were only significant at 75% defoliation (46% reduction in stem growth). Defoliation did not affect the production of new leaves but we detected a tendency for P. cattleianum to produce fewer leaves at higher clipping levels. These results indicate a higher sensitivity to defoliation in the invasive strawberry guava compared to its close native relative E. goviala, which does not support the hypothesis that non-native plant species are more tolerant to leaf damage than native ones. Heavy defoliation can represent a substitute for mechanical control of the strawberry guava. Future studies should focus on identifying suitable native herbivores as part of an integrated control program for this invasive species.

A new leafmining pest of guava: Hesperolyra guajavifoliae sp. nov., with comments on the diagnostics of the endemic Neotropical genus Hesperolyra van Nieukerken (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae).

We describe a new pest of guava (Psidium guajava L.), Hesperolyra guajavifoliae Stonis & Vargas, sp. nov., that was recently discovered in western Colombia. Hesperolyra van Nieukerken is a small, Neotropical genus of pygmy moths (Nepticulidae). We re-examine and document the complex morphology of the male genitalia of the generic type species, H. diskusi (Puplesis & Robinson). We discuss the diagnostics and composition of the genus and provide a simple pictorial differentiation scheme for all currently known representatives of the genus. The new species is illustrated with photographs of the adults, some of the immature stages, male and female genitalia, and leaf mines. A link to the COI barcodes of H. guajavifoliaesp. nov. is provided and the relationship of Hesperolyra to other genera is discussed.

Vitamin C, total phenolics, and antioxidant capacity of fruits cultivated in Brazil

This study aimed to determined vitamin C content by capillary electrophoresis, total phenolic content (TPC), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging capacity in fruits of blackberry ( Rubus ulmifolius ), plum ( Prunus domestica ), carambola ( Averrhoa carambola ), cape gooseberry ( Physalis peruviana ), red and yellow guava ( Psidium cattleianum ), acerola ( Malpighia emarginata ), and jabuticaba ( Myrciaria cauliflora ). Among the studied fruits, acerola showed the highest vitamin C concentration (1266.5 ± 13.1 mg 100 g -1 fresh weight (FW)), TPC (666.4 ± 52.6 mg gallic acid equivalent 100 g -1 FW), and antioxidant capacity (1279.0 ± 25.9 mg ascorbic acid equivalent 100 g -1 FW), reinforcing that this fruit is an important natural source of bioactive compounds. The fruits jabuticaba, followed by red and yellow guava, showed intermediated values of TPC (285.4 ± 15.2 to 199.5 ± 10.6 mg gallic acid equivalent 100 g -1 FW) and antioxidant capacity (734.5 ± 5.8 to 362.0 ± 0.3 mg ascorbic acid equivalent 100 g -1 FW), while the fruits carambola and cape gooseberry showed the lowest values of both. Therefore, specially acerola, jabuticaba, red guava, and yellow guava can be considered a supply of bioactive compounds to the diet.

Syrup Formulation Incorporating Herbs for the Hepatotoxicity

The liver is an important organ in the body that is responsible for the proper metabolism of food and drugs. It eliminates waste material and toxins from food with the help of the enzymes like cytochrome P450. Ficus benghalensis is a very well-known plant that is known for its pharmacological properties like antioxidant, hepatoprotective, immune-boosting, anti-diabetic etc. It also has properties like anti-hypertensive and anti-hyperlipidemic. It was already tested for the hepatoprotective activity, and the extract used was ethanol. Psidium guava is a local plant in tropical countries that are harvested for fruits, and all the plant parts have varied pharmacological activities like anti-diabetic, Anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic etc. especially, the leaves of the plant have many significant uses like hepatoprotective which was investigated for the same using methanol extract. The extracts of the Ficus and Guava were incorporated into the syrup formulation, and it was tested for the activity against the hepatotoxicity induced due to the CCl4 and Paracetamol in the albino Wistar rats. The extract and formulation showed a better activity compared to the standard drug.

Red guava juice (Psidium guajava linn.) suppress TGF-β protein expression in secondary hyperuricemia mice (Mus musculus) model

Background: Secondary hyperuricemia can increase the risk of renal dysfunction in the form of fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis mediated by TGF-β signalling. Non-pharmacological therapy through high dietary antioxidant intakes can help in controlling and preventing renal dysfunction by suppressing TGF-β expression. This study aimed to analyse the effect of red guava juice (Psidium Guava Linn.) on TGF-β protein expression in mice (Mus Musculus) kidneys with secondary hyperuricemia model. Method: This was an experimental study with a post-test only design. Forty-eight mice (Mus Musculus) were choosen as samples, which were distributed into six different treatment groups. The mice were induced with potassium oxonate for 14 days and given red guava juice for 21 days. TGF-β protein expression in mice (Mus Musculus) kidneys was identified through immunohistochemistry using TGF-β antibodies. The preparation was observed in the Anatomical Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret using the Olympus XC10 light microscope. Data were statistically analysed using the Kruskal Wallis test, followed by the Post-Hoc Mann Whitney test. Results: The results of this study showed that the administration of red guava juice had a significant effect on TGF-β expression (p = 0.001). There was a significant difference between the negative control treatment and treatment of red guava juice at a dosage of 5 ml/kg/day (p = 0.043).Conclusion: It can be concluded that the administration of red guava juice in mice (Mus Musculus) with secondary hyperuricemia model can suppress TGF-β expression, and therefore, can be used as non-pharmacological therapy.

Competitividad y eficiencia económica de los sistemas de producción de guayaba en Calvillo, Aguascalientes

La producción de guayaba (Psidium guajava) en Calvillo, Aguascalientes, tiene importancia socioeconómica para la entidad y requiere la aplicación de políticas públicas eficientes para mantener o incentivar su crecimiento. El objetivo fue determinar la competitividad, efectos de política y la eficiencia económica de los sistemas de producción de guayaba en el municipio de Calvillo, Aguascalientes. La matriz de análisis de política (MAP) se aplicó a la información técnico-productiva que se obtuvo de 28 encuestas realizadas a productores, estos se clasificaron como tradicionales, intermedios y empresariales. El análisis de los resultados mostró que los tres sistemas de producción son rentables, pero la relación costo privado (RCP) para los productores intermedios tuvo rentabilidad mayor (1.73) que los empresariales (1.64) y los tradicionales (1.38). La relación de costo de los recursos internos (RCRI) fue 0.55 para los productores tradicionales, 0.45 para los intermedios y 0.49 para los empresariales, esto indicó que son económicamente eficientes y, por consiguiente, cuentan con ventaja comparativa. En los tres grupos de productores se evidenció la existencia de desprotección de las políticas económicas a los sistemas de producción en detrimento de su competitividad. La produccion de guayaba en Calvillo, Aguascalientes genera riqueza y contribuye al ahorro de divisas para el país, lo que la convierte en una alternativa productiva para la región.

Identification and description of Fruit fly species associated with different hosts in some Tripoli Fruit Orchards

The present field study was carried out to identify fruit fly species in Tripoli fruit orchards during 2016 – 2017 seasons by using fruit rearing method. Five hosts were examined in this study namely Guava Psidium guajava L. , Pear Pyrus communis، , Plum Prunus cerasifera, pomegranate Punica granatum and Peach Prunus persica The results revealed that three species of fruit flies that belong to family Tephritidae were identified; the Peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zontana (Saunders) and the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemaan), which were found in all fruit trees examined, and Bactrocera sp.that was recorded for the first time on Guava in the area. The fourth fruit fly species recorded was the African fig fly, Zaprionus indianus (Gupta) in pomegranate and Guava fruits.

Leaf inputs from invasive and native plants drive differential mosquito abundances

Ecological impacts of invasive alien species can be unpredictable and simultaneously span multiple habitat types and taxonomic groups. Invasive alien plants can have particularly severe impacts, and plant inputs into aquatic environments can profoundly alter community composition of invertebrates, such as mosquitoes. Here, we examine larval mosquito colonisation of aquatic containers treated with leaves from four different terrestrial plants: the invasive tickberry Lantana camara, invasive guava Psidium guajava, native sycamore fig Ficus sycomorus and native silver cluster-leaf Terminalia sericea. Larval mosquito abundances differed significantly accordingly to leaf treatment, whilst no mosquitoes colonised leaf-free controls. Leaf litter from the invasive L. camara, invasive P. guajava and native F. sycomorus drove significant increases in mosquito abundances relative to native T. sericea. We demonstrate the importance of plant identity for larval mosquito proliferations in aquatic habitats, with changes in plant community composition following terrestrial plant invasions potentially resulting in increased mosquito abundances. In turn, this may have implications for the vectoring of mosquito-borne disease.

Seasonal abundance of major sucking and chewing insects of guava

Seasonal abundances of the sucking insects, namely mealy bug, white fly and scale insects, and chewing insect viz., fruit fly was monitored during September, 2016 to June, 2017 in a guava Psidium guajava orchard. Sucking insect was monitored by weekly observation on the leaves and chewing insect was captured using methyl eugenol trap. The mealy bug, white fly and scale insects were abundant during 4th week of November to 4th week of January and they showed fluctuations in their population. The mealy bug, white fly and scale insects had peak abundance in the 1st week of January, 4th week of November and 1st week of December, respectively. The scale insect revealed significantly higher abundance compared to other sucking insects. Two species of fruit fly, namely Bactrocera tryoni and B. dorsalis were found in the guava orchard and B. tryoni showed significantly higher abundance compared to B. dorsalis both in winter and summer seasons. In winter, B. tryoni reached the peak abundance in the 2nd week of January and their peak abundance in summer occurred in the 1st week of May. The daily mean temperature and relative humidity influenced the abundance of the sucking and chewing insects. Temperature individually contributed 30.0, 59.6, 59.3% abundance and temperature with relative humidity had 34.8, 60.9 and 73.5% abundance on mealy bug, white fly and scale insect, respectively. The effect of temperature on the abundance of fruit fly in winter and summer were 42.6 and 50.3%, respectively and the combined effect of temperature with relative humidity were 68.7% in winter and 61.9% in summer.
 Bangladesh J. Zool. 47(1): 97-105, 2019

ANTI-ULCER AGENTS: A PHARMACOLOGICAL UPDATE OF THE PAST TEN YEARS

New anti-ulcer substances are still vitally necessary for the people of countries such as India and South Africa to avoid high cost of the most prescribed marketed anti-ulcer drugs (proton-pump inhibitors). New candidate against gastric ulcer is also necessary to avoid the potential problem (enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia may be induced) associated with the long-term use of synthetic proton-pump inhibitors. However, the search for the novel entity against ulceration is challenging because of the complexity of the ulcer process and its role in host defense to infections. Nature is the source of remedies for the humankind. Among the different biological activities of the natural products that have been published till date, anti-ulcer is one of the most reported effects. Some single natural products such as curcumin, 1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone, cinnamic acid, thymol, epoxycarvone, and menthol; single synthetic products such as, 4,6-diaryl-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-thiones, 1,4-dihydropyrimidine derivatives, and dihydropyrimidinone and piperidine hybrids; plant products such as Aloe vera, Mangifera indica, Zingiber officinale, Azadirachta indica, Psidium guava, Carica papaya, Panax ginseng, Terminalia chebula, Ocimum sanctum, Daucus carota, and Mimosa pudica, Alpinia galangal; nutraceuticals such as garlic, cauliflower, banana, honey, cucumber, and cod liver oil with anti-ulcer effects have been discussed in this review. A complete review of literature was conducted using different databases on ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. This review is a genuine attempt to explore the past 10 years’ pharmacological update of some anti-ulcer agents.

Validation and Vitamin C Testing in Crystal Guava (Psidium guajava L.) With Variations of Origin With the HPLC Method (High Performance Liquid Chromatography)

Crystal guava contains high vitamin C. Vitamin C is contained in different fruits, one of the factors is the altitude of the fruit plant growing areas. This study aims to determine the level of vitamin C in the slurry of crystal guava flesh with variations of origin using the HPLC method. Samples of crystal guava are obtained from the city of Bogor, Malang, and Gunung Kidul. The samples to be analyzed are prepared as a slurry. Qualitative analysis is done by identification using KMnO4 p.a, FeCl3 p.a, AgNO3 p.a as well as comparing the retention time of the sample with vitamin C. Method validation for system suitability, linearity and precision provide results that are eligible according to the applicable regulations. Quantitative analysis using HPLC with C18 stationary phase, water: methanol mobile phase (95: 5) v/v, flow rate of 1 mL/min, and run time of 7.5 minutes. Qualitative analysis by using KMnO4, FeCl3, AgNO3, and retention time (tR) shows positive results of the vitamin C existence. The average levels of vitamin C from Bogor, Malang, and Gunung Kidul, equal to (0.4139 ± 0.004) mg/mL; (0.6746 ± 0.03) mg/mL; and 0.8608 ± 0.002 mg/mL respectively.