Pseudosasa Japonica Research Articles

First Discovery of Stereostratum corticioides Causing Rust on the Culm of the Bamboo Pseudosasa japonica

A fungus strain <i>Stereostratum corticioides</i> PKVL1, belonging to the family <i>Pucciniaceae</i> that causes rust in plants, was discovered on the sheath of the bamboo <i>Pseudosasa japonica</i> leading to the death of the infected bamboo in the following year. Microscopic observation of the yellow fungal mass revealed teliospores with an oval, one-septate (two-celled) structure. The average length and width of teliospores were 31.83±3.57 μm and 20.74±1.72 μm, respectively. The large-subunit ribosomal RNA gene was amplified using the LR0R and LR7 primers, showing that the strain PKVL1 had a similarity of 99.34% to previously reported <i>S. corticioides</i>. In particular, the two <i>Stereostratum</i> strains form a separate cluster among the fungi in the family <i>Pucciniaceae</i>. This is the first report in the Republic of Korea of fungal rust occurring on the culm of bamboo rather than on the leaves.

Characterization of anatomical features, developmental roadmaps, and key genes of bamboo leaf epidermis.

The exact developmental roadmaps of bamboo leaf epidermis and the regulating genes are largely unknown. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the morphological features of the leaf epidermis of bamboo, Pseudosasa japonica. We also established the developmental roadmaps of the abaxial epidermis along the linearly growing leaf. A variant of P. japonica, P. japonica var. tsutsumiana, with smaller stomata and higher stomata density, was identified. Further analysis revealed that the higher stomata density of the variant was due to the abnormal increase in stomata columns within the single stomata band. This abnormal development of stomata bands was observed as early as the guard mother cell stage in the leaf division zone (DZ). Interestingly, the developmental pattern of the single stomata was similar in P. japonica and the variant. Molecular data showed that PjDLT (Dwarf and Low Tillering) was significantly downregulated in leaves DZ of the variant. Overexpression of PjDLT in Arabidopsis and rice results in smaller plants with lower stomata density, whereas downregulation or mutation of OsDLT results in increased stomata density. Our results highlight the morphological features and developmental schedule of the leaf epidermis of bamboo and provide evidence that DLT plays an important role in regulating stomata in bamboo and rice.

Assessment of putative species diversity of insect larvae occurring in bamboo galls by a DNA barcoding analysis

AbstractFor identification of insect larvae occurring in galls formed on culms of Sasa kurilensis in Shiga‐kôgen, Nagano and those of Pseudosasa japonica in Takao‐san, Tokyo, we undertook a DNA barcoding analysis using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene. Seventeen operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified for larvae from Shiga‐kôgen and one for those from Takao‐san. Of 17 OTUs from Shiga‐kôgen, 10 were most likely assigned to Cecidomyiidae (Diptera), one to Anthomyzidae (Diptera), two to Lepidoptera and four to Hymenoptera. One OTU from Takao‐san was assigned in the Cecidomyiidae cluster. However, none of the OTUs was assigned to known species. It is unknown whether primary gall‐makers are included in the putative cecidomyiid, anthomyzid and lepidopteran species found in this study. However, hymenopteran species occurring in these galls would be parasitoids. How so many cecidomyiid species coexist on bamboo culms in Shiga‐kôgen is an interesting issue and remains to be resolved.

Hybridization in the Temperate Bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Arundinarieae): A Phylogenetic Study Using AFLPs and cpDNA Sequence Data

Abstract—The temperate bamboos are a taxonomically difficult group with nearly 600 species in approximately 30 genera and at least 12 constituent lineages. In this study, phylogenetic relationships were explored using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) data in comparison with a phylogeny based on plastid DNA sequences, with an emphasis on Arundinaria of North America and its allies in East Asia (the Arundinaria clade). Molecular analyses involved 248 individuals in 10 genera and 60 species. Hybridization was detected both within and among genera. Comparative analyses indicated hybrid origins for species in several widespread and well-known genera, including Hibanobambusa, Sasaella, and Semiarundinaria. Evidence also indicated that Pseudosasa japonica (the type species of Pseudosasa) is an intergeneric hybrid involving Pleioblastus and Sasamorpha. In addition, cryptic hybrids were detected within and among Pleioblastus, Sasa, and Sasamorpha. After accounting for hybrids, phylogenetic analyses of AFLP data provided resolution for core lineages in the Arundinaria clade, including Pleioblastus sensu stricto, Sasa s. s., and Sasamorpha. AFLP data also provided evidence for the monophyly of the North American cane bamboos (Arundinaria, three species) but failed to identify their closest relative among the East Asian taxa. The broader evolutionary implications of hybridization in the temperate bamboos are discussed along with recommendations for future studies.

Characterization of the development dynamics within the linear growth bamboo leaf.

The leaf is the main photosynthetic organ in plants, such as bamboo. Leaves from bamboo are used as a food additive. However, according to our investigation, to date there have been no reports concerning the leaf development of bamboo. By measuring over 7500 parenchymal cells, we discovered that the linear leaf growth of Pseudosasa japonica could be divided into three growth sections. The first one is a roughly 1-cm long division zone (DZ), containing about 1580 cells, located at the bottom of the leaf; the second one is an about 3-cm long elongation zone (EZ), with ~1905 cells, located above the DZ; and the last is a mature zone (MZ) in which cell elongation is completed. The cell production rate of the DZ was 25.33-35.81 cells per hour, with an average of 29.73; and the cell division rate was ~0.45 cells per cell every 24 h. PacBio and Illumina transcriptome sequencing found 21 933 unigenes expressed in these zones. Further analysis revealed a dynamic transcriptome, with transcripts for cell division in the DZ changing to transcripts for cell elongation, photosynthetic development, secondary metabolism, stress resistance, and nutrition transport toward the leaf distal. Those transcriptome transformations correlated well with the changes of relative water content, biomass accumulation, and cellulose crystal degree and were supported by quantitative polymerase chain reaction data. These results revealed a developmental gradient of the bamboo linear growth leaf, which offers a foundation to elucidate and engineer leaf development in bamboo, an economically valuable plant.

A synopsis of Bambusoideae (Poaceae) in Lombok, Indonesia

Abstract. Damayanto IPGP, Rustiami H, Miftahudin, Chikmawati T. 2020. A Synopsis of Bambusoideae (Poaceae) in Lombok, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4489-4500. There is little documentation of bamboo on Lombok. Non-native Indonesian bamboos have been reported occurring in Lombok. As such, suspicious bamboo specimens and information in those reports need to be examined and possibly re-determined. This study aimed to provide updated taxonomical information of bamboo species in Lombok and to investigate the accuracy of previous studies regarding the existence of several non-native Indonesian bamboo species on the island (i.e. they do not have original distribution in Indonesia). Data from fieldwork were combined with specimens in Herbarium Bogoriense to create a synopsis of bamboo in Lombok and to develop an identification key to the species. Eleven species of bamboos in Lombok were reported from this study, namely Bambusa glaucophylla, B. maculata, B. multiplex, B. spinosa, B. vulgaris, Dendrocalamus asper, Gigantochloa apus, G. atter, Schizostachyum brachycladum, S. lima, and Thyrsostachys siamensis. Several doubtful species (B. albustiata, B. ventricosa, Guadua angustifolia, S. jaculans, Pseudosasa japonica) were presented to clarify the existence of a non-native Indonesian bamboo in Lombok. Moreover, there is not enough evidence to state Dinochloa sp. occurred in Lombok. The results of this study can be used by stakeholders for bamboo identification and as the baseline taxonomic account for future studies and conservation of bamboo species in Lombok.

Characterization and classification of three common Bambusoideae species in Korea by an HPLC-based analytical platform coupled with multivariate statistical analysis

PhyllostacShys bambusoides, Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis, and Pseudosasa japonica are Bambusoideae species widely cultivated in Korea. They are used in herbal medicines due to their potent bioactivities. However, the various chemical compositions of the different Bambusoideae species have not been documented; on the market, all are typically being labeled as bamboo, without species discrimination. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the differences between these three Bambusoideae species based on simultaneous quantitative determination of several compounds. An analysis platform, consisting of ultrasound-assisted liquid-liquid extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring mode (HPLC-MRM/MS), was developed and validated to analyze the biochemical compounds in these three Bambusoideae species. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to discriminate samples, data visualization, and identification of sample clustering. As a result, nine compounds were identified as marker compounds for species differentiation. This study demonstrated that the chemotaxonomic application of three common Bambusoideae species could be achieved using our analytical platform coupled with appropriate multivariate statistical analysis. These abilities will help prevent possible side effects and unexpected biological activity resulting from incorrect species identification.

Morphological dissection and cellular and transcriptome characterizations of bamboo pith cavity formation reveal a pivotal role of genes related to programmed cell death.

SummaryPith cavity formation is critical for bamboo to overcome the bending force during its fast growth; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Multiple approaches, including anatomical dissection, mathematical modelling and transcriptome profiling, were employed in this study to investigate the biology of pith cavity formation in bamboo Pseudosasa japonica. We found that the corruption of pith tissue occurred sequentially and asymmetrically from the top‐centre of the internode down to the bottom, which might be caused by the combined effects of asymmetrical radial and axial tensile forces during shoot‐wall cell elongation and spiral growth of bamboo internodes. Programmed cell death (PCD) in pitch manifested by TUNEL positive nuclei, DNA cleavage and degraded organelles, and potentially regulated by ethylene and calcium signalling pathway, ROS burst, cell wall modification, proteolysis and nutrient recycle genes, might be responsible for pith tissue corruption of Ps. japonica. Although similar physiological changes and transcriptome profiles were found in different bamboo species, different formation rates of pith cavity were observed, which might be caused by different pith cells across the internode that were negatively correlated with the culm diameter. These findings provided a systematical view on the formation of bamboo pith cavity and revealed that PCD plays an important role in the bamboo pith cavity formation.

Alien species of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) found in Serbia, new to the Balkan Peninsula

New alien species of aphids (Illinoia liriodendri (Monell), Wahlgreniella nervata (Gillete), Takecallis arundicolens (Clarke) and Tinocallis takachihoensis Higuchi) have been found for the first time in Serbia. These records are new for the Balkan Peninsula. Data of Ericaphis scammelli (Mason), species recently mentioned in Serbia, are also presented in the text. The species have been found during the last five years at four sites (Belgrade, Zemun, Mladenovac and Bojnik) on five cultivated plants. Ericaphis scammelli is a pest of blueberry and a vector of Blueberry scorch virus. The other four develop colonies on decorative plants: I. liriodendri has been found on Liriodendron tulipifera, W. nervata on Rosa sp., T. arundicolens on Pseudosasa japonica and T. takachihoensis on Ulmus x hollandica. The origin of three of the species (E. scammelli, I. liriodendri and W. nervata) is North America and two (T. arundicolens and T. takachihoensis) have come from East Asia. Their morphology, biology and the damage they inflict are discussed here, as well as their potential economic and environmental threat. Only parthenogenetic viviparous females of all 5 species have been collected. Their biology has not been studied enough in Europe and needs further examination. Original drawings of all species are presented.

Apparent Tolerance of Low Water Availability in Temperate Asian Bamboos1

Abstract Suitable plant water dynamics and the ability to withstand periods of low moisture input facilitate plant establishment in seasonally arid regions. Temperate bamboos are a major constituent of mixed evergreen and deciduous forests throughout temperate East Asia but play only an incidental role in North American forests and are altogether absent in the Pacific Northwest forest. Many bamboo species are classified as mesic or riparian, but none are considered drought tolerant. To assess their ability to withstand low water, we subjected five Asian temperate and one North American temperate bamboo species to three irrigation treatments: 100%, 50%, and 10% replacement of water lost through evapotranspiration. Plants were irrigated every four days over a 31-day period. Plant response to treatments was measured with stomatal conductance, leaf xylem water potentials, and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE). Pleioblastus distichus and Pseudosasa japonica showed significant reductions in conductance between high and low irrigation treatments. Sasa palmata had significantly lower stomatal conductance in all treatments. Pleioblastus chino displayed significantly higher iWUE in the mid irrigation treatment and Arunindaria gigantea displayed significantly lower iWUE than P. chino and S. palmata in the low irrigation treatment. The Asian bamboo species examined here tolerate low water availability and readily acclimate to different soil moisture conditions. Index words: Temperate bamboos, irrigation response, stomatal conductance, intrinsic water use efficiency. Species used in this study: Giant Cane [Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.]; Pleioblastus chino (Franchet & Savatier) Makino; Pleioblastus distichus (Mitford) Nakai; Pseudosasa japonica (Makino); Sasa palmata (Bean) Nakai.

Cellular and molecular characterizations of a slow-growth variant provide insights into the fast growth of bamboo.

Few studies about bamboo naturally occurring mutants have been reported so far. Using an integrated anatomy, mathematics and genomics approach, we systematically characterized the cellular and molecular basis underlying the abnormal internode development of Pseudosasa japonica var. tsutsumiana, a stable variant with dwarf and swollen internodes that are caused by the compressed spiral growth and the swollen cells in the bottom part of the internode. P. japonica var. tsutsumiana is a slow-growth variant with disorderly cell division and cell growth during the fast growth stage. Comparative transcriptome analysis identified a number of genes related to cell growth that were significantly down-regulated in the variant, including those related to auxin, vesicle transport, cytoskeleton organization and cell wall modification, consistent with the thinner cell walls and lower contents of cellulose that were found in the variant, which together with the mechanic force composed by the extrusion pressure from the neighboring fast growth cells and the weight pressure above the growing cells might finally result in the radial and irregular growth of the variant cells. This study provides key candidate genes involved in the fast growth of bamboo from a 'mutant' perspective, and supports a plausible mechanism underlying the dwarf and swollen internodes of P. japonica var. tsutsumiana.

Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the chloroplast genome of Pseudosasa japonica f. Akebonosuji

Pseudosasa japonica f. Akebonosuji H. Okamura is a bamboo species with variable leaf colors, including albino, green, and green-white stripes. To determine whether variation in leaf color is due to mutations in the chloroplast genome, we sequenced the chloroplast genomes of green and albino leaves of P. japonica f. Akebonosuji. The results indicated that the chloroplast genome included 86 protein-coding genes, seven ribosomal RNA genes, and 31 tRNA genes. The similarity of chloroplast genomes for the two leaf types was 99.98%, with variation between genes encoding for trnfM and trnT. We observed that the relative expression patterns of trnfM and trnT were reversed in green and albino leaves. Whether the differential expression of trnfM and trnT is involved in leaf color variation among P. japonica f. Akebonosuji remains unclear.With many bamboo chloroplast genomes available, we aligned the chloroplast genomes of 28 bamboo species, including P. japonica f. Akebonosuji, to analyze polymorphisms. This comparison revealed that noncoding regions possessed more nucleotide polymorphisms than coding regions. Chloroplast genomes and the nuclear gene “granule-bound starch synthase I” (GBSSI) of 28 bamboo species were used to construct evolutionary trees. Both evolutionary trees indicated that P. japonica f. Akebonosuji was clustered into Subtrib. Arundinariinae.

Cloning and functional characterization of PjCAO gene involved in chlorophyll b biosynthesis in Pseudosasa japonica cv. Akebonosuji

Key message Not only the first systematic characterization ofCAOgene in bamboo species, but also the first attempt to study the relationship betweenCAOgene expression and bamboo leaf color variation.

Cloning and functional characterization of PjPORB, a member of the POR gene family in Pseudosasa japonica cv. Akebonosuji

In angiosperms, NADPH: protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) catalyzes the photoreduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide), the only light-dependent step in chlorophyll biosynthesis. There is a wide variety of gene organization and light- and development-dependent regulatory mechanisms for the POR genes. In this study, a POR homologue, designated PjPORB, was isolated from Pseudosasa japonica cv. Akebonosuji, which is a cultivar of high ornamental value in landscape due to its unique green-white striped leaf phenotype. The full-length PjPORB cDNA was 1567 bp long with a 1185 bp ORF that encoded 394 amino acids. Multiple amino acid sequence alignment showed that the putative PjPORB shared a high similarity to POR homologues from other plant species, and that the cofactor (NADPH)-binding motif and active site motif in particular were highly conserved among all the PORs. Further, PjPORB was overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana; and the Pchlide contents of the genetically modified plants were reduced to a larger extent than that of wild type plants, thereby indicating its important role in Pchlide photoreduction. In real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis, PjPORB was expressed at higher levels in leaf samples than in culms and roots, and showed a first increasing-then decreasing expression pattern during the development of white, stripe, and green leaf samples, thus indicating its essential role in leaf development. Although the mRNA levels for PjPORB did not differ considerably among white, stripe, and green leaf samples within the two almost same earlier developmental stages, its expression levels in the late leaf developmental stage fell into two distinct classes: high expression levels in strip and green leaf samples, and low expression levels in white leaf. Collectively, these expression data suggested that PjPORB may be involved in the leaf color variation for P. japonica cv. Akebonosuji.

Nutrient and mineral composition during shoot growth in seven species of Phyllostachys and Pseudosasa bamboo consumed by giant panda.

During the annual period of bamboo shoot growth in spring, free-ranging giant pandas feed almost exclusively on the shoots while ignoring the leaves and full- height culm. Little is known about the nutritional changes that occur during bamboo shoot growth, if nutritional changes differ among species, or how these changes might influence forage selection. Our objective was to examine the nutrient and mineral composition during three phases of shoot growth (<60, 90-150 and >180 cm) for seven species of bamboo (Phyllostachys (P.) aurea, P. aureosulcata, P. bissetii, P. glauca, P. nuda, P. rubromarginata, Pseudosasa japonica) fed to captive giant pandas at the Memphis Zoo. Total dietary fiber content of bamboo shoots increased (p < 0.0001) from an overall species average of 61% dry matter (DM) at < 60 cm to 75% DM at shoot heights > 180 cm, while crude protein, fat and ash exhibited significant declines (p < 0.05). Phyllostachys nuda had the overall greatest (p = 0.007) crude protein (21% DM) and fat (4% DM) content, and lowest overall total fibre (61% DM) content compared to the other species examined. In contrast, Pseudosasa japonica had the overall lowest crude protein and fat, and relatively higher fibre content (9%, 3% and 74% respectively). Concentrations of Zn and Fe were highest in shoots <60 cm (10-50 μg/g DM) and decreased (p < 0.05) during growth in all species examined. Concentrations of Ca, Cu, Mn, Na and K varied among species and were largely unaffected by growth stage. Due to their higher concentrations of nutrients and lower fibre content in comparison to culm and leaf, bamboo shoots should be a major component of captive giant panda diets when available.

Identification of genes involved in spontaneous leaf color variation in Pseudosasa japonica.

Spontaneous leaf color variation in bamboo provides the opportunity to study the mechanisms of leaf color formation and the breeding of ornamental bamboos. Despite the fact that many genes are known to be involved in leaf color variation in model plants, molecular mechanisms governing natural leaf color variation in bamboo have remained obscure. This study aimed to identify the genes responsible for the occurrence of such phenomena in bamboo using the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) method between green and albino leaves in Pseudosasa japonica f. A total of 1062 and 1004 differentially expressed transcripts were obtained from the forward and reverse SSH libraries, respectively. Subsequently, 59 differentially expressed unigenes with potential roles in leaf color formation, predicted via computational analysis of their functional relevance, were selected for further analysis using qPCR. Ten genes, involved in photosynthesis, plastid development, and cation signal transduction, showed 2-fold changes in expression levels between green and albino leaves. Further expression pattern analyses of these genes at three developmental stages revealed much lower expression abundance of Lhca1-encoded chlorophyll a/b binding protein in the albino leaves than in the green leaves. Our results suggest that, together with the concatenated negative pressure for subsequent photosynthetic processes, the albino phenotype is at least partly attributable to chloroplast inner membrane damage or to the impairment of photosynthetic pigment accumulation, which results from low Lhca1 expression.

일본납작진딧물(Ceratovacuna japonica)의 야외 생태특성 조사

ABSTRACT We carried out an ecological survey for Ceratovacuna japonica, which lives in bamboos, at the experimental field ofNational Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon and the several natural fields in Korea from 2010 to 2011. Thereleasing methods of C. japonica on Pseudosasa japonica was more effective at the brushing-off method than the pin-ing-attached method. The successful rate of releasing was the highest at green house than others such as at outdoor, vinylgreen house and in a insects net conditions. The survival limit of C. japonica was closely associated with the lowesttemperature (−10 o C) of vegetative limit of P. japonica for over wintering because of two fields of Ilsan lake park andGuri ecological park showed falling down below −15 o C two times in January. It provides for a reasonable distributioninformation of C. japonica that is restricted to south of Han River. However, the middle of Korea has rarely fallen downbelow −10 o C. Therefore, we consider that a successful rearing of C. japonica may be the most suitable in green housecondition to overcome winter period. Key words : Ceratovacuna japonica, Taraka hamada, Pseidosasa japonica, Temperature, Ecology

전통공간 재현을 위한 광한루원의 수목정비방안 연구

본 연구는 전통공간의 수목정비방안 마련을 위해 광한루원을 사례로 진행되었다. 이를 위해 전통공간의 수종 선정과 수목정비 동향에 대한 이론적 고찰이 선행되었으며, 광한루원의 현장조사를 통한 식재현황을 분석하고, 과거 문헌 및 기록 등에 나타나는 수종 및 식재경관을 토대로 광한루원의 수목정비방안을 도출한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전통공간의 수종 선정과 수목정비에 관한 동향을 살펴본 결과, 전통공간 내에 식재된 외래수종에 대하여 맹목적인 지양은 한계가 있으며 전통공간의 수종 선정에 대한 논의는 오늘날까지 이어져오고 있는 시점에서 수목정비에 대한 외래수종의 무분별한 제거 및 향토식물의 맹목적 식재 등의 이분법적 정비방안 및 비검증된 사료의 맹신은 배제되어야 한다. 둘째, 광한루원 내에 식재된 수종을 조사한 결과 소나무, 느티나무, 은행나무, 배롱나무 등 전통공간에서 애용되었던 수종들이 주로 식재되어 있으나 각 공간의 성격을 고려할 때, 광한루 일대를 제외한 광한루원 경내의 수목 식재는 전통공간의 성격과는 무관한 것으로 판단된다. 셋째, 문헌이나 문학작품 등에서 나타나는 광한루원의 수목식재 관련 기록을 살펴본 결과, 현재 광한루원 내에 식재된 수종 중 버드나무류, 배롱나무, 대나무(이대), 연꽃만이 나타나고 있어 고증을 통한 수목정비에는 무리가 따른다. 넷째, 광한루원의 각 권역별 수목정비방안을 모색한 결과, 광한루 권역은 역사적 시대성과 장소성을 지니고 있으며 오늘날 그 모습을 복원해나가고 있어 현재의 상태를 유지하는 방향으로 설정되어야 한다. 완월정 권역은 광한루의 건조물군과 유사한 형태로서 자칫 원형으로 오인될 수 있으므로 완충식재를 통한 전이 공간 조성 등 광한루 권역과는 다른 별도의 장소성 확보가 필요하다. 월매집 권역과 잔디광장 권역은 과거 성외 장시이자 대규모의 숲으로서 율림의 상징적 복원과 동시에 경내의 편의시설 및 관리시설의 집적을 통해 성외 장시의 모습을 재현하도록 하며, 완월정 동측 잔디광장은 완월정 권역과 연계하여 활용적 측면에서 현재와 같이 개방된 형태를 유지하는 방안을 제언하고자 한다. 광한루원 경계 권역은 고증의 측면과 현존요소의 진정성 여부를 살펴보았을 때 전통공간의 장소성과는 연관 짓기 어려운 장소로서 과거 문학작품에서 나타나는 문화경관을 반영하는 것 또한 하나의 정비방안으로 고려할 만하다 판단된다. This study aims to draw up measures to planting tree and maintain a landscape in traditional space. Preceding comprehensive theoretical consideration of selected species of trees and tree maintenance. And analysis of present condition of planting in cases of Gwanghalluwon Garden, then draw a maintenance plans of planting through species of trees and landscape of planting recorded in literature. The results were as follows. First, Analysis of selected species of trees and tree maintenance that traditional space. A dispute about the selection species of trees in traditional space has been continued until today. Because unconditional reject of foreign trees are limited. In this context, should be sublated that hasty blind faith of records and dichotomous preparation plans such as removal of foreign trees and implicitly planting of native plants. Secondly, Planted trees in Gwanghalluwon garden was investigated and found to the species of trees used in traditional space such as Pine(Pinus densiflora S. et Z.), Sawleaf Zelkova(Zelkova serrata), Ginkgo(Ginkgo biloba), Crape Myrtle(Lagerstroemia indica L.). But, present planting irrelevant to traditional space, except Gwanghallu pavilion area from the spatiality. Thirdly, A look at the records or literature that maintenance of planting through historical research are limited. Because literature was recorded Salix spp., Crape Myrtle, Bambusoideae(Pseudosasa japonica), lotus only among planted trees in Gwanghalluwon garden. Fourth, Gwanghallu zone have nature of history and sense of place. And It was going to restore the appearance on historical. Consequently maintenance plan of planting of Gwanghallu zone should be maintain the current state. Wanwol pavillion zone can be recognized as the original form because they look similar to the Gwangallu zone's buildings. Therefore, it is necessary to secure the sense of place different from Gwanghallu zone by buffer planting for composition of transition space. Wolmaejip zone and lawn zone was marketplace in outside of castle and large forest. Accordingly, this area should be symbolic restoration of the Yulrim(栗林) and representation of the marketplace in outside of castle through aggregation of facilities and administrative facilities in Gwanghalluwon garden. East lawn of the Wanwol pavilion zone is should be maintained the current state that opened place in terms of using thought linked with the Wanwol pavilion zone. Boundary zone of the Gwanghalluwon garden is difficult to associate in terms of historical research and authenticity. Therefore, application of cultural landscape that appeared in literature is be worth.

바둑돌부전나비(Taraka hamada)의 야외 생태학적 특성 조사

2010년부터 2012년까지 전국 각지 야외에서 조사한 바둑돌부전나비의 생태학적 특성은 다음과 같다. 1. 이대에 서식하는 일본납작진딧물은 바둑돌부전나비 유충의 먹이로서 지표로부터 폭넓게 분포하였으며, 조사 8회 차인 6월 13일부터 밀도가 현저히 감소하였다. 2. 일본납작진딧물과 바둑돌부전나비가 가장 많은 밀도를 보이는 곳은 줄기와 가장 인접한 부위이었다. 3. 바둑돌부전나비의 유충 예상 령수는 4령으로 추측된다. 4. 바둑돌부전나비 성충의 야외 노출 시 생존시간 조사 결과, 2분 이내에 사망하는 것으로 조사 되었다. Taraka hamada is known as the sole aphidophagous lycaenid butterfly in Korea. The species specifically preys upon Ceratovacuna japonica which lives in bamboo forests. During several years, the species has been received attention from the field of industrial insects in order to commercialize as a pet. However, an ecological character of the species have been unclear in Korea. We carried out a survey for basic ecology and distribution of the two species for 2010 to 2012. As the results, both species only cohabit at Pseudosasa japonica in our investigation. C. japonica is widely distributed from the host plant. Population density of T. hamada is synchronized with the density changes of C. japonica. Their densities are gradually decreased from the point to the investigation and significantly declined in mid-june. The maximum population density of both species shows at the basal part of a leaf. The last-larval instar of T. hamada may seem to be reaching at <TEX>$4^{th}$</TEX> stage. The adults of T. hamada are killed within two minutes when they were exposed to the sun.

Actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficients for five species of three-year-old bamboo plants under a tropical climate

Over the last decade, bamboo plantations have started to be used as vegetation filters for wastewater treatment. This treatment system can be useful in reducing wastewater discharge into the environment, thus contributing to the preservation of water resources by using the plantation's evapotranspiration to reduce the rate of water infiltration. The evapotranspiration rates of the bamboo species used is therefore an important factor. The actual evapotranspiration (ET) and the crop coefficients (kc) for the five tropical and temperate species of three-year-old bamboo plants, i.e. Bambusa oldhamii, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa vulgaris, Phyllostachys aurea and Pseudosasa japonica, were studied in lysimeters for a period of more than one year under a tropical climate. The average ET rates for the bamboo species studied ranged from 4 to 7mmday−1 with maximum values of between 10.7 and 17.1mmday−1 during the wet season, and an average kc of 1.1 to 1.9. The ET was correlated to weather parameters, especially minimum temperatures. The differences in ET rates between the bamboo species can be explained by morphological parameters, in particular the total aboveground biomass. Among the five bamboo species studied, B. oldhamii had the highest ET rate and produced the most biomass. In comparison with other high-biomass-producing plants, the evaporation rates for young bamboo plants were similar to those for willow and poplar vegetation filters.