Pseudo-random Binary Sequence Pattern Research Articles

Ultra High multi channel clock frequency(THz, PHz, EHz, ZHz,YHz,XHz,WHz) baud rate speed PRBS Transceiver HDL RTL ASIC Design for Ultra High long Distance Wireless Communication Engineering Smart Computing Products/ Applications

The Key Objective is HDL RTL Design Architecture of Ultra high multi Clock Frequency Speed Rate ( MHz, GHz, THz, PHz, EHz, ZHz, etc) Bits Per Second Baud Rate ) P.R.B.S(Pseudo Random Binary Sequence) Transceiver Soft A.S.I.C IP Core product for identification of the property of Different Pseudo Random Binary Sequence Patterns (Seed Words) of 2e 7 -1, 2e10 -1, 2e 15 -1, 2e 23 -1, 2e 31 -1 tapped elements as per C.C.I.T.T-I.T.U Standards and IEEE-754 Single and Double Data Rate Data Precision Standards (32 bit & 64 Bit Data Width ) suited for Very Advanced Futuristic Hi-tech Smart High Speed Long Distance Wireless Digital Communication A.S.I.C Products / Applications like Space/Satellite, Aerospace and Large Data Processing and computing like High Speed Internet and Cloud Computing based Hi-Fi Industrial Data Automation Standard Ultra High Speed Wireless Communication A.S.I.C products and Applications-3G,4G,5G etc. The Multi channel PRBS Transceiver consists Transmitter and receiver of different PRBS patterns- 2e7 -1, 2e10 -1, 2e15 -1, 2e23 -1, 2e31 -1 NRZ. The data input transmitted and received serially in the form bit by bit. These different pattern sequences are Designated as per CCITT ITU 0.151/O.152/O.153 & AT&T Standards. The Aim and purpose of invention of Ultra high multichannel Clock frequency PRBS Transceiver is for transmit and receive data serially by using Tx_in and Tx_out, rxin, rxout signals and The Transceiver is processed the low frequency signal input with different high speed carrier wave frequencies in the form of different PRBS pseudo random binary sequence seed word bit/byte patterns -2e7 -1, 2e10 -1, 2e15 -1, 2e23 -1, 2e31 -1 NRZ and also on receiver side processed with the above patterns. Materials and Methods: Transmission and reception of Data serially based on the Deterministic random seed word pattern methods of different PRBS 2e7 -1, 2e10 -1, 2e15 -1, 2e23 -1, 2e31 -1 tapped sequence Elements and All these PRBS are purely synchronized with Ultra high clock frequency(MHz, GHz, THz, PHz, EHz, ZHz, YHz, XHz, WHz). The Soft IP Core Designed by System Verilog HDL/ Verilog HDL. RTL Design Simulation done by Synopsys VCS 2020.1 software and Altera Model-Sim Software and Logic Design Flow & Synthesis done by Xilinx ISE and Altera Quartus EDA Tools. Results: Generation of Simulation Display and waveform for Ultra High Clock frequency(MHz, GHz, THz, PHz, EHz, ZHz, YHz, XHz, WHz) Synchronized Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) Register Transfer Level (RTL) Generators, Transceiver for efficient and effective High Quality Data transmission and Reception of Various tapped sequence patterns for Identification of property of different PRBS patterns2e7 -1, 2e10-1, 2e15-1, 2e23 -1, 2 31 -1 NRZ of Ultra high speed Long distance wireless engineering Applications/ products.

Temporal characteristics of the light output from optical fibers with PRBS-modulated laser injection.

Pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) phase modulation is an effective method to promote the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) threshold of high-power narrow linewidth fiber lasers. Most studies focus on the subjects of PRBS pattern selection, filter parameter optimization, threshold promotion, etc. In this paper, the temporal characteristics of the light output from optical fibers with PRBS modulated laser injection are investigated theoretically. We found that serious temporal fluctuations, i.e., high intensity pulses, existed in the output laser and backward Stokes light, even though the time-averaged backward Stokes power is only 1% of the input laser power. Based on the transient three wave coupling equations, through exploring the influence of clock rate and PRBS pattern, we demonstrate that this phenomenon arises from the long dwell times in PRBS patterns. Finally, modified PRBS patterns are proposed to significantly eliminate the intense pulses without decreasing the original SBS threshold.

DDR4 Data Channel Failure Due to DC Offset Caused by Intermittent Solder Ball Fracture in FBGA Package

This paper shows that an intermittent AC coupling defect occurring in a DDR4 data channel will cause more intermittent errors in DDR4, compared to such defect in DDR3. The intermittent AC coupling defect occurs due to intermittent fracture in DDR4 package solder ball. The defect causes DC offset in DDR4, which shifts the data signal or data eye and results in DDR4 data channel failure. The DC offset occurs due to the asymmetric nature of pseudo open drain termination scheme. DDR4 data channel response is compared with DDR3 channel. It is shown that pseudo random binary sequence (PRBS) pattern will always cause failure for DDR4, but PRBS will only cause failure in DDR3 if the sequence of consecutive 0’s or 1’s in PRBS pattern is long enough to cause threshold violation. As a result there will be more intermittent errors in DDR4 compared to DDR3. The defect due to fracture in solder ball is modelled by an AC coupling capacitor. A 1nF AC coupling capacitor corresponding to a solder ball fracture of height about 1nm is used to show the difference between DDR4 and DDR3 response.

Length of Pseudorandom Binary Sequence Required to Train Artificial Neural Network Without Overfitting

The artificial neural network (ANN) has been applied to the various fields due to its capability to process complicated nonlinear functions involving a large amount of data. A pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) is commonly used to train the ANN since the PRBS is easily generated by using a linear feedback shift register and has a correlation function which is peaked at zero delay but is almost zero at other delays. However, when the PRBS length is not sufficiently long (compared to the input size of the ANN), the ANN trained by the PRBS could suffer from the overfitting where the ANN describes the behavior of the training sequence very well, but does poorly on new data inputs. In this paper, we provide a minimum length of the PRBS required by the ANN to avoid the overfitting for a given input size of the ANN. For this purpose, we analyze the minimum length of the input sequence required to estimate the PRBS pattern through theoretical study. These analyses are confirmed by numerical simulation. The findings of this paper would be used to select the PRBS length for training the ANN.

VLSI Implementation of Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) based Test Pattern Generator for Pseudo Exhaustive Testing

Advanced strides of improvement in programmable logic density, enhancements in speed and hardware description language (HDL) are empowering design engineers to implement highly performing and testable digital systems. Linear feedback shift registers (LFSR) are the critical elements in the testing and self testing of contemporary complex electronic systems like processors, Built-in-self-test (BIST) controllers and integrated circuits (ICs) etc. Fundamentally BIST is a Design-for-Testability (DFT) technique meant to configure testing functions physically with the circuit under test (CUT). To enhance the percentage of fault coverage as a part of BIST operations (testing the IC), LFSRs are deployed (as test pattern generator) to generate the test vectors inside logic BIST for testing digital systems. Proposed work is focused upon designing a fast adder based variable length pseudorandom binary sequence pattern generator (PRBSPG) and experimental validations. LFSR possess characteristics of high speed, better encoding efficiency, high fault coverage, low test volume data and low power consumption specially suitable in processing environment where uniform distribution random numbers are required. Verilog HDL is employed for structuring the modular design units while Xilinx ISE tool is deployed for validating the proposed LFSR design work and associated modular units.

Overestimation problem with ANN and VSTF in optical communication systems

The authors investigated the problem of overestimation with the Volterra series transfer function (VSTF) and an artificial neural network (ANN), which are used for non-linear equalisers in optical communication systems. The results revealed that the risk of predicting a pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) pattern, which causes overestimation of the equaliser performance, occurs not only with an ANN but also with the VSTF. When using PRBS9, PRBS11 and PRBS15, the number of taps of a feedforward tapped delay line, which is required in the VSTF to predict the PRBS pattern, was the same as that with the ANN. When the second-order Volterra kernels were omitted, a larger number of taps was required in the VSTF to observe the overestimation.

Silicon-on-Insulator Modulators Using a Quarter-Wave Phase-Shifted Bragg Grating

We demonstrate, on the silicon-on-insulator platform, a modulator that uses a quarter-wave phase-shifted Bragg grating resonator. The modulator has open eye diagrams at data rates of up to 32 Gb/s. A bit error ratio of less than ${10}^{-10}$ is demonstrated using a $2^{31}-1$ pseudorandom binary sequence pattern at a data rate of 25 Gb/s.

A 6-Gbps dual-mode digital clock and data recovery circuit in a 65-nm CMOS technology

A 6-Gbps dual-mode digital clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit for both the mesochronous clocking system and the plesiochronous clocking system has been developed. Fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS technology, the prototype consumes 25.2 and 22.8-mW from 1.2-V supply and root-mean-square jitter of the recovered clock was measured to be 7.2 and 8.5-ps for 6-Gbps mesochronous system and plesiochronous system, respectively. For both operation modes, less than 10?12 bit-error-rate was achieved with 27-1 pseudo-random binary sequence pattern and active area of the implemented CDR circuit is 0.025-mm2.

Ultrafast all-optical modulation using a photonic-crystal Fano structure with broken symmetry.

We experimentally demonstrate ultrafast all-optical modulation using an ultracompact InP photonic-crystal Fano structure. In contrast to symmetric configurations previously considered, the use of a structure with broken symmetry in combination with a well-engineered Fano resonance is shown to suppress patterning effects as well as lower the energy consumption. These properties enable the achievement of error-free 10 Gbit/s modulation with low pump energy using realistic pseudorandom binary sequence patterns. At 20 Gbit/s, the bit error ratio remains well below the limit for forward error correction.

Investigation of Patterning Effects in Ultrafast SOA-Based Optical Switches

Ultrafast optical switching employing semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) based optical switches has been demonstrated at bitrates up to 640 Gbit/s. However, patterning effects caused by relatively slow recovery processes in semiconductor structures remain as an important deteriorating factor that limits the ultimate speed at which SOA-based switches can be operated. In this paper, we investigate the patterning effects of SOA-based switches using a systematic approach. A simple condition for the lower bound limit of the bit pattern length that should be adopted in the performance evaluations of the switches is derived. It is shown that the minimum bit pattern length scales linearly with the bitrate and the recovery time of the SOA. To overcome the excessive computation time needed for numerical analysis at long pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) lengths, an effective method, i.e., periodic method, has been proposed based on the idea of driving the SOA at two saturation extremes by two periodic pulse trains. The predictive power of the periodic method is verified by comparing its results with those obtained by using ordinary PRBS patterns. Finally, the effectiveness of the periodic method is exploited by analyzing in detail the performance properties of a specific type of switch over large parameter regions. Besides allowing an investigation of patterning effects, the periodic method also simultaneously provides such figures of merit as output power and pulsewidth.

Frequency response of the renal vasculature in congestive heart failure.

The renal vasoconstrictor response to renal nerve stimulation is greater in congestive heart failure (CHF) rats than in control rats. This study tested the hypothesis that the enhanced renal vasoconstrictor response to renal nerve stimulation in CHF is a result of an impairment in the low-pass filter function of the renal vasculature. In response to conventional graded-frequency renal nerve stimulation, the reductions in renal blood flow at each stimulation frequency were greater in CHF rats than control rats. A pseudorandom binary sequence pattern of renal nerve stimulation was used to examine the frequency response of the renal vasculature. Although this did not affect the renal blood flow power spectrum in control rats, there was a 10-fold increase in renal blood flow power over the frequency range of 0.01 to 1.0 Hz in CHF rats. On analysis of transfer function gain, attenuation of the renal nerve stimulation input signal was similar in control and CHF rats over the frequency range of 0.001 to 0.1 Hz. However, over the frequency range of 0.1 to 1.0 Hz, although there was progressive attenuation of the input signal (-30 to -70 dB) in control rats, CHF rats exhibited a flat gain response (-20 dB) without progressive attenuation. The enhanced renal vasoconstrictor response to renal nerve stimulation in CHF rats is caused by an alteration in the low-pass filter function of the renal vasculature, resulting in a greater transfer of input signals into renal blood flow in the 0.1 to 1.0 Hz range.

Timing-jitter reduction for a dispersion-managed soliton system: experimental evidence

We have measured the timing jitter for dispersion-managed solitons in a recirculating loop for distances up to 20,000 km. The data were obtained with modulated data, 2(7) - 1 and 2(23) - 1 pseudorandom binary sequence patterns, at 10-Gbit/s rates and with an unmodulated pulse train at 10 GHz. We have obtained good agreement with our data, using a filtered Gordon-Haus model for the timing jitter reduced by the energy enhancement of our solitons relative to solitons in a fiber with a constant dispersion equal to our map's path-average dispersion. We have also measured a bit-error rate of <10(-9) at a distance of 15,000 km.