Pseudomonas Aeroginosa Research Articles

Antibacterial activities of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles from <i>Alcalypha wilkesenia</i> coated with some antibiotics

Silver nanoparticles and Acalypha wilkesiana have been shown through several lines of evidence to possess antimicrobial properties. Their activities, however, have been hampered by one or more problems ranging from poor to slow absorption, cellular degradation, development of antimicrobial resistance and unwanted oxidation in the case of the Nanoparticles. Antibiotic resistance genes have also been on a constant increase recently. This research was carried out to determine the level of efficacy of the combined complex of antibiotics coated with biologically synthesized silver Nanoparticles compared to the orthodox antibiotics individually. The silver Nanoparticles were most active on Klebsiella. pneumoniae (21mm), equal for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (14mm) and least for P. aeroginosa (13mm). The activity of the complex on S. aureus was notably highest with the gentamycin (17mm) complex, then ofloxacin (13mm) and finally ampicillin (12mm). That of Pseudomonas aeroginosa ranged from ofloxacin (17mm) to gentamycin (16mm) and then ampicillin (14mm), while that of Escherichia coli was from gentamycin (19mm), ofloxacin (15mm) and then ampicillin (13mm). The activity of the gentamycin (18mm) and ampicillin (18mm) complexes for Klebsiella pneumoniae were found to be equal and a bit higher than that of the ampicillin (11mm) complex. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the selected organisms against the antibiotic complexes carried out between 2.5mg/L to 25mg/L showed no growth in all the samples. There is a need for further research to explore the pharmacokinetics and dynamics of biologically synthesized nanoparticles.

The impact of antibiotic prophylaxis with intracameral cefuroxime on postoperative infectious endophthalmitis rates in a high-volume cataract surgery center

Our purpose was to compare postoperative infectious endophthalmitis rates before and after the introduction of antibiotic prophylaxis via intracameral with cefuroxime (ATB-P IC) in a high-volume cataract surgery service. Retrospective cohort study considering patients who underwent cataract surgery at Ophthal Hospital Especializado, São Paulo, Brazil, from January/2011 to December/2019. Patients operated from 2013 to 2019 comprised the ATB-P IC group while those operated from 2011 to 2013 formed the control group without the ATB-P IC protocol. A total of 23,184 cataract surgeries were included, with 6,207 in the Control Group and 16,977 in the ATB-P Group. A significantly higher rate of endophthalmitis was observed in the control group (0.0967%) when compared to the ATB-P group (0.0177%) (p = 0.014). Surgeries performed with ATB-P showed 80% less chance of reported endophthalmitis (OR = 0.20; 95% CI 0.05–0.72; p = 0.014) than those without ATB-P. Of the six cases confirmed by culture in the control group, all tested positive for Pseudomonas aeroginosa and the only case confirmed by culture in the ATB-P group was positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis. Our findings strongly support the use of intracameral antibiotic prophylaxis with cefuroxime to reduce postoperative infectious endophthalmitis rates, and we recommend its incorporation into cataract surgery protocols.

Efflux Pumps, Biofilm Formation, and Susceptibility Testing of Escherichia Coli Isolated from Urinary Tract Infection

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are infectious diseases of the urinary system caused by several causative agents, including parasites, viruses, fungi and bacteria. The most frequent UTI cause is Escherichia coli (E.coli). Antibiotic resistance in E. coli has been linked to overexpression of the efflux system. This study aimed to isolate various bacteria from UTI and then select E. coli isolates to study the prevalence of the efflux pump genes TetA and MdfA.This study included 150 midstream urine samples from patients suffering from UTI (115 females and 35 males) with ages ranging between(5-70)years. The results showed that only 100 samples exhibited bacterial growth; 72.5% referred to female patients, while 27.5% referred to male patients. Infection with bacteria occurred most frequently in the age group of 21-30 years. Bacterial isolates were identified by macroscopic and microscopic examination, biochemical test and VITEK2 system. The result showed that 40% of these growth were confirmed to be E.coli,19% Klebsiella pneumonia,17% Staph.aureus, 13%Proteus mirabilis,7% Pseudomonas aeroginosa, 2% Staph. saprophyticus,1%Proteus vulgaris and 1%Enterobacter cloaca.The results of sensitivity to antibiotics showed that UPEC isolates were utterly resistant to novobiocin and rifampin 100%, ampicillin 87.5%, cefotaxime 85%, tetracycline82.5%, ciprofloxacin77.5%, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 50%, gentamicin 22.5%, nitrofurantoin 17.5% and meropenem 2.5%. All of the isolates were multidrug resistant. The result of the biofilm-formation ability of E.coli isolates showed that 31/40(77.5%) of isolates producing biofilm were divided into three groups: 1 (2,5%) had strong biofilm formation, 4(10%) were moderate, and 26(65 %) were weak. The phenotypic detection of the efflux pumps was observed in 100% of the bacterial isolates at a concentration of 0.5 mg/l of ethidium bromide(ETBR). The prevalence of the TetA and MdfA efflux pump genes was 72.5% for each. The gel electrophoresis showed that the molecular weight of TetA and MdfA genes were 131bp and 403bp respectively. Keywords: Efflux pumps, Urinary Tract, Infection, Parasites, E-coli.

The potential of gamma irradiation on antioxidant capacity and genomic alterations in Calendula officinalis

There are lines of evidence that ionizing radiations such as gamma rays can cause different biological effects on plants. Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is a member of the family Asteraceae. It possesses profound amounts of active ingredients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes imposed upon different dose levels of gamma radiation on some features of Calendula officinalis such as antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds and flavonoid contents, antibacterial activity and genomic alterations. Calendula officinalis seeds were exposed to different doses of Gamma radiation (0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 GY). Total phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant activity (measured by DPPH assay) using methanolic extracts of plants and antibacterial activity measured by the disc diffusion assay showed significant differences to the control samples. The samples treated with 10 GY gamma rays showed the highest total phenol and flavonoid contents. Antioxidant activity significantly differed between Gamma rays dose levels and it was the highest at 25 GY. Four bacterial strains including E. coli, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeroginosa were used for the antibacterial assay. Extracts from plants treated with 25 GY gamma rays showed the highest antibacterial activity against the 4 bacterial strains. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to study the genetic variation. The polymorphism information content (PIC) for RAPD primers ranged from 3% to 13% and ranged from 6 to 13% for ISSR primers. Results indicated that ISSR markers were more efficient than RAPD markers, as they detected 25.57% polymorphic DNA bands compared to 21.31% polymorphism for RAPD markers.

Development and Detection of Antimicrobial Properties of Polyherbal Handwash

Many of the medications marketed as traditional herbal medicines have unquestionably been used for a very long time. Hands have always been the dominant source of transmission of infection to patients. Thus, encouraging "personal hygiene" is the main objective of developing a herbal hand wash. The current study's goal was to develop a formulation of polyherbal handwash employing methanolic extracts of dried leaves of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum gratissimum, and Coriandrum sativum. Other ingredients entailed lemon juice, aloe vera, lavender oil, HPMC, triethanolamine, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), glycerine, and methylparaben. Four batches of hand wash formulations were prepared, and each batch was tested for stability, appearance, colour, grittiness, pH, viscosity, foam height, and other physical characteristics. Using the agar well diffusion method, the anti-microbial effectiveness of the prepared polyherbal hand wash was tested on a variety of bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Salmonella typhi, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans. The results demonstrated that manufactured herbal handwash formulations, particularly F3, displayed a prominent zone of inhibition in comparison to standard commercial handwash, indicating that the extract of these phytoconstituents may be employed to manufacture handwash with antimicrobial properties. As a result, the research shows that the herbal handwash formulation is analogous to commercial handwash in reducing the amount of bacteria on hands and may be used as a replacement handwash made from natural sources without experiencing any undesirable effects.

Safety Concerns on Microbes Associated with Fresh and Smoked Fish Sold in Igbokoda Fish Market, Nigeria

Fishes are important source of food for human globally because man gets a lot of minerals, vitamins, lipids and proteins from fishes and theirs products. Microbiological quality of fish is important to public health as indicative parameters to ensure safe consumption of fish by man. This study was carried out in order to evaluate microbes associated with fresh and smoked fishes on sales at Igbokoda fish market and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Ten different fresh and smoked fish samples were collected from different fish-sellers at different selling points in Igbokoda fish market, aseptically using sterile containers. Samples from the skin, intestine and gill were obtained and cultured into three different media (MacConkey Agar, Nutrient Agar, Salmonella-Shigella Agar) for bacteria isolation and characterization. Other samples from the skin, intestine and gill were also cultured into Potato Dextrose Agar for fungal isolation and characterization. After 48 hours, on examination the total bacterial counts obtained from the skin, intestine and gill ranged between 2.4 to 8.7 x 106 cfu/ml while the total fungal counts ranged between 4.6 to 9.2 x 104 cfu/ml. Highest microbial load was obtained from the skin of the fish samples (7.2 x 106 cfu/ml), while the gill had the lowest microbial load (4.6 x 104 cfu/ml). The bacteria species isolated from the fish samples and their percentage of occurrence were; Aeromonas hydrophilia (11.2%), Bacillus species (6.8%), Citrobacter freundii (3.3%), Escherichia coli (23.2%), Enterobacter cloacae (6.1%), Enterococcus faecalis (6.5%), Listeria monocytogenes (4.5%), Pseudomonas aeroginosa (8.2%), Salmonella species (10.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (16.5%) and Streptococcus species (3.5%). The fungi isolated and their percentage of occurrence were; Penicillium species (16.2%), Aspergillus flavus (8.4%), Aspergillus niger (25.5%), Candida species (16.4%), Fusarium species (6.5%), Mucor species (8.6%), Rhodotorula species (7.2%) and Rhizopus stolonifer (11.2%). Antibiotics susceptibility testing showed that all bacteria isolates were susceptible to Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Augmentin, and Amoxillin. While Salmonella species, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species showed strong resistance to Septrin, Gentamycin and Streptomycin but intermediate susceptible to Erythromycin, Ampiclox, and Tetracycline. The antifungal susceptibility testing of the fungal isolated from fish samples showed that all the isolates were susceptible to all the antifungal agents used except Candida species that showed little resistance to clotrimazole. The study showed that microbial loads in the fish samples were low and, also there was no presence of multidrug resistant bacteria in sampled fish; therefore the fishes were safe for consumption. Although, it is recommended that good processing method should be adopted by fish handlers to prevent health risks to the fish consumers.

Bioactivity Features of Novel Actinobacteria Isolated from Lichen and Orchid Plant

A total of 10 actinobacterial strains were isolated from a lichen and an orchid species by employing a selective isolation procedure for actinobacteria. Antimicrobial activities of the isolates were evaluated against Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603, Pseudomonas aeroginosa ATCC 27853, Salmonella enterica ATCC 13311, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Listeria monocytogenes NCTC 5348. Out of the 10 isolates, eight showed antimicrobial activity against at least one pathogen. For molecular identification of the strains, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis was performed. The pairwise comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the strains with the databases showed that the strains are members of the genus Streptomyces by sharing 98.9 – 100% gene sequence similarities. Phylogenetic relationships of the strains within the genus Streptomyces were revealed by maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony phylogenetic trees. The results revealed that unexplored environmental habitats like lichens and plant tissues may represent a potential reservoir for novel actinobacteria with promising bioactivity features.

Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Pteridium acquilinium and Newbouldia laevis Leaves Exhibited Antioxidant Activities and Inhibitory Potential Against Selected Clinical Bacteria Isolates

Endophytic fungi are important components of plant micro-ecosystems and they exist usually inside the healthy tissues of living plants. Endophytes possess encouraging source of biologically active metabolites for pharmaceutical applications. This study isolated endophytic fungi from Pteridium acquilinium and Newbouldia laevis leaves and evaluated their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. A total of ten endophytic fungal species were isolated from the leaves of the plants, from which six were selected and identified, including; Epicoccum thailandicum; Trichoderma atroviride; Lasiodiplodia parva; Trichoderma yunnanense; Colletotrichum cobbittiense; and, Trichoderma crissum. Among the isolated fungi, Trichoderma crissum (266.2956 ± 84.84 µg/ml) and Lasiodiplodia parva (293.0755 ± 64.95 µg/ml) showed significant scavenging activity on comparison with ascorbic acid. Furthermore, the isolated endophytes showed potential antibacterial activity against the tested clinical pathogens. This study validates that endophytic fungi dwelling in the inner tissue of medicinal plants studied could be a potential source of biologically active metabolites with free radical scavenging activities and also for treatment of infectious diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Escherichia coli.

Exploring the Therapeutic Properties of Alga-Based Silver Nanoparticles: Anticancer, Antibacterial, and Free Radical Scavenging Capabilities.

The current study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesized by Spirulina platensis extract. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The antioxidant activity of the biosynthesized AgNPs were determined via DPPH radical scavenging assay while its anticancer activity was determined using the MTT assay. The antimicrobial activity of the biosynthesized AgNPs were analyzed by disc diffusion method. Spirulina platensis acts as a reducing and capping agent. The efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in inhibiting the growth of Gram-negative bacteria, specifically Acetobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus vulgaris, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was assessed by the utilisation of the diffusion method. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against many strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The findings of the study revealed that when administered in doses of 50 μl, 75 μl, and 100 μl, the largest observed zone of inhibition corresponded to measurements of 10.5 mm, 14 mm, and 16 mm, respectively. A zone of inhibition with dimensions of 8 mm, 10.5 mm, and 12 mm was detected during testing against Acetobacter at concentrations of 50 μl, 75 μl, and 100 μl, respectively. The findings also indicate that there is a positive correlation between the concentration of AgNP and the DPPH scavenging ability of silver nanoparticles. The percentage of inhibition observed at concentrations of 500 μg/ml, 400 μg/ml, 300 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml, and 100 μg/ml were recorded as 80±1.98, 61±1.98, 52±1.5, 42±1.99, and 36±1.97, respectively. In addition, it was observed that the silver nanoparticles exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity at a concentration of 500 g/ml, with a measured value of 80.89±1.99. The IC-50 values, representing the inhibitory concentration required to achieve 50 % inhibition, were found to be 8.16, 19.15, 30.14, 41.13, and 63.11 at inhibition levels of 36±1.97, 42±1.99, 52±1.5, 61±1.98, and 80±1.98, respectively.

Effect of some antiseptics on elastase production from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of clinically used antiseptics on elastase production from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 39 clinical isolates were collected from wounds 10 (25.64%) and burns 29 (74.35%) from hospitalized patients in Baghdad city. Elastin preparation by the autoclaving method yielded 10.5 gm of elastin powder from (250 gm) of sheep's lungs, 3.6 gm from (50 gm) of sheep's bladder, and sheep's ligamentum nuchae (65 gm) yielded 15 gm. All P. aeruginosa isolates were tested for their ability to produce elastase by being cultivated on elastin nutrient agar and observed for the enzyme's activity. The bacteria that make elastase grew, and a clear border emerged surrounding the growth after 24 hours. 32 (82.05%) of P. aeruginosa isolates produced the enzyme on the elastin nutrient agar. Elastase-producing P. aeruginosa was tested quantitatively using the ELISA reader and spectrophotometer at (A495) to detect the released amount of Congo red dye from the degradation of the elastin Congo red. P. aeruginosa (P41) showed the highest elastolytic activity; thus, it was selected to determine the effect of the sub-MIC of the antiseptics on elastase production. The results showed that acetic acid was the best agent to inhibit elastase production, followed by silver nitrate, hydrogen peroxide and ethanol in descending order. Keywords: Elastase; Elastin; Pseudolysin; Antiseptics; Acetic acid; Pseudomonas aeroginosa

Synthesis and Characterization of Ciprofloxacin-loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for Eradication of Pseudomonas aeroginosa Biofilm

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm is one of the problems in antibiotic treatment of infections. Nanomedicines, such as chitosan (CS) can carry multiple drugs and improve the therapeutic effects of antibiotics. Objectives: This study aimed at the synthesis and characterization of ciprofloxacin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for eradication of P. aeroginosa biofilm. Methods: Cipro-CS microparticles were prepared by ionic gelation method and their size, zeta potential, and drug release pattern were determined. MBEC and MBIC of different groups of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, ciprofloxacin-PAβN, CS ciprofloxacin, and CS ciprofloxacin-PAβN) were performed on biofilm samples of P. aeroginosa. Results: Ciprofloxacin loading efficiency was 35.51%, and encapsulation efficiency was 55.06%. Released ciprofloxacin from CS nanoparticles was 80% after 24 hours. Biofilm production was positive in 96.7% of the isolates while 30.1% of the samples had strong biofilm. The best result for MBIC was CS ciprofloxacin, CS ciprofloxacin-PAβN, ciprofloxacin- PAβN, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. For MBEC the result was slightly different and from the best to better CS Ciprofloxacin-PAβN, CS Ciprofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin-PAβN, and ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: Today, with increasing antibiotic resistance, there are many challenges in treating infections. Due to the role of biofilm in antibiotic resistance, researchers are looking for new antibiotics to treat infections.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Terminalia coriacea (Roxb.) Wight and Arn. Leaves against Foodborne Pathogens

Pathogens spread on food items during the stages of storage, transit and processing. Thus, the eradication of these microorganisms holds significant importance. Ethanolic extract of Terminalia coriacea was used against Escherichia coli NCIM2134, Pseudomonas aeroginosa NCIM2037, Klebsiella pneumonia NCIM2706, Bacillus subtilis NCIM2920, Staphylococcus aureus NCIM5345 and Staphylococcus epidermidis NCIM5755 by disk diffusion and microdilution methods to evaluate the antibacterial activity. The ethanolic extract of Terminalia coriacea (Roxb.) leaves gave significant activity against all tested species of bacteria, which was compared to the standard disinfectant of 0.1% of commercial chlorhexidine. The inhibitions zones ranged from 6.45 ± 0.82 to 9.52 ± 0.30 for different bacterial strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was observed, ranging from 0.73 mg/mL to 1.35 mg/mL and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was observed, ranging from 0.73 mg/mL to 2.50 mg/mL. Based on the obtained results, it is suggested that the T. coriacea demonstrates antimicrobial properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains commonly encountered in food products. This plant extract can be further developed for the sanitizing of food items.

Bacterial contamination of water sources for domestic use in JOS and environs

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess and examine water bodies in Jos, Plateau State for bacterial contamination. Methods: A total of ninety four (90) water samples were collected aseptically from different sources (stream, well, borehole, tap, dam, storage tanks and water vendors) from different locations and investigated for their bacterial contaminants using the Most Probable Number Technique (MPN). Structured questionnaires were used to obtain information on the location, depth, sanitary condition and closeness of the water sources to septic tanks. The bacterial isolates present in the water samples were identified based on their morphology and biochemical characteristics. Total bacterial count was determined using the pour plate technique and total coliform count was by the Most Probable Number (MPN) method. Results: From the T-Test result of the mean coliform count of all the seven different water sources investigated, storage tanks (ST) were found to be the least contaminated followed by Tap water (TW) while stream (STR) water had the highest rate of contamination with MPN index of 300/100 ml. However, borehole water 6 (BW6) was the least contaminated among all the samples collected with MPN index of 7/10 ml. The MPN index range from 7/100 ml to 300/100 ml in BH6 and STR7 respectively while the Total viable count ranged from 1.0 × 102 to 3.3 × 103. A total of seven different isolates were characterized and identified as Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis. The results obtained were analysed using SPSS Version 21. Conclusion: This study reveals that all the different water samples collected and investigated were contaminated with bacteria.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Salen-type Schiff Base and Metal Complexes

2-Aminobenzylamine based unsymmetrical salen type Schiff base and its Cu(II), Ni(II),Co(II) and Fe(III) metal complexes were researched in terms of their antioxidant and antibacterial activities in this study. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH) method, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) method were carried out for determination of antioxidant effects of compounds. The antioxidant activity of the compounds were compared with the standard antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Fe, Ni and Cu complexes exhibited more scavenging activity than BHT. All compounds exhibit lower ferric reducing activity than BHA and BHT. Fe complex, Ni complex and the ligand have more antioxidant capacity than corresponding to BHT according to CUPRAC method. These assays showed that all compounds researched can use as synthetic antioxidants. Antibacterial effects of Schiff base and its metal complexes were investigated by agar disc diffusion method. Antibacterial studies of the compounds were achieved against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Enterococcus faecium, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were used as bacterial strains. The beneficial datas were acquired.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Novel Disubstituted 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles Derivatives Containing Fluorine Substituent

In the present study a new series of antibacterial agents (4a-f) was designed, synthesized and evaluated for antibacterial activity against different gram positive (Staphylococcusaureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus) and gram negative (listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa) bacteria. New derivatives of oxadiazoles were prepared by one-pot reaction of N-isocyanoiminotriphenylphosphorane, carboxylic acid derivatives and 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, in the presence of acetonitrile solvent. The broth macro dilution and well agar diffusion methods were used for determination of inhibition zone (IZ) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) during preliminary evaluation of antimicrobial activity. The (MIC) values of tested compounds revealed that all compounds have displayed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcusaureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (with MIC values in the range of 31 to 125µg/mL).

Phytoremediation proficiency of Jatropha gossypifolia under the influence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on metal contaminated soil

This investigation was performed to evaluate the metal pollution and possible phytoremediation on bauxite mine surrounding farmland soil. The quality analysis results revealed that, the soil has been polluted with metals such as Al (13.25 ± 0.54 mg kg−1), Pb (336.18 ± 7.17 mg kg−1), Zn (382.18 ± 3.05 mg kg−1), and Cd (11.32 ± 0.28 mg kg−1) and possess poor essential element content. The test bacterium Pseudomonas aeroginosa showed considerable metal tolerance up to 100 mg kg−1 concentration of metals such as Al, Pb, Zn, and Cd. Besides that, it also possesses essential plant growth promoting traits such as sederophore, IAA, nitrogen fixation, and phosphate solubilization. The test bacterium P. aeroginosa demonstrated optimistic influence on the growth and phytoremediation ability of Jatropha gossypifolia on metal-polluted soil under greenhouse experiment with different treatment groups (I–V). Group I (J. gossypifolia seeds coated with P. aeroginosa) showed outstanding phytoremediation potential on metal polluted soil than other treatment groups. The group I reduced considerable quantity of metals (Al 42.79%, Pb 36.57%, Zn 47.06%, and Cd 39.57%) from the treated soil. It was significantly higher than the remediation potential of other treatment groups (II–V). These findings suggest that P. aeroginosa's metal tolerant and PGP characters can effectively influence the growth and phytoremediation potential of J. gossypifolia on metal polluted soil.

Impact of improving infection control and antibiotic stewardship practices on nosocomial infections and antimicrobial resistance in an oncology centre from India

BackgroundImproving basic infection control (IC) practices, diagnostics and anti-microbial stewardship (AMS) are key tools to handle antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Materials and methodsThis is a retrospective study done over 6 years (2016–2021) in an oncology centre in North India with many on-going interventions to improve IC practices, diagnostics and AMS. This study looked into AMR patterns from clinical isolates, rates of hospital acquired infections (HAI) and clinical outcomes. ResultsOver all, 98,915 samples were sent for culture from 158,191 admitted patients. Most commonly isolated organism was E. coli (n ​= ​6951; 30.1%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (n ​= ​5801; 25.1%) and Pseudomonas aeroginosa (n ​= ​3041; 13.1%). VRE (Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus) rates fell down from 43.5% in Jan–June 2016 to 12.2% in July–Dec 2021, same was seen in CR (carbapenem resistant) Pseudomonas (23.0%–20.6%, CR Acinetobacter (66.6%–17.02%) and CR E. coli (21.6%–19.4%) over the same study period. Rate of isolation of Candida spp. from non-sterile sites also showed reduction (1.68 per 100 patients to 0.65 per 100 patients). Incidence of health care associated infections also fell from 2.3 to 1.19 per 1000 line days for CLABSI, 2.28 to 1.88 per 1000 catheter days for CAUTI. There was no change in overall mortality rates across the study period. ConclusionThis study emphasizes the point that improving compliance to standard IC recommendations and improving diagnostics can help in reducing the burden of antimicrobial resistance.

Uropathogenic bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates among gynecological cases admitted to Jimma Medical Center, South West Ethiopia

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections in women; about 50% of women get during their life time. Moreover, it is a common health problem in patients with gynecological pathologies, which increases the chance of acquiring infection. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial profile that causes UTI and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern among admitted gynecological cases. A cross-sectional study was conducted in south west Ethiopia region. A total of 386 patients admitted with gynecological cases were recruited by sequential sampling technique and structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and risk factor-related data. About 10 ml freshly voided midstream and catheterized urine specimens were collected using sterile containers. Identification of isolate was done using culture characteristics, gram staining, and a series of biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed as per the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion technique. The data obtained were entered into EpiData Version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS Version 25. A P value of less than 0.05 was used as a level of significance. In this study, the overall prevalence of UTI was 25.4%. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated bacteria, which accounted for 38 (37.6%), followed by Klebsiella species 22 (21.8%), CONS 14 (13.9%), Staphylococcus aureus 10 (9.9%), Enterobacter species 6 (5.9%), Citrobacter species 5 (4.9%), Proteus mirabilis 4 (4%), and Pseudomonas aeroginosa 2(2%). Histories of UTI (AOR = 1.977, 95% CI 1.06, 3.68, P = 0.032) and catheterization (AOR = 2.38, 95% CI 1.28, 4.45, P = 0.006) were found to be statistically associated with significant bacteriuria. Gram-negative isolates showed a high level of resistance, 88.3% for ampicillin and 66.2% for tetracycline, and a relatively low level of resistance against ceftazidime, 22.1%, and meropenem, 3.9%. Gram-positive uropathogens showed a high level of resistance to penicillin, 91.6%, whereas all isolates were sensitive 100.0% to nitrofurantoin. Furthermore, 80 (79.2%) of the isolates had multidrug resistance, and 16 (26.7%) of both E. coli and Klebsiella spp. produced Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). In this study, a high prevalence of uropathogenic bacteria and multidrug resistance for commonly prescribed drugs were observed with a significant number of ESBL producers. Therefore, screening admitted gynecological patients, especially for those who have history of catheterization and UTI, by urine culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing is important.

Nanoantibiotic effect of carbon-based nanocomposites: epicentric on graphene, carbon nanotubes and fullerene composites: a review.

Carbon in many different forms especially, Graphene, Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and Fullerene is emerging as an important material in the areas of the biomedical field for various applications. This review comprehensively describes the nano antibiotic effect of carbon-based nanocomposites: epicenter on graphene, carbon nanotubes, and fullerene Composites. It summarises the studies conducted to evaluate their antimicrobial applications as they can disrupt the cell membrane of bacteria resulting in cell death. The initial section gives a glimpse of both "Gram"-positive and negative bacteria, which have been affected by Graphene, CNTs, and Fullerene-based nanocomposites. These bacteria include Staphylococcus Aureus, Bacillus Thuringiensis, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebseilla pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Pseudomonas syringae , Shigella flexneri,Candida Albicans, Mucor. Another section is dedicated to the insight of Graphene, and its types such as Graphene Oxide (GO), Reduced graphene oxide (rGO), Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs), Graphene Nanoribbons (GNRs), and Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs). Insight into CNT, including both the types SWCNT and MWCNT, studied, followed by understanding fullerene is also reported. Another section is dedicated to the antibacterial mechanism of Graphene, CNT, and Fullerene-based nanocomposites. Further, an additional section is dedicated to a comprehensive review of the antibacterial characteristics of Graphene, CNT, and nanocomposites based on fullerene. Future perspectives and recommendations have also been highlighted in the last section.

Comparative study on genotypic properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from subclinical mastitis in Türkiye

The results of antibacterial therapy in mastitis may be related to not only the antibiotic sensitivity of the etiological factors, but also to their abilities carrying integron and virulence genes. Integrons are mobile DNA element that can capture and carry genes, particularly those responsible for antibiotic resistance. Pseudomonas aeroginosa has numberless virulence factors which are contributed to bacterial invasion and toxicity. The aim of this study is to investigate antibiotic resistance, integron and virulence gene profiles of P. aeruginosa isolates obtained from cow milk with subclinical mastitis; further, was to evaluate the relationship between the antimicrobial resistance of bacteria with the of integron and virulence gene carrying. Material of the study is consisted with 32 (9.8%) of P. aeruginosa isolates obtained from 326 subclinical mastitic milk samples. After the bacterial identification was done by classical conventional methods, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to verify the genus and species identifications of the isolates and to determine the integron and virulence gene profiles. Using disk diffusion method, antimicrobial resistance was determined to fifteen antibiotics against belonging to eleven antimicrobial families. The relationship the presence of integron and virulence genes associated with antibiotic resistance, further the relationship the presence of virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance was calculated with the Chi-Square (χ2) test. Ten of virulence genes (lasl, lasR, lasB, rhll, rhlR, rhlAB, plcH, plcN, ppyR, exoT) were found in all isolates whilst a virulence gene (aprA) was not present in any isolate. It was found that 34.4% of the isolates carried any integron gene. The results showed that the relationship is important between the presence of int genes and gentamicin, amikacin, tetracycline, cefoperazone, imipenem, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin resistance and exoU virulence gene presence. Also; there were also important associations between resistance to certain antibiotics and the presence of P. aeroginosa virulence genes: ciprofloxacin with lasA; netilmicin, cefoperazone and ciprofloxacin with pilB; netilmicin and ciprofloxacin with pelA; amikacin with algD, algU, algL; aztreonam with toxA; enrofloxacin with pvdA. All isolates obtained in this study showed multiple antibiotic resistance (MDR). In these cases, the presence of integron and some virulence genes could play a prominent role in the resistance of P. aeroginosa isolates to antimicrobial drugs. This study could be important in that it is the first study to show the presence of integrons and virulence genes in P. aeroginosa isolates originating from mastitic cow milk in Turkey. The presence of antibiotic-resistant P. aeroginosa strains in cattle farms may also pose a public health risk, as these bacteria can transmit their resistance genes to humans through food consumption.