Pseudocardium Sachalinensis Research Articles

Changes in the Taste and Texture of the Foot of the Surf Clam (Pseudocardium sachalinensis) during Storage and Cooking

Changes in the Taste and Texture of the Foot of the Surf Clam (<i>Pseudocardium sachalinensis</i>) during Storage and Cooking

Anesthetic Effects and Physiological Responses of Clove Oil, Lidocaine-HCl, and Tricaine Methanesulphonate on Seawater Shellfishes in Korea

This study aimed to investigate the effects of clove oil, lidocaine-HCl, and tricane methanesulfonate (MS-222) on scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis), ark shell (Scapharca broughtonii), surf clam (Pseudocardium sachalinensis), blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), granular ark (Tegillarca granosa), and shortneked clam (Ruditapes philippinarum), and to compare the anesthetic effect among three anesthetics. Induction times of clove oil, lidocaine-HCl, and MS-222 were significantly affected by concentrations of anesthetics, and decreased drastically as the concentrations of anesthetics increased (P 0.05). At each group, as the concentration of anesthetics increased, the induction time decreased (P 0.05). For each anesthetic, the longer the shell length of six species in this experiment were, the more induction time increased (P 0.05). Plasma cortisol and plasma glucose, which were measured to examine the stress response in seawater shellfishes in this experiment. Cortisol concentrations of clove oil, lidocaine-HCl, and MS-222 on six seawater shellfish were increased until 6 hrs after recovery of anesthesia (RA) and cortisol concentrations of three anesthetics on each shellfish were highest at 6 hrs after RA. At 6 hrs after RA, cortisol concentrations of MS-222 on each shellfish were higher than those of clove oil and lidocaine-HCl. Especially, cortisol concentration of granular ark at 6 hrs after RA was higher than that of the other shellfishes. At 6 hrs after RA, cortisol concentrations of three anesthetics were decreased until 48 hrs. Glucose concentrations of clove oil, lidocaine-HCl, and MS-222 on six seawater shellfish were increased until 12 hrs after RA and glucose concentrations of three anesthetics on each shellfish were highest at 12 hrs after RA. At 6 hrs after RA, glucose concentrations of MS-222 on each shellfish were higher than those of clove oil and lidocaine-HCl and glucose concentration of granular ark was higher than those of the other shellfishes as well. From 12 to 48 hrs after RA, glucose concentrations of three anesthetics were decreased.

New metabolites from the alga-derived fungi Penicillium thomii Maire and Penicillium lividum Westling

A new meroterpenoid, austalide H acid ethyl ester (1), 5-(2′,4′-dihydroxy-6′-methylphenyl)-3-methylfuran-2-carboxylic acid (2), 5-(2′-hydroxy-6′-methylphenyl)-3-methylfuran-2-carboxylic acid (3) and 5-((6′-methyl-4′-oxo-3′,4′-dihydro-2H-pyran-2′-yl)methyl)-3-methylfuran-2-carboxylic acid (4), along with six known compounds, austalides H, J, K, and P (5–8), questin (9) and sulochrin (10) were isolated from the lipophilic extract of the alga-derived fungi Penicillium thomii KMM 4645 and Penicillium lividum KMM 4663. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined based on spectroscopic methods. The austalides showed significant inhibitory activity against endo-1,3-β-d-Glucanase from a crystalline stalk of the marine mollusk Pseudocardium sachalinensis.

강릉 연안에서 형망의 갈퀴 간격 및 망목 크기에 따른 어획 생물의 종조성 및 군집 분석

The dredge gear is dragged along the bottom of the sea to catch targeted edible bottom dwelling species. Species composition and ecological index of the catches of dredge were estimated around Gangneung coastal fishing ground by dredge with different mesh size and tooth space from July to December 2013. Eight different types of dredge including four different tooth space (24.7 mm, 29.9 mm, 34.9 mm, 40.1 mm) and four different mesh size(15.5 mm, 32.7 mm, 51.1 mm, 60.0 mm) were used in the experiment. During the experiment, total catches were collected 31 species as sipunculida 1 species, mollusca 13 species, annelida 3 species, arthropoda 8 species, echinodermata 4 species and others 2 species. The dominant genus were mollusca and echinodermata while the dominant species were Megangulus venulosus, Pseudocardium sachalinensis, Schaphechinus brevis. The richness index was ranged 1.29-1.72, evenness index was 0.6-0.65 and diversity index was 1.65-1.83 according to the tooth space and mesh size of dredge. Richness index, diversity index were high at tooth space 34.9 mm dredge and ecological index showed decreasing tendency with the increasing of mesh size of dredge. Cluster and MDS analysis, based on a Bray-Curtis and similarity matrix of fourth root transformed data of number of species and wet weight, showed division into four different groups as four different tooth space (Group A), four different mesh size Group B (51.1 mm, 60.0 mm), Group C (32.7 mm) and Group D (15.5 mm).

Meroterpenoids from the alga-derived fungi Penicillium thomii Maire and Penicillium lividum Westling.

Ten new austalide meroterpenoids (1-10) were isolated from the alga-derived fungi Penicillium thomii KMM 4645 and Penicillium lividum KMM 4663. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with related known compounds. The absolute configurations of some of the metabolites were assigned by the modified Mosher's method and CD data. Compounds 1, 2, 8, and 9 were able to inhibit AP-1-dependent transcriptional activity in JB6 Cl41 cell lines at noncytotoxic concentrations. Austalides 1-5, 8, and 9 exhibited significant inhibitory activity against endo-1,3-β-D-glucanase from a crystalline stalk of the marine mollusk Pseudocardium sachalinensis.

Endo-(1→3)-β-d-glucanase GI from marine mollusk Littorina sitkana: Amino acid sequence and ESIMS/MS-estimated features of transglycosylation and hydrolysis reactions in comparison to analogous enzyme LIV from Pseudocardium sachalinensis

Abstract The cDNA encoding the glucanase GI from Littorina sitkana (formerly named Littorina kurila ) was cloned and sequenced, and the enzyme was assigned to glycoside hydrolases family 16 (GHF16) on the basis of amino acid sequence similarity. Structural features of the products of transglycosylation reaction using 6-O-methyl-β- d -glucuronic acid as an acceptor were established. Using colisionally induced dissociation (CID) tandem electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS/MS) it was shown that GI transfers the residues of glyconic parts of the substrate mainly at C3 and C4 positions of 6-O-methyl-β- d -glucuronic acid and strictly at C3 position of glucose residue. The semi-quantitative characteristics of simultaneously passing hydrolysis and transglycosylation reactions catalyzed by retaining endo-(1→3)-β- d -glucanases GI from L. sitkana and LIV from Pseudocardium sachalinensis (formerly named Spisula sachalinensis ) have been obtained by ESIMS. Laminaran was used as a donor, while glycerol was employed as an acceptor. The significant distinctions of catalytic properties of LIV and GI were revealed.

Distribution of Planktonic Larvae of the Japanese Surf Clam, Pseudocardium sachalinensis at Tomakomai, Hokkaido

Distribution of Planktonic Larvae of the Japanese Surf Clam, Pseudocardium sachalinensis at Tomakomai, Hokkaido

Thermal Tolerance of Eggs and Larvae of Japanese Surf Clam Pseudocardium sachalinensis (SCHRENCK)

Thermal Tolerance of Eggs and Larvae of Japanese Surf Clam Pseudocardium sachalinensis (SCHRENCK)

Purification, cDNA cloning and homology modeling of endo-1,3-β- d-glucanase from scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis

The retaining endo-1,3-β- d-glucanase (LV) with molecular mass of 36 kDa was purified to homogeneity from the crystalline styles of scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis. The purified enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis of laminaran as endo-enzyme forming glucose, laminaribiose and higher oligosaccharides as products ( K m ∼ 600 μg/mL). The 1,3-β- d-glucanase effectively catalyzed transglycosylation reaction that is typical of endo-enzymes too. Optima of pH and temperature were at 4.5 and 45 °C, respectively. cDNA encoding the endo-1,3-β- d-glucanase was cloned by PCR-based methods. It contained an open reading frame that encoded 339-amino acids protein. The predicted endo-1,3-β- d-glucanase amino acid sequence included a characteristic domain of the glycosyl hydrolases family 16 and revealed closest homology with 1,3-β- d-glucanases from bivalve Pseudocardium sachalinensis, sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and invertebrates lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan-binding proteins. The fold of the LV was more closely related to κ-carrageenase, agarase and 1,3;1,4-β- d-glucanase from glycosyl hydrolases family 16. Homology model of the endo-1,3-β- d-glucanase from M. yessoensis was obtained with MOE on the base of the crystal structure of κ-carrageenase from P. carrageonovora as template. Putative three-dimensional structures of the LV complexes with substrate laminarihexaose or glucanase inhibitor halistanol sulfate showed that the binding sites of the halistanol sulfate and laminarihexaose are located in the enzyme catalytic site and overlapped.

Gene structure of two-domain arginine kinases from Anthopleurajaponicus and Pseudocardiumsachalinensis

Unusual two-domain arginine kinases (AKs) arose independently at least two times during molecular evolution of phosphagen kinases: AKs from the primitive sea anemone Anthopleura japonicus and from the clam Pseudocardium sachalinensis. To elucidate its unusual evolution, the structures of Anthopleura and Pseudocardium AK genes have been determined. The Anthopleura gene consisted of 4 exons and 3 introns: two domains are linked by a bridge intron, and each domain contains one intron in different positions. On the other hand, the Pseudocardium gene consisted of 10 exons and 9 introns: two domains are also linked by a bridge intron, and domains 1 and 2 contains 3 and 5 introns, respectively, of which 3 introns are located in exactly same positions. Since the two domains of Pseudocardium AK are estimated to have diverged about 290 million years ago, the 3 introns have been conserved at least for this long. Comparison of intron positions in Anthopleura, Pseudocardium and C. elegans AK genes indicates that there is no intron conserved through the three AK lineages, in sharp contrast to relatively conservative intron positions in creatine kinase (CK) gene family.

二枚貝による海水ろ過量の推定とそれにおよぼす温度影響の種間比較

The filtration rate and thermal effects on the rate were evaluated in various marine bivalves. 1) The filtration rates by a clam population (F, l · m-2 · h-1) estimated using the following equation were compared with Pseudocardium sachalinensis in Hamanaka Bay, Hokkaido and Ruditapes philippinarum in Banzu tidal flat, Tokyo Bay.F=Σmn=1fn · RT · RS · Pnwhere ; fn, filtration rate of a clam with Ln mm (mean shell length of divided size class) examined under the experimental conditions ; RT, correction coefficient for fn at field temperature T (°C) ; RS, correction coefficient for fn at field salinity S (psu), Pn ; clam density (no. · m-2) of 15 size classes in P. sachalinensis and 7 size classes in R. philippinarum ; m, number of size classes. Filtration rate and effects of body size, temperature and salinity on the filtration rate were examined using the clam collected from each study sites. Monthly changes of temperature, salinity and clam density were investigated in Hamanaka Bay, and were evaluated from analysis of available data in Tokyo Bay, 2) The individual filtration rate corrected for body size and temperature was compared between 4 bivalve species, P. sachalinensis, R. philippinarum, Mytilus galloprovincialis, and Perna viridis. 3) Thermal effects on the filtration rate were examined in 8 bivalve species, including Mactra chinensis, Meretrix lamarcki, M. lusoria, and Mytilus coruscus.Following are major findings ; 1) The contribution of the 2 year-old population to the eatimated filtration rate was dominant in P. sachalinensis (65%) and R. philippinarum (58-78%). Following contributions were for the 3 (19%), 4 (8%), 1 (5%), and over 5 year-old (3%) in P. sachalinensis and over 3 (14-22%), and 1 year-old (8-20%) in R. philippinarum. In the case of P. sachalinensis, a irregular occurrence of dominant year class may be major factor affecting on the filtration.2) The estimated filtration rates (l · indiv.-1 · h-1) of 30mm individual at 15°C were as follows : M. galloprovincialis (2.5), R. philippinarum (1.5), P. sachalinensis (1.3), and P. viridis (0.64).3) The temperature considered to be optimum for filtration was 20°C for P. sachalinensis, M. lamarcki and M. lusoria, 25°C for M. chinensis, R. philippinarum and M. galloprovincialis, 27.5°C for M. coruscus, and 32.5°C for P. viridis.

Difference in PSP Composition among Various Parts of Surf Clam

Surf clam Pseudocardium sachalinensis was collected from coastal waters of Ibaraki Prefecture and dissected into various parts, which were analyzed for paralytic shellfish poisons (PSPs) by HPLC. In all the parts, PSP was composed almost exclusively of protogonyautoxin (PX) and gonyautoxins (GTXs) 1-4. The relative amounts of those components, however, differed among the parts. Overall, the ratio of GTX (1, 4) (N1-OH carbamate toxins) to GTX (2, 3) (N1-H carbamate toxins) clearly differed between the visceral parts and the muscle parts, suggesting the involvement of enzymatic reaction. When added to the visceral extract, GTX (1, 4) (N1-OH toxins) was for the most part converted into GTX (2, 3) (N1-H toxins). This, along with some other data, suggested that biotransformation of GTX (1, 4) to GTX (2, 3) takes place in surf clam viscera.

Changes of Paralytic Shellfish Poison by Autoclaving

Paralytic shellfish poison (PSP)-contaminated bivalves, the surf clam Pseudocardium sachalinensis and hard clam Meretrix lamarckii, were extracted with water and each extract was divided into several portions, which were adjusted to various acidic pH values and autoclaved at 120°C for up to 120min. Irrespective of the species, the extract adjusted to pH 5 or 6 lost most of the toxicity when autoclaved for 15min, whereas at pH 3, the extract maintained its toxicity level throughout the autoclaving. HPLC analysis demonstrated that regardless of pH, each extract exhibited a PSP composition differing from the initial one when autoclaved for 15min. The extract showed no more changes in PSP composition at longer periods of autoclaving, even when the toxicity level was decreased at near-neutral pH.The present results indicate that the stability of PSP during autoclaving is pH-dependent and that PSP components or gonyautoxins 1-4 may attain mutual equilibria during 15min of autoclaving. A mixture of purified gonyautoxins gave essentially the same results as did the extracts.

Gene duplication and fusion have occurred frequently in the evolution of phosphagen kinases – a two-domain arginine kinase from the clam Pseudocardium sachalinensis

In contrast to the 40 kDa arginine kinases from Molllusca and Arthropoda, the adductor muscle of the marine clam Pseudocardium sachalinensis contains an unusual arginine kinase consisting of an 86 kDa subunit. The cDNA encoding the 86 kDa arginine kinase was amplified by PCR and the cDNA-derived amino acid sequence of 724 residues was determined. The exact molecular mass for the protein was calculated to be 80 941 Da. The amino acid sequence clearly indicates that Pseudocardium arginine kinase has a two-domain structure: the first domain residues 1–363 and the second domain 364–724. The two domains, which are separated by an intron of 176 bp in the gene, show 62% amino acid sequence identity. This two-domain arginine kinase from a mollusc represents yet another multiple-domain enzyme observed in the phosphagen kinase enzyme family. Two-domain and three-domain enzymes have been observed in three other diverse invertebrate groups. Thus, it is clear that gene duplication and subsequent fusion have occurred frequently, and likely independently, during the course of the evolution of this enzyme family. Comparison of the amino acid sequence in the GS region (a possible candidate for the guanidine substrate recognition site in the phosphagen kinase family) suggests that the first domain of Pseudocardium arginine kinase might not retain a complete enzyme activity, because the Asp-7 in the GS region, which is assumed to be involved in the recognition of the positive charge of arginine, was replaced by a Gly residue in the first domain.

ウバガイの潜砂行動に及ぼす振動流の影響

This study examined the effects of oscillatory water flow, with reference to flow speed and amplitude period, on the burrowing behaviors of the Japanese surf clam Pseudocardium sachalinensis (shell length=5.7-41.7mm) using a vertical water-circulating tunnel. The burrowing speed of the clam tended to rise with the shell length and flow speed regardless of amplitude period and the clam's posture at burrowing toward flow. The relationship between the burrowing speed (V: mm/s), shell length (L: mm) and flow speed (U: cm/s) was described as V/L=4.66×10-4U+0.015. A large number of the clams apparently burrowed in a lateral direction toward the flow. The maximum flow speed when the clams could burrow into sand ranged from 15cm/s (amplitude period: 4s) to 20cm/s (8-12s) for the clams with shell length of 4-10mm, and from 20cm/s (4s) to 25cm/s (8-12s) for the clams with shell length of 16-42mm.

Behavioral Characteristics of the Juvenile Japanese Surf Clam Pseudocardium sachalinensis in response to Sand Erosion and Deposition Associated with Oscillatory Water Flow

Behavioral Characteristics of the Juvenile Japanese Surf Clam Pseudocardium sachalinensis in response to Sand Erosion and Deposition Associated with Oscillatory Water Flow

Studies on the Behavioral characteristics and the Mortality of the Japanese surf clam, Pseudocardium sachalinensis, in Relation to Wave action

Studies on the Behavioral characteristics and the Mortality of the Japanese surf clam, Pseudocardium sachalinensis, in Relation to Wave action

ウバガイ，バカガイおよびアサリの潜砂行動に及ぼす水温，塩分および底質粒径の影響

This paper analyzed the effects of water temperature, salinity and particle size of the substratum on the burrowing behaviors of the three Veneroid bivalves, Pseudocardium sachalinensis, Mactra chinensis, and Ruditapes philippinarum. The starting time for burrowing behavior (STBB) and mean burrowing velocity (MBV) of the three bivales in 15-25°C tended to be more rapid than those in 5-1O°C. In 5-10°C, STBB and MBV of P. sachalinensis were the most rapid, and the burying depth of this species in 5-10°C was deeper than that in 15-25°C. In R. philippinarum, the ranges of optimum salinity and particle size for burrowing were wide compared with the other species. It was concluded that the burrowing behaviors of P. sachalinensis and R. philippinarum are well adapted to the dynamic swash conditions in high latitudes and to sites with fresh water, fluctuation of water temperature and low sorting sediment.

Elastic anisotropy of bivalve hinge-ligament

Compressive stress-strain properties of an elastic ligament of a bivalve, Pseudocardium sachalinensis were investigated in the swollen state in water. The ligament is a calcified tissue, composed of calcium carbonate and insoluble protein which is rich in methionine S-oxide residue [Kikuchi, Y. and Tamiya, N., J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 89, 1975–1976 (1981)]. X-ray diffraction study showed that calcium carbonate existed only in orthorhombic aragonite form, and that all the crystal c-axes of the unit cell orientate nearly in the growing direction of the ligament. The uniaxial compression modulus for the growing direction was appreciably larger than those for the other two directions, while the anisotropy of the modulus was absent for a decalcified ligament. Thus the mechanical anisotropy of the ligament could be explained by means of the uniaxially oriented structure of aragonite crystals being dispersed in a nearly isotropic protein matrix.

Desmosine and isodesmosine as cross-links in the hinge-ligament protein of bivalves. 3,3'-Methylenebistyrosine as an artefact.

Desmosine and isodesmosine were detected in an invertebrate molluscan species, i.e. in an insoluble protein in the hinge ligament of a bivalve species, Sakhalin surf clam (Pseudocardium sachalinensis, in family Mactridae). The protein is rich in glycine and methionine S-oxide but devoid of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine. 3,3'-Methylenebistyrosine was also detected in the HCl hydrolysate of the hinge-ligament protein, but it was found to be an artefact produced from tyrosine and formaldehyde derived from methionine S-oxide during the HCl hydrolysis of the protein.