PSD Analysis Research Articles

Ionospheric Plasma Fluctuations Induced by the NWC Very Low Frequency Signal Transmitter

AbstractThe Australian NWC (North West Cape) signal transmitter is known to strongly interfere with the topside ionosphere. We analyze 456 conjunctions between Swarm A, B and NWC, in addition to 58 conjunctions between NorSat‐1 and NWC. The in‐situ measurements provided by these satellites include the 16 Hz Swarm Advanced Plasma Density data set, and the novel 1,000 Hz plasma density measurements from the m‐NLP system aboard NorSat‐1. We subject the data to a detailed PSD analysis and subsequent superposed epoch analysis. This allows us to present comprehensive statistics of the NWC‐induced plasma fluctuations, both their scale‐dependency, and their climatology. The result should be seen in the context of VLF signal transmitter‐induced plasma density fluctuations, where we find counter‐evidence for the existence of turbulent structuring induced by the NWC transmitter.

Ionic Liquid Functionalized Silica Aerogels as Reinforcing Agents for Epoxy Nanocomposites

In this study, the effect of ionic liquid embedded silica aerogels on the mechanical properties of epoxy composites was investigated. The study consisted of two parts. In the first part, silica aerogels were synthesized by one-step sol–gel method and dried by supercritical drying. Two different silica aerogel powders with/without ionic liquid were prepared to investigate the effect of ionic liquid both on the physicochemical characteristics and the dispersion behavior of the silica aerogel. Various analyses such as FTIR, SEM/EDX, TGA, PSD and Zeta Potential analysis were conducted in order to investigate the effect of the contribution of ionic liquid on the physicochemical and textural structures of these powders and to identify the surface charge characteristics of the aerogels. According to characterization results, silica aerogels prepared by including ionic liquid, resulted in superior characteristics with lower density (0.16 g/cm3), higher porosity (93%), higher thermal stability (up to 400 °C), higher zeta potential value (28 mV) and smaller average particle diameter (40 nm). In the second part, silica aerogel-epoxy nanocomposites were produced by changing silica aerogel content and mechanical analyses of the composites were conducted. To examine the mechanical properties of nanocomposites, tensile and three-point bending tests were performed. The results have shown that the composites containing 1 wt% ionic liquid in silica aerogel had superior modulus of elasticity (4156.27 MPa) and tensile strength (51.96 MPa) compared to that of neat epoxy which had the elasticity modulus of 3538.08 MPa and tensile strength of 47.98 MPa.

Mitigation of environmental problems using brick kiln rice husk ash in geopolymer composites for sustainable development

Brick kilns uses assorted amount of rice husk as fuel to fire the stacks of soil bricks. In India, the rice husk ash (RHA) created during the burning process of bricks has yet to be properly exploited. The main focus of this study is to enhance the structural properties of geopolymer composites using brick kiln incinerated rice husk ash waste. The Physico-chemical analysis of brick kiln rice husk ash indicates the presence of high silica (88%) content with the evidence of XRD and FTIR analysis, SEM images shows high porous structure and PSD analysis gives a bonding nature of particle size as binding ingredient. The geopolymer mixes were made manually with different percentage of RHA 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% replaced partially in Siliceous Flyash. To identify suitability of the mixture for geopolymer concrete production, properties like workability and fresh density of the mixture was investigated using manually casted cubes having a size of 100 ​mm and keeping for oven drying at 40° ±2 ​°C upto 24 ​h. Compressive strength as destructive structural test method was investigated at the respective duration of curing. The findings led to the conclusion that increasing the percentages of RHA in the combination improves the mixture for geopolymer concrete composites with the increase of curing time. At 10% RHA addition, the optimal compressive strength of 42.19 ​N/mm2 was achieved. The compressive strength of the RHA was found to decrease by 0.8% at 10% addition, which is negligible when compared to the control geopolymer mix (i.e., mix with 0% RHA), implying that the RHA from brick kilns can be employed to improve the structural qualities of geopolymer concrete composites.

Eco-efficient cement based on activated coal washing rejects with low content of kaolinite

Coal washing waste was studied as supplementary cementitious material to evaluate it as new raw materials for ecocements. The influence of temperature (room temperature, 450, 650, and 800 °C) and residence time in the muffle furnace (1, 2, and 3 h) on the mineralogy and pozzolanic properties of coal washing waste was analyzed. Different characterization techniques such as PSD, XRF, XRD, FTIR, and elemental analysis were employed. In addition, the degree of structural order–disorder of the kaolinite and the amount of amorphous material in each calcined sample were determined. Subsequently, blended cements were prepared by replacing 20% with calcined waste, and their physical and mechanical behavior were analyzed (water demand, setting time, expansion, pozzolanicity, and compressive strength). The results obtained show that despite the low kaolinite content in the coal waste (14%), it is possible to obtain optimal eco-pozzolans when they are subjected to a thermal activation process above 600 °C, with an optimal temperature around 800 °C. The blended cements comply with the specifications for Type II/A cements, reaching relative compressive strength up to 0.99%. A good correlation between the compressive strengths and amorphous content of the thermally activated waste was obtained.

Green synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles using Delonix elata leaf extract: Evaluation of its structural, optical, morphological and photocatalytic properties

This research article reports the green synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles and its structural, optical, morphological and photocatalytic behaviors has been achieved by using Delonix elata leaf extract. Three different synthesis routes (i.e., sonication, wet chemical, and microwave method) are employed to prepare SnO2 nanoparticles. A comparative analysis was performed on the main physical properties to get a broader understanding of the effect of processing parameters on prepared SnO2 nanoparticles. The prepared SnO2 nanoparticles were characterized using different techniques like TG, XRD, FESEM, EDX, FT-IR, UV–Vis, PSD, and BET surface area analysis. Furthermore, the application of the prepared SnO2 nanoparticles as photocatalyst was proceeded to degrade rhodamine B dye.

Synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from cotton using ultrasound-assisted acid hydrolysis

This present work reports the synthesis of Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from cotton using an ultrasound-assisted acid hydrolysis. Further, the synthesized CNCs was comprehensively characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to analyze surface functional groups and X-ray diffraction (XRD) in studying structural characteristics. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) have been used to study the thermal properties of CNCs. Morphology of CNCs was studied using a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The crystallite size was found to be 10–50 nm using XRD data and the average particle size to be 221 nm using PSD analysis.

Using confocal fusion for measurement of metal AM surface texture

The highly complex nature of as printed metal AM surfaces pose other challenges for making measurements compared to surfaces made with many conventional processing methods. The high complexity is caused by high aspect ratios, a mix of high and low reflexivity, steep angles etc. It is not clear which method is the most suitable for measuring these surfaces. The objective of this study was to compare four different measurement modes available in one instrument to evaluate the advantages and drawbacks of the respective techniques regarding measurements of metal AM surfaces. The evaluated measurement modes are Confocal Microscopy, Coherence Scanning Interferometry, Focus Variation and Confocal Fusion. The effect of advantages and drawbacks of studied techniques was tested on typical surfaces produced by L-PBF process. Surfaces printed at 0° and 90° inclinations were compared regarding the measurement results achieved from the different methods. The Power Spectral Density analysis and visual comparison were used for the examination of studied measurements methods. Besides the comparison of areal measurements acquired by different modes available in the instrument also extracted profile measurements were compared with profile images acquired using an Optical Microscope. This study reveals that confocal fusion is a promising technique for AM surface characterisation, due to the highest amount of valid data points in the typical measurement. The new approach developed in the study showed that PSD analysis can be used for evaluation of fill in algorithms incorporated in different software. Results of the profile comparisons help to illustrate features that can be depicted by surface measurements, applying different measurement principles, as well as enables comparison of raw profile data between different types of measurements. Further investigation of measurements on AM surfaces in the frequency domain will bring more understanding about the limitations of measurement techniques.

주파수 영역 피로해석에서 PSD 분석 방식 비교

If fatigue failure occurs during aircraft operation, it can cause catastrophic injuries. So, it is necessary to study fatigue failure at the design stage. Frequency domain fatigue analysis is used to predict fatigue failure. During frequency domain fatigue analysis, results can be calibrated by PSD analysis. In this study, fatigue failure is predicted by the Dirlik method, Lalanne method and Steinberg method. Regarding results, life determined by the Dirlik method, Lalanne method and Steinberg method were 8.737, 8.314, and 7.901 times the standard life, respectively. The Steinberg method is the most conservative but the difference with other methods was approximately 10%. In the cycle histogram, the Dirlik method had more counts than the Lalanne method in lower stress range. However, it does not affect the life of material used in this study. However, if material has a lower fatigue limit or stronger PSD data is used, life difference will occur.

Particle size and metal composition of gouging and lancing fumes

Metal gouging and lancing liberate particles of an unknown size and composition. Fumes are formed when vaporized materials condense in air, creating fine and ultrafine particles which can agglomerate. Particle sizes may be <1 µm in diameter. Inhalation of this mixture of metal fumes can lead to adverse health effects. This study characterized fumes by particle size fractions and metal composition. As particles may be in the submicron range, the nano-size fraction was included. Randomized, side-by-side area samples of fumes liberated during gouging and lancing were collected. Samplers included the conductive plastic Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) samplers (inhalable fraction), GK2.69 stainless steel thoracic cyclones (thoracic fraction), aluminum respirable cyclones (respirable fraction), Nanoparticle Respiratory Deposition (NRD) samplers (nano-size fraction), and open-face filter cassettes (particle size distribution—PSD). Samplers were mounted at a height of between 1.3 m and 1.7 m, in the worst-case scenario area (down-wind). Forty-six samples were collected during gouging and 26 during lancing. Mass concentrations per fraction ranges (excluding nano-size) were found to be 1.27–17.27 mg/m3 (inhalable), 1.83–13.96 mg/m3 (thoracic) and 0.88–15.82 mg/m3 (respirable) for gouging; and 2.34–5.60 mg/m3 (inhalable), 2.82–4.01 mg/m3 (thoracic), and 1.89–3.24 mg/m3 (respirable) for lancing. PSD analysis confirmed the presence of nano-size particles with a mean size of 171.76 (±56.27) nm during gouging and 32.33 (±7.17) nm during lancing. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis of samples indicated the presence of chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), and tin (Sn) in the respective particle size fractions (including nano-size) of both processes. Negative health effects associated with metal inhalation are well known, while nanoparticles’ unique properties enable them to cause further detrimental health effects. The nano-size fraction should be included in personal exposure assessments and control measures.

Assessing Efficiency in a unified size reduction plant when reducing large ore into powder particulate matter

In this study, the effects of reduction ration on different mineral ores was investigated when using common size reduction equipment’s and also factors affecting the working efficiency during crushing. A laboratory model of a unified crushing operation was used as an estimate to account for performance at industrial level, how energy consumption in a treatment plant can be minimized. Prediction on breakage behavior and fracture energy was estimated for common crushers how chemical and physical properties of ore materials play a significant role in determining the crusher product specifications following PSD analysis. The rock ore studied in the research were modeled as granular particles subjected to crushing, grinding, and milling activities and their breakage mechanism was closely observed. Comparison between applied energy of the Jaws was studied and compared to estimated fracture energy for single particle breakage.

Powder XRD, PSD and DSC Analysis of the Consciousness Energy Healing Treated Zinc Chloride

Zinc chloride is commonly used as a source of zinc for the treatment of many diseases and overall maintenance of good health. The impacts of the Trivedi Effect® on the physicochemical, thermal, and behavioral properties of zinc chloride were evaluated using sophisticated analytical techniques. Zinc chloride was divided into control and treated parts. Only, the treated part received the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment remotely by a renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Dahryn Trivedi. The powder XRD relative peak intensities and crystallite sizes of the treated zinc chloride were significantly altered ranging from -58.73 to 141.43 and -74.03 to 228.56%, respectively compared with the control sample. The average crystallite size of the treated zinc chloride was significantly increased by 4.34% compared with the control sample. The particle sizes of the treated zinc chloride sample were significantly altered by 11.04% (d10), -11.85% (d50), -20.35% (d90), and -21.88% {D (4, 3)} compared with the control sample. Thus, the surface area of the treated zinc chloride (10400 m2/g) was significantly increased by 112.24% compared with the control sample (4900 m2/g). The latent heat of fusion and decomposition of the treated sample were significantly increased by 96.18% and 134.66%, respectively compared with the control sample. The current study predicted that the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment might produce a new polymorphic form of zinc chloride with larger crystallite size, smaller particle size, and increased surface area, which would improve the solubility, absorption, bioavailability, and thermal stability compared with the control sample. Therefore, the Consciousness Energy Healing Treated zinc chloride would be very useful to design more efficacious nutraceutical or pharmaceutical formulations for the treatment of immunological disorders, inflammatory diseases, aging, stress, cancer, parakeratosis, dysosmia, hypogonadism, Wilson’s disease, anorexia, etc.

Application of modulation excitation-phase sensitive detection-DRIFTS forin situ/operando characterization of heterogeneous catalysts

A new more general method and guidelines for the implementation of modulation excitation-phase sensitive detection-diffuse reflectance Fourier transform spectroscopy (ME-PSD-DRIFTS).

A Big-Data-Analytics Framework for Supporting Classification of ADHD and Healthy Children via Principal Component Analysis of EEG Sleep Spindles Power Spectra

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnosis is essentially clinical and research of biomarkers represents a current great challenge. The interest in sleep spindle has been increased after the description of their role in cognitive functions and of their involvement in neurodevelopmental disorders. We aimed to investigate this peculiar aspect of sleep through EEG spectral analysis of three different spindle epochs (ante, spindle, post), in order to provide more and detailed information on sleep brain functioning in ADHD. These features can be analyzed via well-known big data analytics methods. In our case, they were evaluated by using classification methods to support ADHD diagnosis. We combined ADHD’s related PSD features (i.e. theta, beta and sigma bands) with principal component analysis (PCA) for data dimensional reduction, and Linear Supported Vector Machine (Linear-SVM) as classification algorithm. In all bands and epochs, power values in Control group were higher than in ADHD children, although not statistically significant in all cases. Significant differences between ADHD and Control group were not detected for spindle epoch, while for ante and post epochs spectral power differed significantly in theta, beta and sigma bands. Results highlighted the possibility of using our new approach as a possible hallmark for ADHD. Indeed the analysis of PSD parameters combined with PCA and Linear-SVM classification resulted in a highly (94.1%) accurate discrimination between the two groups. The novelty of the approach is PSD analysis of different sleep spindles epochs combined with principal component analysis and Linear Supported Vector Machine classification. This study demonstrated the importance of analyzing sleep microstructures in ADHD. Encouraging results supports the potentiality of using EEG measures with specific methodologies we applied and should be confirmed in a large clinical study.

Ceramic monolith as microfiltration membrane: Preparation, characterization and performance evaluation

Abstract The aim of this study is preparation, characterization and performance evaluation of ceramic monolith as microfiltration (MF) for treating a solid-liquid wastewater. Kaolin as a cheap starting material was used for membrane preparation as an inorganic material. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as binder was also used for membrane preparation and silica (SiO2) powder was used for preparation of synthetic wastewater. The membranes were formed via extrusion method. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) was employed to design the membrane synthesis procedure. The independent variables were PVA concentration, sintering temperature and sintering time. Permation flux, Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) rejection, mechanical strength, porosity and pore size were considered as the responses. The optimized values of the independent variables were 0.5 wt%, 1150 °C and 5 h of PVA concentration, sintering temperature and sintering time, respectively. Based on the RSM results, the optimized membrane exhibited 80.9 kg m−2 h−1, 89.8%, 5.8 MPa, 49.3% and 1.2 μm for permeation flux and NTU rejection, mechanical strength, porosity and pore size, respectively. The membranes characterization was carried out using PSD, XRD, DTA/TGA and SEM analysis. The prepared membrane presented high practical separation potential and could be used for treating solid-liquid wastewaters.

A smart coating established with encapsulation of Zinc Molybdate centred nanocontainer for active corrosion protection of mild steel: release kinetics of corrosion inhibitor

In the current work smart coating of corrosion inhibitive nanocontainer was developed based on the encapsulation of ultrasonically synthesized Zinc Molybdate (ZM) nanoparticles. The ZM nanoparticles were doped ultrasonically with the layers of Myristic acid (MA), Polyaniline layer (PANI), benzotriazole layer and polyacrylic acid layer respectively to prepare layer by layer assembled nanocontainer. Results of XRD, PSD, FTIR, zeta potential and TEM analysis proves the successful formation of the layered structure of ZM nanocontainer particles. The release rate of benzotriazole at various experimental pH values was estimated using UV–vis spectroscopy. Different semi-empirical models were examined to predict the release mechanism of the benzotriazole. The corrosion inhibitive performance of ZM nanocontainers has been evaluated by incorporating 1wt % ZM nanocontainer in the epoxy based coating formulations and assessing by DC polarization measurement and Bode plots. The results from corrosion potential and Bode plots suggest the successful use of ZM nanocontainer in the multifunctional anticorrosion coating formulations.

Thermodynamic properties of the La2 O3 -ZrO2 system by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry at high temperature.

Zirconia doped with a lanthanum oxide system is of high interest due to its exceptional thermal stability for the development of high-performance ceramics. It possesses the beneficial properties of pure zirconia, such as heat resistance, mechanical strength and inertness, but also eliminates its main disadvantage, i.e. brittleness. At high temperatures, components of such systems may vaporize selectively, leading to significant change in composition, and hence, the thermal resistance, phase stability and performance of the ceramic materials. Therefore, information on the vaporization processes and thermodynamic properties of the La2 O3 -ZrO2 system is of great importance. Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry was used to study the vaporization processes and thermodynamic properties of solid solutions in the La2 O3 -ZrO2 system at 2110 K. Pure La2 O3 was used as a reference substance. Comprehensive characterization of the precursors and ceramics was performed via SEM, STA, XRD and PSD analysis. Zirconia-doped lanthania precursor powders and ceramics with La2 O3 of 33.3, 50, 70 and 90 mol.% content were manufactured by solid-state synthesis and the original cryochemical technique. La, LaO, ZrO and ZrO2 were found to be the main vapor species over the samples studied. The activities and thermodynamic properties of La2 O3 were calculated. Via XRD analysis it was shown that the phase composition of xLa2 O3 -(100-x)ZrO2 powders (x = 0.33, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 mol. fraction) significantly depends on the synthesis technique chosen. According to the XRD results combined with Rietveld refinement of the patterns, 33.3 La2 O3 -66.7 ZrO2 ceramics after solid-state synthesis are composed of well-formed cubic pyrochlore-type La2 Zr2 O7 with 5 wt.% admixture of monoclinic and cubic ZrO2 whereas 33.3 La2 O3 -66.7 ZrO2 precursor powders after cryochemical synthesis correspond to low-crystalline La(OH)3 . The components of the La2 O3 -ZrO2 system evaporate separately: there is no temperature range where lanthanum and zirconium gaseous species are present together. It was found that the activities of lanthania have low negative deviation from the ideal case.

DESIGN OF LEAF SPRING STRUCTURE TO IMPROVE POWER AND STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF A VIBRATION ENERGY HARVESTER

A successful energy harvester design needs to meet power requirement as well as structural integrity (including durability and cost effectiveness). Even though plenty of researches have been reported on improving the power requirement, very little effort has been made to address the integrity issue since energy harvesting research up to now. To this end, this paper presents design optimization study to enhance integrity while satisfying power generation performance an electromagnetic vibration energy harvester. The harvester to be discussed in this paper is for a maintenance-free power supply for a wireless sensor module which monitors rail bogie axles and bearings. The energy harvester is designed to collect vibration energy on the axles during railroad operations. There are two leaf springs assembled on the both side of the harvester which facilitate the vibration along the direction of the shaft in the middle of device. Our research team realized a durability issue on the leaf spring when the harvester experiences high vibrating impulse loading during railroad operations. That is, the current leaf spring design is problematic because of high stress concentration and the corresponding fatigue failure before expected performance life of the device.In this paper the optimization study has been conducted to redesign the shape of the leaf spring and reduce the stress concentration while satisfying the power requirement reflected by vibration amplitude (flexibility) within the frequency range of interest as well as manufacturability. For the accelerated design process, we firstly identified several initial models from literatures– circular plates composed of four equal angularly divisions. Each division has a same concentric zig zag track in a spring and their orientation and arrangement provides a reflective symmetry pattern. These models have been chosen to minimize any unnecessary parasitic motion off the harvester axis. The spring with three turns, among others, has been selected as an initial model because of acceptable stress magnitude and flexibility as well as easier manufacturability. In the shape optimization study, geometry of the spring was programed parametrically in ANSYS APDL considering physical and manufacturing limits. Based on the new design, four parameters were defined as design variables considering manufacturability. SQP algorithm was used to find optimum value of variables using a MATLAB code linked to the ANSYS software. Level of stress was calculated using PSD analysis and amplitude of vibration was evaluated with harmonic analysis. A separate electromagnetic analysis has been done to figure out the required vibrational amplitude. The results of this research showed that the new spring model could reduce the magnitude of stress concentration in the structure of the leaf spring while satisfying required vibration amplitude and natural frequency of the device for energy harvesting. As future work, amount of power generated by the device will be estimated and experimental verification will be performed.

Image post-processed approaches for cavitating flow in orifice plate

A comprehensive investigation on cavitating flow and cavitation-induced erosion was performed experimentally in an orifice plate system. Three image post-processed approaches were applied to analyze the test data, in order to obtain the cavitation characteristics. The cavitating flow pattern was studied by high speed images. In one cavitation developing period, there could be three distinct cavitation clouds, whereas the second one is not fully developed. The first image post-processing approach was applied to obtain the mean value and standard deviation distribution, which indicate the erosion area may cover almost all the cavitation developing route and the most vulnerable erosion area locates near the cavitation collapse site. It is coincides with the erosion tests analyzed through the pit-count algorithm approach. The cavitation circulation frequency was invested via PSD analysis approach. It shows that the frequency linearly decreasing with decreasing cavitation number. Additionally, the cavitation intensity effect on cavitation erosion was quantitatively studied based. It is found that the damages are strongly enhanced when increasing the flow velocity. Moreover, the growth rate of eroded pits number is actually stepwise instead of linear (similar to our previous work in a venturi tube), which supports the idea that the cloud cavitation collapse is the primary reason for erosion. The present approaches applied here shows good potential ability of investigating cavitating flows and can be utilized for other apparatus.

An Impact of Energy of Consciousness (The Trivedi Effect®) on the Physicochemical, Thermal, Structural, and Behavioral Properties of Magnesium Gluconate

Magnesium gluconate is a potent antioxidant used for the prevention and treatment of hypomagnesia. The current research was aimed to investigate the impact of The Trivedi Effect® - Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Healing Treatment) on magnesium gluconate for the change in the physicochemical, structural, thermal and behavioral properties using PXRD, PSD, FT-IR, UV-vis spectroscopy, TGA, and DSC analysis. Magnesium gluconate was divided into two parts – one part was control, while another part was treated with The Trivedi Effect® - Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Healing Treatment) remotely by twenty renowned Biofield Energy Healers and defined as The Trivedi Effect® treated sample. The PXRD analysis exhibited that the crystallite size of the treated sample was remarkably changed from range -37.52% to 180.14% compared with the control sample. The average crystallite size was reduced in the treated sample by 0.11% compared with the control sample. PSD analysis revealed that the particle sizes in the treated sample at d10 and d50 values were significantly decreased by 11.36% and 8.25%, respectively, while the particle size at d90 was increased in the treated sample by 2.43% compared with the control sample. The treated sample’s surface area was significantly increased by 9.54% compared with the control sample. The FT-IR and UV-vis analysis showed that the structure of the magnesium gluconate remained the same in both the treated and control samples. The TGA analysis revealed the four steps thermal degradation of the both samples and the total weight loss of the treated sample was reduced by 2.32% compared with the control sample. This result indicated that the thermal stability of the treated sample was improved compared with the control sample. The DSC analysis revealed that the melting temperature of the treated sample (171.05°C) was decreased by 0.17% compared with the control sample (171.34°C). The latent heat of fusion was decreased by 1.16% in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The current study infers that The Trivedi Effect® - Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Healing Treatment) might lead to a new polymorphic form of magnesium gluconate, which would be more soluble, bioavailable, and thermally stable compared with the untreated compound. Hence, The Trivedi Effect® Treated magnesium gluconate would be very useful to design better nutraceutical and/or pharmaceutical formulations that might offer better therapeutic responses against inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, stress, aging and other chronic infections.

Characterization of the Physicochemical, Spectral, Thermal and Behavioral Properties of Sodium Selenate: An Effect of the Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment

Sodium selenate is a source of an essential nutrient selenium used for the prevention and treatment of cancer, heart diseases, viral diseases, diabetes, infectious diseases, etc. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment (The Trivedi Effect®) on the physico-chemical, thermal, and behavioral properties of sodium selenate using PXRD, PSD, FT-IR, UV-vis, TGA, and DSC analysis. Sodium selenate was divided into two parts – one part was control/untreated sample, while another part was treated with Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment remotely by twenty renowned Biofield Energy Healers and defined as the treated sample. The PXRD diffractograms showed sharp and intense peaks in both the samples, indicated both the samples were crystalline in nature. The crystallite size of the treated sample was significantly altered in the range of -16.66% to 50.07% compared with the control sample. Consequently, the average crystallite size of the treated sample was significantly increased by 9.57% compared to the control sample. The particle size of the treated sample at d10, d50, and d90 values were significantly increased by 9.47%, 19.06%, and 27.81%, respectively compared with the control sample. Thus, the surface area of the treated sample was significantly decreased by 9.16% compared to the control sample. The control and treated FT-IR spectra indicated the presence of sharp and strong absorption bands at 888 cm-1 due to the Se=O stretching. The wavelength of the maximum absorbance of the control and Biofield Energy Treated sodium selenate were at 206.3 nm and 205.9 nm, respectively in UV-vis spectroscopy. TGA analysis indicated that the total weight loss of the treated sample was reduced by 0.71% compared to the control sample. The DSC analysis showed that the vaporization temperature of the treated sample (94.97°C) was slightly decreased compared to the control sample (95.30°C). But, the latent heat of vaporization was significantly increased in the treated sample by 45.31% compared to the control sample. Thus, The Trivedi Effect® might lead to generate a new polymorphic form of sodium selenate, which would have better powder flowability and long-term storage stability compared with the control sample. The Biofield Energy Treated sodium selenate would be very useful to design better nutraceutical and pharmaceutical formulations which might offer a better therapeutic response against cancer, inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, immunological disorders, stress, aging, Alzheimer’s disease, heart diseases, viral diseases, diabetes, infectious diseases, etc.