Psathyrella Atroumbonata Research Articles

Description of Some Macrofungi from the Niokolo-Koba National Park in Senegal

The Niokolo Koba National Park (NKNP), established in 1954 and recognized as UNESCO World Heritage and Biosphere Reserve in 1981 is the largest biodiversity sanctuary in Senegal with special ecosystems of the Sudanese bioclimatic zone, a great floristic richness of 1500 species of flowering plants and a remarkable diversity of fauna. However, no data of fungi especially macrofungal is available from NKNP. The present study aims to provide for the first time data on the taxonomic of some macrofungi occurring in the Niokolo Koba biosphere reserve. Surveys carried out at Niokolo Koba allowed to sample, describe and identify 14 species of fungi with fruibodies of ‘Parc National Niokolo Koba’. These species represent 12 genera, 7 families, 4 orders all-in the Basidiomycota. These species are: Gymnopilus sp, Hexagonia sp, Lactocollybia sp, Lentinus sp, Lenzites cf acutus, Marasmiellus setulosipes, Marasmius castaneovelutinus, Marasmius sp, Polyporus arcularius, Psathyrella atroumbonata, Psathyrella tuberculata, Pulverolepiota sp, Pterula cf brunneola, Tetrapyrgos nigripes.

Accumulation of Natural Radionuclides by Some Edible Wild Mushrooms in Ekiti State, Southwestern, Nigeria

Activity concentrations of primordial radionuclides such as 40K, 226Ra and 232Th were determined in edible mushrooms samples in Ekiti State Nigeria. The edible mushrooms collected are Termitomyces striatus, Psathyrella atroumbonata, Termitomyces robustus, Pleurotus tuber-regium and Pleurotus squarrosulus. The activity measurements were carried out by gamma spectrometry. The average concentrations of 40K varied from 254.17 ± 46.78 to 416.07 ± 68.43 Bq·kg-1, 226Ra concentrations varied from 2.68 ± 0.82 to 21.64 ± 7.23 Bq·kg-1 and 232Th concentrations varied from 8.57 ± 3.25 to 10.98 ± 4.31 Bq·kg-1. The concentrations were converted to effective dose. Effective doses calculated were found to be below maximum permissible levels. Therefore, no health risk is envisaged for those that normally consumed these mushrooms.

Bacteria associated with cultures of psathyrella atroumbonata (Pleger)and <i>Schizophyllum commune</i> (Fr.Ex.Fr)

Studies were carried out on bacteria, which usually infect spawns and culture plates of Psathyrella atroumbonata (Pegler) and Schizophyllum commune (Fr. Ex. Fr.), two Nigerian edible mushrooms. During the vegetative propagation of these higher fungi, six different bacteria species were isolated and characterized from 14 day old spawns and mycelial ramified PDA culture plates. These bacteria include Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. The average bacteria count was 1.0 x 106 cfu/ml and these bacteria grew within pH range of 5.0 and 9.0. the optimum temperature range of growth lied between 300C and 370C. The significance of these findings to the cultivation of P. atroumbonata and S. commune in Nigeria were discussed.

Nutritional and phytochemical evaluation of cultivated <i>Psathyrella atroumbonata</i> Pegler, a Nigerian edible mushroom

A nutritional and phytochemical evaluation of cultivated Psathyrella atroumbonata Pegler was carried out at the immature and mature stages of the mushroom. The cultivated mushroom is very rich in protein and fibres compared with the wild species, and has a low lipid and sugar content. The nutrient composition is dependent upon the stage of its development and nutrient content was at a maximum at immature stage and decreased during further development. Alkaloids were detected in the mature fruit body, but not in the immature stage. However, saponins and tannins were present in both immature and mature stages. Flavonoids and anthraquinones were absent in the mushroom. The importance of these findings is discussed. : nutritional, phytochemical, evaluation, Psathyrella atroumbonata

Studies on the vegetative growth requirements of Psathyrella atroumbonata, pegler, an edible mushroom in Nigeria

Growth requirements of Psathyrella atroumbonata Pegler, a Nigeria edible mushroom were studied. Glucose was the best carbon source. This was followed by maltose, starch and manitol in that order. The least growth was observed in lactose and cellulose. Yeast extract which is organic nitrogen proved to be the best nitrogen source. P. atroumbonata utilizes organic nitrogen better than inorganic nitrogen. Thiamine was the best vitamin among the vitamins tested. This was followed by nicotinic acid riboflavin. The least growth was observed in folic acid. Asparagine proved best among the amino acids tested followed by aspartic acid and the least stimulatory amino acid was glycine. Carbon to nitrogen ratio of 4: 1 and 1: 4 stimulated good mycelial growth. The implication of these results is discussed in relation to the growth of P. atroumbonata. Key words: Studies, vegetative growth, requirement, Psathyrella atroumbonata,edible mushroom

Effect of substrate supplementation with wheat bran, NPK and urea on Psathyrella atroumbonata Pegler sporophore yield.

Three agricultural by-products (oil palm fruit fibre, banana leaves and sawdust) were supplemented with wheat bran, NPK fertilizer and urea at 5 - 20% (w/w) for wheat bran and 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2% (w/w) for NPK and Urea. The supplemented substrates were used to cultivate Psathyrella atroumbonata. There was sporophore formation in all the substrates supplemented with NPK except at 1% and 2% in oil palm fruit fibre and 2% in banana leaves. The highest yield was on sawdust supplemented with wheat bran at 5%. Urea as supplement did not support sporophore formation in all the substrates except in sawdust but with low yield at 0.5%. Key words: Suplementation, wheat bran, NPK, urea, sporophore Psathyrella atroumbonata.

Nutritional studies with Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) Singer and Psathyrella atroumbonata Pegler: I. animal assay

Lentinus squarrosulus and Psathyrella atroumbonata , two edible indigenous mushroom species, were dried, ground and used in nutritional studies. According to the results L. squarrosulus and P. atroumbonata had significantly lower protein efficiency ratio (PER) values than the standard casein diet but gave rise to net protein retention (NPR) values which were at par, but slightly higher than that of the standard casein diet. In addition, the mean albumin and bilirubin levels were significant at p<0.01 while the total serum protein level was significant at p<0.05. The animals fed the protein free and P. atroumbonata diets produced comparable total serum protein levels that were significantly higher than the comparable total serum protein levels produced by the animals fed L. squarrosulus and the standard casein diet. The albumin levels produced by mice fed the protein free diet were at par with those of the P. atroumbonata diet, but significantly higher than the albumin levels of animals fed L. squarrosulus and the standard casein diets, which were similar. Keywords: Lentinus squarrosulus , P. atroumbonata protein efficiency ratio, net protein retention ratio, total serum protein, albumin, bilirubin

Proximate analysis of Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) Singer and Psathyrella atroumbonata Pegler

Lentinus squarrosulus and Psathyrella atroumbonata , two mushroom species commonly found growing on dead leaves and logs, were collected from the Zaria environ and taken to the laboratory for further studies. Each of the mushroom species was separated into its stipe and pileus and used for proximate analysis. There was a highly significant difference (p<0.01) in the proximate composition of the two species. P. atroumbonata had significantly higher crude protein, crude fibre and moisture content than L. squarrosulus while the reverse was the case for ash, dry matter, crude fat and soluble carbohydrates. In addition, there was a highly significant difference (p<0.01) in the proximate composition of the different mushroom parts. The pilei contained significantly higher amounts of crude protein, crude fibre, ash, and dry matter than the stipes while the converse was the case for moisture, crude fat and soluble carbohydrates. There was also a highly significant difference (p<0.01) in the interaction of species by parts. Keywords: Lentinus squarrosulus , Psathyrella atroumbonata , proximate analysis

Proximate analysis of Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) Singer and Psathyrella atroumbonata Pegler

Lentinus squarrosulus and Psathyrella atroumbonata , two mushroom species commonly found growing on dead leaves and logs, were collected from the Zaria environ and taken to the laboratory for further studies. Each of the mushroom species was separated into its stipe and pileus and used for proximate analysis. There was a highly significant difference (p<0.01) in the proximate composition of the two species. P. atroumbonata had significantly higher crude protein, crude fibre and moisture content than L. squarrosulus while the reverse was the case for ash, dry matter, crude fat and soluble carbohydrates. In addition, there was a highly significant difference (p<0.01) in the proximate composition of the different mushroom parts. The pilei contained significantly higher amounts of crude protein, crude fibre, ash, and dry matter than the stipes while the converse was the case for moisture, crude fat and soluble carbohydrates. There was also a highly significant difference (p<0.01) in the interaction of species by parts. Keywords: Lentinus squarrosulus , Psathyrella atroumbonata , proximate analysis

Bacteria associated with cultures of Nigerian edible mushrooms, Psathyrella atroumbonata (Pegler) and Schizophyllum commune (Fr. ex Fr.)

Studies were carried out on bacteria which usually infect spawns and culture plates of Psathyrella atroumbonata (Pegler) and Schizophyllum commune (Fr. ex. Fr.), two Nigerian edible mushrooms. During the vegetative propagation of these higher fungi, six different bacterial species were isolated and characterized from 14-day-old spawns and mycelial ramified PDA culture plates. These bacteria include Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. The average bacteria count was 1.0 x 106 cfu/ml and these bacteria grew within pH range of 5.0 and 9.0. The optimum temperature range of growth is between 30 °C and 37 °C. The significance of these findings to the cultivation of P. atroumbonata and S. commune in Nigeria was discussed.

English

&nbsp; Lentinus squarrosulus&nbsp;and&nbsp;Psathyrella atroumbonata, two edible indigenous mushroom species, were cultured in various different media supplemented with coconut, cotton, groundnut, butterfat, palm kernel and palm oil respectively, at 5 different rates. The interaction of the various oil types with different rates produced highly significant differences (p&lt;0.01) in the mean mycelial wet and dry weights. The heaviest mean wet and dry mycelial weight of&nbsp;L. squarrosulus&nbsp;was induced by butterfat x 0.007 ml/ml while for&nbsp;P. atroumbonata&nbsp;it was cotton and coconut x 0.003 ml/ml, respectively. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Lentinus squarrosulus,&nbsp;Psathyrella atroumbonata, supplemented medium, submerged liquid medium, oil type and rate.

The effect of media, oil type and rate on the mycelia wet and dry weights of Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) singer and psathyrella patroumbonata pegler in submerged liquid culture

Lentinus squarrosulus and Psathyrella atroumbonata, two edible indigenous mushroom species, were cultured in four different submerged liquid media supplemented with coconut, cotton, groundnut, butterfat, palm kernel and palm oil at 5 different rates. The differences in the means due to the different media types were highly significant (p<0.01) for the mean mycelia wet and dry weights of bothL. squarrosulus and P. atroumbonata. SLCM3, which contained twice the glucose level present in each of the other three liquid culture media, induced the heaviest mean wet and dry mycelia weights of both mushroom species. Oil type had a highly significant (p<0.01) effect on the wet and dry mycelia weights of L. squarrosulus as well as the mycelia wet weight of P. atroumbonata. Butterfat induced the heaviest weights. In addition, oil rate also had a significant effect (p<0.01) on the mean mycelia wet and dry weights of both mushroom species. The oil rates of 0.003, 0.005 and 0.007 ml/ml produced comparable optimum mean mycelia wet and dry weights of the mushrooms. Key words: Lentinus squarrosulus, Psathyrella atroumbonata, supplemented media, submerged liquid media, oil type and rate.

The effect of media, oil type and rate on the mycelia wet and dry weights of Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) singer and psathyrella patroumbonata pegler in submerged liquid culture

Lentinus squarrosulus and Psathyrella atroumbonata , two edible indigenous mushroom species, were cultured in four different submerged liquid media supplemented with coconut, cotton, groundnut, butterfat, palm kernel and palm oil at 5 different rates. The differences in the means due to the different media types were highly significant (p L. squarrosulus and P. atroumbonata . SLCM3, which contained twice the glucose level present in each of the other three liquid culture media, induced the heaviest mean wet and dry mycelia weights of both mushroom species. Oil type had a highly significant (p L. squarrosulus as well as the mycelia wet weight of P. atroumbonata . Butterfat induced the heaviest weights. In addition, oil rate also had a significant effect (p African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 4 (4), pp. 326-331, 2005

The effect of the interaction of various oil types with different culture media on biomass production of Psathyrella atroumbonata Pegler

Psathyrella atroumbonata, an indigenous mushroom species, was cultured on six different media that were inoculated separately with three different grain spawns and amended with six different oils at five different rates. The results revealed that the interaction of the various oils with the different culture media produced a highly significant effect (p<0.01) on the dry weights and stipe and pileus diameters of P. atroumbonata. The widest mean stipe diameters were produced by the interaction of coconut x animal bedding and rice as well as butterfat x sawdust media. Both the heaviest mean dry weight and widest pileus diameters were induced by coconut x animal bedding and rice medium.

English

&nbsp; The influence of metal ions on the production and regulation of ligninase and mycelia extension of two type Basidiomycetes (Lentinus squarrosulus&nbsp;and&nbsp;Psathyrella atroumbonata) cultivated on lignocellulose waste was investigated. Mn2+&nbsp;and Ca2+ions stimulated growth of both fungi and mycelia extension significantly.&nbsp; Ligninase production increased two to twelve fold under the influence of Mn2+&nbsp;and Ca2+&nbsp;ions at concentrations of 20 to 80 mM.&nbsp; Mg2+&nbsp;and K+&nbsp;ions did not stimulate growth and extension of fungal mycelia, rather fungal cultures became deactivated after six days. The importance of mycelia extension and enhanced enzyme production has biotechnological applications in wood and pulp, textile and tanning, as well as in oil industries. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Basidiomycetes,&nbsp;Lentinus squarrosulus,&nbsp;Psathyrella atroumbonata, ligninase, cofactors.

Three edible wild mushrooms from Nigeria: Their proximate and mineral composition

The pilei (caps) and the stipes (stalks) of the button and early open-cap (cup) stages of Lentinus subnudus, Psathyrella atroumbonata and Termitomyces striatus were assayed separately for their proximate and mineral composition. The differences observed in the contents of some of the proximate components seem to be related to species and mushroom parts. P. atroumbonata was richest in crude and true protein, L. subnudus was richer in crude fiber, ash and carbohydrates. Mineral contents appeared to be dependent on type and parts of the mushrooms analysed. The three mushrooms were good sources of magnesium, zinc and iron. L. subnudus contained between 14.83 and 20.00 ppm of iron, P. atroumbonata contained between 20.01 and 22.09 ppm and T. striatus contained between 17.13 and 22.93 ppm of iron. The pilei of P. atroumbonata and T. striatus are very good sources of zinc. Zinc contents for the pilei of P. atroumbonata were 63.81 and 64.94 ppm respectively. Zinc contents for T. striatus were 90.45 and 92.49 ppm respectively.

Studies on some edible wild mushrooms from Nigeria: 1. Nutritional, teratogenic and toxic considerations

The biological value of 5 mushrooms Chlorophyllum molybditis, Psathyrella atroumbonata, Termitomyces robustus, Termitomyces striatus and Volvariella esculenta from our collection of wild edible mushrooms were determined using weanling rats. C. molybditis supported rapid growth with PER (2.63) higher than the casein control (2.50). P. atroumbonata was average in biological performance (PER 1.50) while T. robustus and V. esculenta did not support growth at all. Rats on T. striatus dried at 60 degrees C for 48 h lost weight rapidly and showed pathological signs of toxicity by the second day. All rats on this diet died by the fourth day of the experiment. When the diet of T. striatus dried at 90 degrees C for about 8 h was fed, the rats gained weight marginally but all survived. Prolonged storage of T. striatus at 60 degrees C for 5-8 weeks also seemed to detoxify the poisonous component such that PER and NPR values were 0.8 and 2.0 respectively. 2 pairs each of adult rats fed C. molybditis and Tricholoma lobayensis diets for 10 days were mated. Rats of C. molybditis diet gave 5 and 6 litters each and only one of these litters seemed to have retarded growth. Rats on T. lobayensis diet did not produce any litters for 14 weeks but the female produced off-spring when mated with control male rats.