PS Plate Research Articles

Carbon nanofiber nanomaterial modified polystyrene enzyme linked immunosorbent assay substrate for detecting osteoporosis

Osteoporosis (OS) develops without any pain or symptom, and it is usually identified when the weakened bone causes fracture. To overcome this issue, measuring bone density (BMD) helps to identify osteoporosis and its conditions. It was identified that when the level of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) increases, values of BMD were decreased. This research was focused to quantify the level of anti-CPP on nanomaterial modified polystyrene ELISA substrate. ELISA wells were modified into amine-carbon nanofiber and then glutaraldehyde used as a linker to attach CCP. Anti-CCP antibody level was quantified on PS plate by secondary-antibody conjugated horseradish peroxidase. Carbon nanofiber improves the immobilization of CCP on PS well and attract higher number of anti-CCP antibody, which helps to reach the limit of detection at 10 pg/mL, which was four times lower limit of detection with conventional ELISA (40 pg/mL). Further, specific experiment was conducted with serum spiked anti-CCP antibody shows the absorbance increment in all the concentrations of anti-CCP antibody and control performances with relevant molecules did not increase the absorbance level confirms the selective and specific detection. This carbon nanofiber modified ELISA well quantifies anti-CCP level and helps to identify the condition of bone for diagnosing osteoporosis.

Surface modification of poly(styrene) 96-well plates using aptamers via a dendrimer-templated strategy to enhance ELISA performances

Poly(styrene) (PS) 96-well plates were surface modified to improve the detection performances of an otherwise traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Poly(amidoamine) generation 7 (G7) dendrimers were covalently immobilized on the surface of PS plates and subsequently conjugated with aptamers specific for a model analyte, i.e., human platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB). This surface functionalization was followed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, water contact angle, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to confirm the success of the modifications. Moreover, the assay performances of the G7-aptamer modified PS plates were compared to those of traditional ELISA performed on regular PS 96-well plates. The G7-aptamer assay demonstrated a 2.3-time broader linear detection range and a 13-time improved detection limit than the traditional ELISA. More importantly, the new G7-aptamer modified PS plates also showed excellent analytical specificities, detection recoveries, and precisions when the targets were assayed in a cell culture medium. This combined dendrimer templates and aptamers surface modification approach significantly reduces background noises and increases detection signals, and can be readily incorporated into existing ELISA workflows and many other PS microplate based high throughput and automated bioassays.

Three new organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts from the Upper Cretaceous deposits in the western External Rif, northwestern Morocco: Taxonomy and stratigraphic distribution

Three new species of organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts) have been spotted during our palynological investigations in the Upper Cretaceous deposits from the western External Rif Chain, northwestern Morocco. They have been previously mentioned and figured under different names, but have not been formally described. In this paper, the formal descriptions of these new species are presented, based on several specimens observed within rich, diverse and well-preserved upper Campanian dinocyst assemblages from the Sekada, Tattofte and Bou Lila sections. Canningia wilsonii sp. nov. is a holocavate cyst, characterized by having densely packed pillars, supporting a finely reticulate ectophragm on the mid-dorsal surface to coarsely reticulate elsewhere, mainly in the periphery. Impagidinium sekadensis sp. nov. is distinguished by the combination of a smooth central body wall, rigid and well-developed sutural septa, narrow longitudinal apical plates (1′, 4′) which are rarely separated (partially) by a discontinuous sutural septum, a strongly leavorotatore cingulum and a narrow sulcus with a differentiated posterior sulcal (ps) plate. Nematosphaeropsis lilaensis sp. nov. differs from the published species of Nematosphaeropsis by having a smooth central body wall and numerous sutural (gonal and intergonal) processes that are flexible, hollow and joined proximally by low and discontinuous sutural ridges and distally by pairs of thin penitabular trabeculae. The taxonomic synonyms and stratigraphic ranges of the new species, as well as their comparison with published dinoflagellate taxa, which morphologically resemble them, are given and discussed.

Degradation of bio-based and biodegradable plastics in a salt marsh habitat: Another potential source of microplastics in coastal waters

Degradation of bio-based (polylactic acid [PLA] cups, Mater-Bi® [MB] bags) and biodegradable plastics (biodegradable extruded polystyrene [bioPS] plates, biodegradable high density polyethylene [bioHDPE] bags) were compared to conventional plastics (recycled polyethylene terephthalate [rPET] cups, HDPE bags, extruded PS plates) in a salt marsh over a 32-week period. Following 4 weeks, biofilm developed on all plastics, resulting in an increased weight and concomitant decrease in UV transmission for most plastics. All plastics produced microplastic particles beginning at 4 weeks, with single-use bags producing the most microplastics over the 32-week period. At 32 weeks, SEM revealed microcracks and delamination for all plastics except PLA and MB, the latter of which degraded through embrittlement. IR spectral analysis indicated degradation for all plastics except PLA. Results suggest that degradation rates of bio-based and biodegradable plastics vary widely, with MB bags and bioPS plates demonstrating the greatest degradation, while PLA cups demonstrated the least degradation.

Fast degradation PLLA/apatites composites with high content of mineral phase for bone regeneration.

Event Abstract Back to Event Fast degradation PLLA/apatites composites with high content of mineral phase for bone regeneration. Diego Souza1 and Luiz Henrique Catalani1 1 Instituto de Química - USP, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Brazil Introduction: Since hydroxyapatite (HA) is the main mineral component of bones and teeth, it is widely used as biomaterial[1]. In the last decade, biocomposites of poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and HA have attracted much attention due its ability to exhibit osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties, biodegradability and adequate mechanical strength[2]. However, its clinical use is limited owing to its slow biodegradation. Moreover, the low miscibility of HA in the polymer phase renders composites of low mineral content. Hence, other fast degradation calcium phosphates (CPs), such as calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and octacalcium phosphate (OCP) have been considered as HA substitute[3]. This work aims at the production fast degradation PLLA composites with high content of alternative CPs as mineral phases, such as CDHA, β-TCP and OCP, as well as to study their bioactivity properties. Results: In order to improve the dispersion of the mineral phase in the polymeric matrix, lauryl chloride was used to functionalize the surface of CPs and improving the interfacial adhesion of the particles. As a result, biocomposites containing up to 40wt% of mineral phase were produced. The bioactivity of the biocomposites was assayed in vitro using a solution of Simulated Blood Fluid (SBF)[4]. After 28 days of immersion in SBF, the formation of an amorphous calcium phosphate layer was observed on the surface of the substrate PLLA/HA; while for the biocomposites containing CDHA or CDHA/ β-TCP (7: 3) the minerals were composed of flake crystals. Increase of bone-like minerals was observed on surface of the substrate PLLA/OCP, these findings indicate that the deposited CP layer coating the surface of electrospun fibers containing OCP was in a more advanced stage of nucleation. Figure 1: SEM images of electrospun PLLA/apatites-laurate 40 wt% after incubation in SBF for 28 days: (a) HA; (b) CDHA; (c) CDHA/TCP (7:3); (d) OCP. The cell viability on all the samples was measured by MTT assay. While pure PLLA presented cell viability around 80%, as compared to control (PS plate) biocomposites containing 40% of funcionalized apatite showed over 100% of cell viability. These results show that these materials are not only atoxic but can help cell proliferation. Figure 2:Viability of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts on PLLA and PLLA/apatites-laurate 40%wt nanofibrous scaffolds. The different biocomposites were tested for adhesion and proliferation assays of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts using MTT assay. The biocomposites showed similar increase in cell proliferation, but after 15 days they promoted higher cell proliferation compared to pure PLLA electrospun fibers. Figure 3: Proliferation of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts on the control PLLA and PLLA/apatites-laurate 40%wt nanofibrous scaffolds as a function of culture time. Conclusions: The bicomposites high mineral phase (up to 40%) were produced. Electrospun mat of PLLA/OCP-laurate 40 wt% presented higher bioactivity in contact with SBF than similar composites containing HAD, HAD/TCP (7:3) or HA. However all CPs biocomposites in this study provided similar increase in cell proliferation, as compared to PLLA. These new materials are proposed as fast degradation CPs biocomposites for bone and teeth applications. FAPESP (Projeto 2011/21442-6); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq

Physical modelling, numerical simulation and experimental investigation of microfluidic devices with amorphous thermoplastic polymers using a hot embossing process

This paper studies the hot embossing process applied to amorphous thermoplastic polymers, including the characterization and identification of the polymers’ viscoelastic behaviour, numerical simulation of the filling stage in the micro hot embossing process and experimental elaboration of microfluidic devices prepared by a hot embossing process. Static compression creep tests have been carried out to investigate the selected polymers’ viscoelastic properties. The Generalized Maxwell model has been proposed to describe the relaxation modulus of polymers PS, PMMA and PC, and good agreement has been observed. The numerical simulation of the hot embossing process in 3D has been achieved by taking into account the viscoelastic behaviour of the polymers. A new complete micro compression moulding tool, including a heating system, a cooling system and a vacuum system, has been developed in our research group. Microfluidic devices with cavity dimensions equal to approximately 200μm, 100μm and 50μm in PS, PMMA and PC plate (thickness equal to 2mm) have been elaborated by the hot embossing process. The effects of the processing parameters, such as the compressive gap imposed, the compression temperature, the embossed material and the die cavity dimensions, on the replication accuracy of the hot embossing process have been investigated. The comparison between the numerical simulation and the experiments shows proper agreement for the prediction of the polymer substrate deformation in the replication of a microfluidic device using the hot embossing process. The developed hot embossing experimental system exhibits a low cost and short production cycle for the elaboration of microfluidic devices based on amorphous thermoplastic polymers, which provides the possibility of mass production for the elaboration of microfluidic devices.

Preparation of the Lithographic Printing Ink Cleaning Solution in Plateaus

A method to make a kind of printing ink cleaning solution is studied in plateaus. At present, any applicable lithographic printing ink cleaner solution can wash the ink in plains, but not applicable in plateaus which are under low pressures. A kind of lithographic printing cleaning solution is made in this paper, which can solve the problem of volatilizing fast and being not clear. The solution we made have a good cleaning effects, which will not make ink rollers transformed, and not have any injury to PS plate. It will satisfy the condition under the climate of plateaus.

Immobilization and functional reconstitution of antibody Fab fragment by solid-phase refolding

In this study, we demonstrated the successful preparation of a Fab antibody-immobilized hydrophilic polystyrene (phi-PS) plate via one- and two-step solid-phase refolding methods. Both polystyrene-binding peptide (PS-tag)-fused Fd fragment of heavy chain (Fab H-PS) and full-length of light-chain (Fab L-PS) were individually produced in insoluble fractions of Escherichia coli cells, and they were highly purified in the presence of 8M of urea. Antigen-binding activities of Fab antibody immobilized were correctly recovered by the one-step solid-phase refolding method that a mixture of Fab H-PS and Fab L-PS was immobilized in the presence of 0.5–2M urea, followed by surface washing of the phi-PS plate with PBST. These results indicate that by genetic fusion of a PS-tag, a complex between Fab H and Fab L was efficiently immobilized on the surface of a phi-PS plate even in the presence of a low concentration of urea, and was then correctly refolded to retain its high antigen-binding activity via removal of the urea.A two-step solid-phase refolding method whereby Fab H-PS and Fab L-PS were successively refolded on the surface of a phi-PS plate also resulted in Fab antibody formation on the plate. Furthermore, both the binding affinity and the specificity of the Fab antibody produced by the two-step method were highly maintained, according to the results of sandwich ELISA and competitive ELISA using Fab antibody-immobilized plate via two-step solid-phase refolding. Thus, the solid-phase refolding method demonstrated in this study should be quite useful for the preparation of a Fab antibody-immobilized PS surface with high efficiency from individually produced Fab H-PS and Fab L-PS. This method will be applicable to the preparation of a large Fab antibody library on the surface of a PS plate for use in antibody screening.

PS Plate Cuttolength Cutting Based on Flying Cutter

To discuss the flying cutter used in PS plate production line.From mechanical and control two aspects to optimization improvement, in order to adapt to the cutting requirements. For new control scheme, in the theoretical derivation and actual operation were introduced, the new scheme in the actual operation of the encountered problems were analyzed, and the method of solution to meet the Plate material. Through the practical application and theoretical checking, proves the validity and feasibility of the scheme.

Experimental Study for the Influencing Factors of Electrograining Quality of PS Plate

Aiming at quality control of grain of PS plate，the orthogonal experiments on electrolyte concentration, current density, electrolysis temperature and time in the process of electrograining have done by surface roughometer, metalloscope, etc. Experimental results indicate that the electrolyte concentration has great influence on the amplitude parameters of surface roughness, the other factors influence the amplitude parameters and the spacing parameters significantly; the interactions of current density with electrolyte concentration or electrolysis time have not significance.

High-throughput, high-level production of PS-tag-fused single-chain Fvs by microplate-based culture

In the present study, we investigated a microplate-based culture (MBC) of Escherichia coli for the high-throughput, high-level production of PS-tag-fused scFvs (scFv-PS) in insoluble form. The Overnight Express™ Autoinduction System (OE system) was adopted to skip the laborious induction step of the addition of IPTG. ScFv and scFv-PS began to be expressed after 6h by conventional flask culture (FLC) and by MBC when utilizing the OE system, and similar specific productivity levels were attained during cultivation. In MBC, an important factor that directly affected the production levels was rotational speed during cultivation, suggesting that the mass transfer of oxygen was rate-limiting. In a comparison of the productivity of flask cultures utilizing the 2YT-IPTG and OE systems, MBC utilizing the OE system was the highest, with approximately 1mg of insoluble scFv-PS obtained from each well under optimal conditions (1400 rpm). The results of SDS-PAGE and a cross-contamination check indicated that very similar cultivation conditions were attained in each well, without cross-contamination. Thus, MBC using the OE system is very useful for the high-throughput, high-level production of scFv-PS, which can be activated on the surface of hydrophilic PS plates by solid-phase refolding. Therefore, the production of a variety of specific scFv-PSs for cytokines and biomarkers will make possible the construction of sensitive and low-cost antibody microarrays, which will be very useful in clinical diagnosis and biochemical research.

Application of Image Processing in Quality Detection of PS Plate

In offset printing system, presensitized plate (PS plate) is one of the key factors that influences the quality of printing products. In this paper, we suggest an application of image processing techniques to improve the accuracy of quality detection of PS plate. We use median filtering to get rid of noises and grayscale stretch to enhance image. An improved adaptive threshold selection method for defect segmentation is proposed based on the characteristic of grads-histogram of PS plate image, and a fast scanning algorithm is put forward to extract features of defects for classification and recognition. The experimental results show that the above methods can obtain the accuracy of 96.7% for defect detection of PS plate and the minimum detectable diameter of defects is 0.2mm, which has reached the enterprise standard for quality detection.

Novel solid-phase refolding method for preparation of scFv-immobilized polystyrene plates with high-antigen-binding activity

In the present study, we demonstrated site-specific immobilization and solid-phase refolding of single-chain Fv antibodies on hydrophilic polystyrene (phi-PS) plates that was mediated by novel polystyrene binding peptides (PS-tags: RIIIRRIRR), which were originally isolated and optimized in previous studies. Three PS-tag-fused scFvs, namely scFv-PS, scFv-(PS), and scFv-PSII, which were over-expressed in the insoluble fraction of Escherichia coli cells were denatured and site-specifically immobilized onto hydrophilic PS plates in the presence of 0.5-4 M urea and 0.1% Tween 20. The antigen-binding activity of the scFvs was efficiently recovered by washing the surface of the plate with PBS that contained 0.1% Tween 20 (PBST). The solid-phase refolding mediated by PS-tag was successfully applied to several scFvs such as mouse anti-CRP antibodies and an anti-RNase antibody, although further investigation of the versatility of scFv-PSII is needed. The maximal density of PS-tag-fused scFvs was increased more than 15-fold compared with a whole monoclonal antibody (mAb) immobilized on Maxisorp and, consequently, the sensitivity of PS-tag-fused scFvs for CRP in a sandwich ELISA was increased 25-fold. Thus, the novel, solid-phase, refolding method mediated by a PS-tag will be very useful for preparation of solid supports coated with recombinant antibody fragments, which can be used in immunoassays and immuno-separation.

Characterization of polystyrene-binding peptides (PS-tags) for site-specific immobilization of proteins

In this study, we characterized polystyrene-binding peptides (PS-tags) that possess a specific binding affinity for hydrophilic polystyrene (phi-PS) plates. Both the FITC-labeled PS19-1 (RAFIASRRIKRP) and PS19-6 (RIIIRRIRR) peptides showed strong binding affinity for commercially available hydrophilic, but not hydrophobic, PS plates in the presence of the non-ionic surfactant Tween 20. The dissociation constants (K(d)) of the PS19-1 and PS19-6 peptides for the hydrophilic PS-A plate were 169 and 86 nM, respectively, and the K(d) of both peptides increased with the concentration of NaCl or urea. Based on adsorption yield and residual activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) after fusion with the PS19-6 peptide or its variants, it was found that the basic amino acid in the PS-tags, i.e., Arg was essential for the strong binding affinity of PS-tags in both the peptide and peptide-fused protein forms The aliphatic amino acids in PS19-6 and PS19-6L, such as Ile or Leu, were also effective. Thus, a series of PS-tags that possess this unusual feature, especially the peptides PS19-6 (RIIIRRIRR) and PS19-6L (RLLLRRLRR), are potential candidate affinity peptide tags for site-specific immobilization of proteins onto hydrophilic PS plates, which show potential as solid supports for protein-based biochips.

Efficient immobilization of a ligand antibody with high antigen-binding activity by use of a polystyrene-binding peptide and an intelligent microtiter plate

A method for immobilization of ligand antibody to improve the efficiency and sensitivity of a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was investigated by the use of anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody chemically conjugated with a polystyrene-binding peptide (PS-tag) and an intelligent microtiter plate with large surface area. We compared both adsorption and antigen-binding activity of the ligand antibody (mAb) and mAb with the PS-tag (mAb-PS-tag) on 3 different PS plates: a hydrophobic PS plate (PS-F-1 plate), a hydrophilic PS plate (PS-A plate), and an intelligent microtiter plate packed with PS beads (PS-E plate). Contact areas of the PS-E plate toward ligand antibody solutions were 7-fold larger than those of conventional PS-F-1 and PS-A plates and consequently, both mAb and mAb-PS-tag were efficiently immobilized on the surface of the PS-E plate due to the significantly enhanced surface area. In particular, when the non-ionic surfactant, Tween20, was present during adsorption of the ligand antibodies, the mAb-PS-tag was site-specifically immobilized on the surface of the PS-E plates and exhibited the highest specific antigen-binding activity. High specific antigen-binding activities were preserved, even though the density of the mAb-PS-tag immobilized on the PS-E plate was reduced with application of smaller volumes. Consequently, the decline in the signal intensities detected from the sandwich ELISA on the PS-E plate was negligible, even when one-fourth the original volume of mAb-PS-tag solution was used to coat the plate. The ligand antibody was immobilized with retention of high antigen-binding activity due to the large surface area of the PS-E plate, specific recognition of the PS-tag, and minimal non-specific interaction of the ligand antibody due to use of Tween 20. Thus, the immobilization method developed in this study resulted in an efficient and highly sensitive sandwich ELISA system that requires smaller amounts of ligand antibodies. This method may be useful for fabrication of protein-based biochips, such as antibody chips.

EPMA mapping method for small particles of Al3Fe, Al6Fe, α‐AlFeSi and β‐AlFeSi in 1050‐H18 aluminum sheets

AbstractWe developed an EPMA mapping method for small AlaFebSic particles in 1050‐H18 aluminum sheet, which is one of the base materials coated by photoresist in advance called PS plate (pre‐sensitized printing plate). In this method, we used the ratios of relative x‐ray intensities, IFe/IAl and IFe/ISi instead of the mass ratios, Fe/Al and Fe/Si, of the main elements which constitute the particles and tried to determine the ratios of relative x‐ray intensities using Monte Carlo calculations. Furthermore, using this developed mapping method, we performed the mapping of small AlaFebSic particles such as Al3Fe (0–3%Si as impurities), Al6Fe (0–1%Si as impurities), α‐AlFeSi(Al8.3Fe2Si) and β‐AlFeSi(Al8.9Fe2Si2) in 1050‐H18 aluminum sheets. We found that the discrimination of these particles was achieved with this mapping method. We confirmed that this method is useful for the mapping of AlaFebSic particles in 1050‐H18 aluminum sheets. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Immobilization of collagen by ion bombardment

A study has been made of immobilization of collagen to polystyrene resulting from ion bombardment. Type-I collagen was coated onto PS plate and bombarded with 50-keV He + ions at doses between 1 × 10 13 and 1 × 10 15 ions/cm 2. The collagen-coated surfaces were mounted on parallel-plate flow chambers, with a flowing shear stress of 2 Pa for 1 h, in a flow system prepared for tests of collagen adhesion. The rate at which collagen peeled off due to the flowing shear stress was evaluated by comparing IR absorption of collagen before and after the test. Morphology observations using transmission-electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were performed in order to investigate the mutual relationship between collagen adhesion and morphology.

Synthesis and Imaging Performances of A New Type PAC.

In this paper, a new type photoactive compounds (PAC) of diazidonaphthoquinone(DNQ) have been synthesized based on the ballast of 2, 2-diphenyl-2-phenols group acetic lectone compound which is synthesized from benzilic acid.The new type PACs have good miscibility with common novolacs and dissolubility in the solvents used in positive photoresists and photosensitive compositions for PS plates. The photosensitive compositions composed of each new PAC and the novolac have well film-forming performance. Before exposure, the formed photosensitive film behaves strong dissolution inhibiting effect in alkaline developer. After exposure it becomes very easy to dissolve in developer. In other words it obtains good dissolution accelerating performance in exposed areas. Because the change of the effect of dissolution inhibition and dissolution acceleration is remarkable, B/P value can be designed higher, the photosensitivity is also higher and the quantity of exposure energy required for imaging is about 200mJ/cm2. In addition, it has good contrast and imaging film is easy to be taken off in concentrated alkaline liquor.The PACs are widely used in photoresists for integrated circuit(IC), especially in photoresists for liquid crystal display(LCD) and photosensitive compositions for positive PS plates including heat-sensitive computer-to-plate(CTP) plates.

Mechanical properties of gas-assisted injection moulded PS, PP and Nylon parts

Abstract PS, PP and Nylon plate parts designed with gas channels having five different types of cross-section but with same section area were gas-assisted injection moulded (GAIM). Mechanical properties of GAIM parts were investigated via tensile and bending tests. Effects of part thickness, shape and associated dimensions of gas channels on tensile and bending properties of GAIM parts were examined. It was found that maximum tensile load and ultimate tensile stress show only slight influence from gas channel design and part thickness except Nylon parts which exhibit significant dependence on part thickness due to degree of crystallinity. Gas channel design, introducing additional moment of inertia, results in part structural reinforcement. Part stiffness and maximum bending load basically increases linearly with the moment of inertia and the section modulus of the plate, respectively. Gas channel design attached with top rib (shapes D and E) show the best effect of structural reinforcement. For brittle PS parts, plates with semicircular gas channel (shape A) exhibit maximum flexural strength. PS parts with rectangular gas channel design (shape B) can absorb more bending energy than the other designs. The present study provides part designers with a design guideline for choosing the most effective gas channel design to achieve a specific objective of part structural performance.

A New Type of Binder Resins Used in PS Plate and Positive Photoresists: Resorcin-Divinyl Benzene Resins.

The Fridel-Crafts reaction between dvinyl benzene (DVB) and resorcin produced a new type of photopolymer. When resorcin-DVB resins used in negative photoresists, 2um resolution can be reached [1]. When resorcin-DVB resins used as binder resins of PS plate and positive photoresists, they can fit with many kinds of photoactive compounds (PAC). The resolution of the positive resists can be lower than 0.95um. The exposure and developing rates of the positive photoresists are fast and they have good alkali resistance. Resorcin-DVB resins can be used as the ballast resins of diazonaphthoquinone (DNQ) group to synthesize DNQ-PAC. The positive photoresists whose PAC are resorcin-DVB diazonaphthoquinone have high resolution and the forming image has high contrast. During research, we also found that the alkali resistance of binder resin is closely relevant to the M/A value of the resin and the alkali resistance of PAC is closely relevant to the M/A value of the ballast resin.