Prussian Blue Polypyrrole Research Articles

Adsorptive avidity of Prussian blue polypyrrole nanocomposite for elimination of water contaminants: a case study of malachite green and isoniazid.

Persistent water contaminants include a variety of substances that evade natural cleaning processes posing severe risks to ecosystems. Their adsorptive elimination is a key approach to safer attenuation. Herein we present the design and development of Prussian blue incorporated polypyrrole (PPY/PB) hybrid nanocomposite as a high-performance adsorbent for the elimination of malachite green (M.G.), isoniazid (INH) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) water contaminants. The nanocomposite synthesis was favored by strong dopant-polymer interactions, leading to a PPY/PB material with enhanced electro-active surface area compared to pristine PPY. The structure-activity response of the nanocomposite for the adsorption of target contaminants was unveiled by evaluating its maximum adsorption capacities under environmentally viable conditions. In-depth analysis and optimization of adsorption influencing factors (pH, temperature, and adsorbent dose) were performed. Using equilibrium studies, kinetic model fitting, aided with FTIR analysis, a multi-step mechanism for the adsorption of target contaminants on the nanocomposite was proposed. Furthermore, the PPY/PB nanocomposite also acts as a catalyst, enabling contaminant elimination following a synergistic scheme that was demonstrated using 4-NP contaminant. The synergetic adsorption and catalytic degradation of 4-NP using PPY/PB as adsorbent and catalyst was demonstrated in the presence of NaBH4 as a reducing agent in absence of light. In summary, this work highlights the targeted design of adsorbent, its optimization for adsorptive avidity, and the synergistic role of adsorption trapping in the catalytic degradation of persistent contaminants.

Pillar effect boosting the electrochemical stability of Prussian blue-polypyrrole for potassium ion batteries

Pillar effect boosting the electrochemical stability of Prussian blue-polypyrrole for potassium ion batteries

Electrochemical and electrocatalytic stability of Prussian blue/Berlin green redox transformation in Prussian blue-polypyrrole composite films

Redox transformation of Prussian blue to Berlin green (PB/BG) in Prussian blue-polypyrrole (PB-PPy) composites synthesized via original one-step method has been studied. It was shown that the nature of anion and composition of background electrolyte play an important role for both the stability and the shape of electrochemical response of composite film during redox transfer of Prussian blue to Berlin green. Nitric acid, phosphoric acid, malic acid and citric acid 0.05 N (eq/L) solutions and the same acids partially neutralized with 0.01 N KOH were used as electrolyte to study the role of potassium ions presence in solution. The most stable electrochemical response of PB/BG redox transfer was obtained for the nitrate anions containing solutions in the presence of potassium ions. Nevertheless, the stability of the electrochemical transformation PB/BG in composite films in other media is enough to detect the sulphite ions content in wine samples via electrocatalytic reaction at the potentials of PB/BG redox transformation.

Self-assembled Prussian blue–polypyrrole nanocomposites for energy storage application

The Prussian blue and polypyrrole nanocomposite (PB–PPy) was synthesised by a facile spontaneous self-assembly (SA) procedure through the layering of multiple sequential absorptions of FeCl3–K3[Fe(CN)6] and pyrrole. The morphology of PB–PPy nanocomposite was rough and irregular, whereas the PB nanocubes (used as experimental control) had a diameter of about 40 nm which were formed using the SA method. The intercalation pseudocapacitive mechanism occurs when potassium ions were inserted to the PB framework. The electrochemical behaviour and areal capacitance of PB–PPy were compared with pristine PB. The “knee frequency” was only present in the Nyquist plot of PB–PPy. The result revealed that the PPy significantly improved the capacitance of pristine PB and this made PB–PPy as a promising candidate for supercapacitors. The specific areal capacitance of PB–PPy was at least ten times higher than pristine PB.

Facile self-assembled Prussian blue-polypyrrole nanocomposites on glassy carbon: Comparative synthesis methods and its electrocatalytic reduction towards H2O2

Prussian blue-polypyrrole (PB-PPy) nanocomposite was deposited directly on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by self-assembly (SA) based on multiple sequential adsorption of FeCl3-K3[Fe(CN)6] and pyrrole. This approach offers easy preparation of electrodes, which allows control of its electrochemical behaviour and sensitivity towards hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). PB-PPy nanocomposite was also electrodeposited in one-pot aqueous solution for the comparison purpose in terms of morphology and its electrochemical and electrocatalytic behaviours. Field-emission scanning microscope (FESEM) presented the morphology SA PB-PPy nanocomposites was irregular whereas electrodeposited PB-PPy was in nanocubic framework. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to study the electrochemical behaviour of fabricated PB-PPy films. The SA PB-PPy electrode with 10 deposition cycles demonstrated good sensing behaviour towards H2O2 with good selectivity whereas capacitive property was observed when the deposition cycles increased to 20.

Nanostructured Prussian Blue–polypyrrole composite coatings with electrochromic properties

The Prussian Blue–polypyrrole (PB/PPy) composite materials were obtained by a chemical redox process in a mixed solution of iron(III), hexacyanoferrate(III) and pyrrole with a nitrate supporting electrolyte. The morphology of the composites (as a sedimented powder or a film on the ITO-glass electrode surface) varied depending on the composition of synthetic solution.

Electrochromic properties of Prussian blue–polypyrrole composite films in dependence on parameters of synthetic procedure

Composite materials of Prussian blue–polypyrrole (PB/PPy) on the surface of indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glasses were obtained via one-step chemical (redox) and one-stage electrochemical procedures in mixed solution of iron (III), hexacyanoferrate (III), and pyrrole with various concentration ratios of components in nitrate supporting electrolyte. Electrochemical stability of composite films depends on the amount of Py in synthetic solution, whereas color contrast coefficient values depend on the type of synthetic procedure. PB/PPy film electrochromic response (tested by spectroelectrochemical potentiodynamic measurements) was compared with response of both pure PB and pure PPy films. It was shown that degradation of composite films occurs due to PB component instability in Prussian white form. The highest value of color contrast coefficient and great electrochemical stability were revealed for composite films obtained via redox-synthesis procedure from solution with 0.1 mM [Fe3+ + Fe(CN)63−] and 1.0 mM Ру (PB/PPy-Ch-1:1:10 system).

The method of double cathodic-anodic potential (current) pulses for synthesis of composite coatings Prussian blue–polypyrrole on optically transparent electrodes

An original method of one-step electrochemical deposition of electroactive composite films from a mixed solution of precursors of the organic and inorganic components in the mode of double cathodic–anodic pulses is used for the formation of Prussian blue/polypyrrole films on the surface of optically transparent electrodes. The deposition parameters are chosen (the order of deposition of components, the number and amplitude of polarizing pulses, the pulse length) which allow the deposition of composite films with good adhesion to the electrode surface and the high stability of the redox-transition Prussian blue/Prussian white.

Stability of Prussian Blue–polypyrrole (PB/PPy) composite films synthesized via one-step redox-reaction procedure

Composite materials of Prussian Blue–polypyrrole (PB/PPy) were obtained via chemical redox process in mixed solution of iron (III), hexacyanoferrate (III), and pyrrole with chloride or nitrate supporting electrolyte. Synthesized composites in the form of a sedimented powder, or a film on the surface of Pt and ITO-coated glass, were characterized by various physical and electrochemical methods. Stability of PB/PPy films on Pt substrate was tested in electrocatalytic reaction of hydrogen peroxide reduction in weakly acidic medium (pH 6) as well as on ITO-coated glass substrate via electrochromic (spectroelectrochemical) measurements. Stability period of the amperometric response in 1 mM H2O2 solution for films on Pt substrate synthesized in chloride media is 20 times longer than that of pure PB films obtained electrochemically in potentiostatic mode. Morphology of PB/PPy films has been found to depend on the composition of supporting electrolyte. Synthesis of PB/PPy composites in nitrate electrolyte leads to formation of a high-quality morphology, whereas PB/PPy films obtained in chloride solutions are cracked. In conformity with this observation, the stability period of the H2O2 electroreduction for nitrate-synthesized films on Pt substrate was about 150 min, i.e., 80 times longer than that of pure Prussian Blue films without polymeric support and four times longer than that of chloride-synthesized films. Stability of the electrochromic response of PB/PPy films formed in nitrate media is 10 times higher than pure PB film.

Interface Synthesis, Assembly and Characterization of Close-Packed Monolayer of Prussian Blue/Polypyrrole Nanocomposites

The self-assembly of nanomaterials into ordered two- or three-dimensional structures has been extensively explored over the past years due to the great application potential. This paper reports a simple one-step methodology for the synthesis and assembly of Prussian blue/polypyrrole (PBPPy) nanocomposites into close-packed monolayer at a toluene-water interface where the formation of PBPPy and evaporation of organic phase happen simultaneously. The formed films could be easily transferred onto the glass carbon surface by layer-by-layer technique. The obtained PBPPy nanocomposites and their assembled film were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The PBPPy nanocomposite film on the electrode surface exhibits excellent electron transfer and high electrocatalysis toward the reduction of H2O2. Herein, PPy component in PBPPy nanocomposites plays a great role in this great electrochemical performance. On the one hand, the presence of PPy is helpful of the formation of close-packed monolayer of PBPPy nanocomposites, and the adhesion of the ordered monolayer or multilayer onto the electrode surface due to the molecular interaction of PPy or the surface group of electrode. On the other hand, the conductive PPy facilitates the electron transfer between PB and PB or PB and electrode. The suggested method can be extended to a wide range of nanomaterials assembly and devise development.

Assembly and electroanalytical performance of Prussian blue/polypyrrole composite nanoparticles synthesized by the reverse micelle method

We report on the characterization, assembly and electroanalytical performance of Prussian blue/polypyrrole (PBPPy) composite nanoparticles synthesized by the reverse micelle method. Scanning electron microscopy suggests the formation of nanosized PBPPy particles with diameters between 40 and 50 nm. Optical absorption confirms that the particles are composed of Prussian blue (PB) and polypyrrole. PB and PBPPy nanoparticles were anchored onto the surface of cysteine-modified Au electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry experiments show that PB- or PBPPy-modified electrodes exhibit intrinsic electrochemical properties and a high electrocatalytic activity towards H2O2. PBPPy-modified electrodes exhibit a higher sensitivity to H2O2 than PB-modified electrodes. A linear calibration curve in the concentration range 0.99 μM–8.26 mM H2O2 is constructed with a detection limit of 0.23 μM at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. Excellent stability is observed for PBPPy-composite-nanoparticle-modified electrodes even in a pH 6 phosphate buffer solution with a high H2O2 concentration (0.99 mM). Glutaraldehyde and were also employed to immobilize glucose oxidase for the development of PBPPy-based biosensors. The results show that PBPPy composite nanoparticles can be used to develop oxidase-based biosensors.

A Selective Cholesterol Biosensor Based on Composite Film Modified Electrode for Amperometric Detection

An amperometric cholesterol biosensor based on immobilization of cholesterol oxidase in a Prussian blue (PB)/polypyrrole (PPy) composite film on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode was fabricated. Hydrogen peroxide produced by the enzymatic reaction was catalytically reduced on the PB film electrode at 0 V with a sensitivity of 39 μA (mol/L)−1. Cholesterol in the concentration range of 10−5 ˜ 10−4 mol/L was determined with a detection limit of 6 × 10−7 mol/L by amperometric method. Normal coexisting compounds in the bio-samples such as ascorbic acid and uric acid do not interfere with the determination. The excellent properties of the sensor in sensitivity and selectivity are attributed to the PB/PPy layer modified on the sensor.