Pruning Of Branches Research Articles

Aplikasi Berbagai Jenis Mulsa Dan Pemangkasan Cabang Bawah Terhadap Hasil Dan Mutu Benih Paria (Momordica charantia L.)

To increase the production of pariah seeds, it is necessary to improve the quality of the seeds produced through plant breeding and the use of appropriate cultivation systems. This study aims to determine the effect of the application of various types of mulch and branch pruning on the yield and quality of pariah seeds. This research was conducted in October 2020 – February 2021 in the Research area of PT. Wira Agro Nusantara Pare Prosperous, Kediri. The experimental design used was factorial RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design with 2 treatment factors and 3 replications. The first factor is the application of 3 levels of mulch, namely no mulch, straw mulch and plastic mulch. While the second factor pruning lower branches as much as 3 levels, namely 1-3 branches, 1-5 branches and 1-7 branches. The data obtained were tested using the F test (ANOVA) and continued with the DMRT test with an error rate of 5%. The results showed that the interaction of treatments using various types of mulch and pruning of lower branches had an effect on several observation parameters. The use of plastic mulch and pruning of 5 lower branches gave the best results on the parameters of fruit diameter 5.34 cm, fruit weight per plant 2617.17 grams, number of seeds per fruit 26.07 grains, number of seeds per sample 192.67 grams and production. seeds per hectare 9.06 Kw/ha.

Identification and characterization of traditional agroforestry practices and their socioeconomic roles in Dendi District, Central Ethiopia

Abstract. Humnessa T, Gebretsadik W, Negasa A. 2022. Identification and characterization of traditional agroforestry practices and their socioeconomic roles in Dendi District, Central Ethiopia. Asian J For 6: 83-89. This study was conducted in the Dendi District of Central Ethiopia in three kebele (smallest administration units in Ethiopia) to identify and characterize the existing traditional agroforestry practices and their contribution to household livelihood. Informal surveys were conducted through key informant interviews and physical observations, while formal surveys were conducted using structured questionnaires. Home gardens, scattered trees on cropland, scattered woody species on grazing land, live fencing, and rarely woodlots were traditional agroforestry practices identified in the area. Home gardens were the prevailing traditional agroforestry practices in the study area. Fifty-seven (57) perennial woody species and twenty-two (22) annual crops (including vegetables and crops) in the home garden, twelve (12) species of scattered trees on cropland, twenty-eight (28) woody species on grazing land, twenty-four (24) woody species on the live fence, and two (2) woody species on woodlots were planted and managed in the study area for several purposes. Except for woodlots, most woody species in traditional agroforestry were grouped under the Fabaceae family. Furthermore, most associated annual crops in home garden agroforestry were categorized under the Solanaceae family. Different tree management practices, such as branch pruning, coppicing, pollarding, and thinning, were undertaken by agroforestry practitioners to reduce negative interaction among components and maximize the overall products of the system.

Growth and Yield of Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) as Influenced by the Combination of Liquid Organic Fertilizer Concentration and Branch Pruning

The research was carried out in Oebelo Village, Kupang Tengah Subdistrict, Kupang Regency. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer combination and branch pruning toward the growth and yield of tomatoes. The research design used was Random Design Single factor group with 3 replications. The combination tried were K0 (without liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) and without pruning); K1 (without LOF by pruning 1 branch); K2 (without LOF by pruning 2 branches); K3 (LOF 50 ml/l of water without pruning); K4 (LOF 50 ml/l of water by pruning 1 branch); K5 (LOF 50 ml/l of water by pruning 2 branches); K6 (LOF 100 ml/l of water without pruning); K7 (LOF 100 ml/l of water followed by pruning 1 branch); K8 (LOF 100 ml/l of water by pruning 2 branches); K9 (LOF 150 ml/l of water without pruning); K10 (LOF 150 ml/l of water by pruning 1 branch); K11 (LOF 150 ml/l of water by pruning 2 branches). The results of the study based on the Duncan test 5% showed that the treatment of liquid organic fertilizer concentration 100 ml/l of water and pruning 1 branch (K7) affected the plants height of 21 Days After Planting (45.25 cm), 28 DAP (68.83 cm), and 35 DAP (88.00 cm); number of leaves (31.00); number of fruits (37.50); fruit weight (393.22 g); and fruit diameter (5.11 cm) which significantly different from other treatments.

Annual dynamic variation of seven active components of Lonicera japonica in leaf growth and pruning periods

Pruning branches and leaves is the measure to stimulate the growth of Lonicera japonica flower buds, and consequently, the resources of pruned leaves are inevitably and seriously wasted in production. High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was applied for content determination of seven active ingredients(chlorogenic acid, galuteolin, isochlorogenic acids A, B, and C, secologanic acid, and secoxyloganin) in L. japonica leaves from March to November. The results showed that the tillering removed from the trunk of L. japonica in March, the leaves pruned from May to July, and the leaves after the first frost date in November were rich in active ingredients, which deserved further exploitation and utilization. The total content(TC) of active ingredients in pruned L. japonica leaves in early March was the highest. The content of active ingredients in L. japonica leaves increased significantly after the first frost date, which was close to that in the bud tillers pruned in early and middle March. After the first frost date, L. japonica leaves are incapable of photosynthesis, and the harvesting of L. japonica leaves does not affect the physiological activities of the tree. In addition to huge resources, the content of active ingredients is high during this period, which is the best harvesting period of L. japonica leaves.

Effects of Different Pruning Systems on Fruit Quality and Yield in California Wonder Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) Grown in Soilless Culture

This study was conducted to determine the effects of four pruning methods (Non-pruned, two, three and four stem pruning) on some growth parameters, yield and fruit quality in California Wonder Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The experiment was carried out between April and September 2020 in a climate controlled venlo type glass research greenhouse with automation system.In this study, two commercial pepper Rapido and Roxy California Wonder type (Rapido: red color Roxy: yellow color) varieties were used. Seedlings transplanted in cocopeat slabs were grown in soilless culture. The experiment was designed according to randomized plots with 3 replicates each including 8 plants. Pruning applications-leaving two, three and four branches in pepper varieties significantly increased plant height, plant fresh weight and stem diameter compared to the non-pruned plants. Pruning methods significantly increased fruit weight, fruit length and diameter. SPAD of leaves value, fruit flesh thickness, fruit firmness, fruit Brix and fruit EC values were positively affected by pruning methods. However, no effect of pruning methods on fruit color and pH was determined. Total yield per plant was reduced compared to non-pruned plants, except for 4 branch pruning. However, the reduction in the number of branches left with pruning significantly increased the rate of marketable fruit. To conclude, it was determined that the decrease in the number of branches left in California Wonder pepper varieties significantly decreased the number of non-marketable fruits, especially three and four branch pruning increased fruit quality as well as marketable yield.

Line-based deep learning method for tree branch detection from digital images

Preventive maintenance of power lines, including cutting and pruning of tree branches, is essential to avoid interruptions in the energy supply. Automatic methods can support this risky task and also reduce time-consuming. Here, we propose a method in which the orientation and the grasping positions of tree branches are estimated. The proposed method firstly predicts the straight line (representing the tree branch extension) based on a convolutional neural network (CNN). Secondly, a Hough transform is applied to estimate the direction and position of the line. Finally, we estimate the grip point as the pixel point with the highest probability of belonging to the line. We generated a dataset based on internet searches and annotated 1868 images considering challenging scenarios with different tree branch shapes, capture devices, and environmental conditions. Ten-fold cross-validation was adopted, considering 90% for training and 10% for testing. We also assessed the method under corruptions (gaussian and shot) with different severity levels. The experimental analysis showed the effectiveness of the proposed method reporting F1-score of 96.78%. Our method outperformed state-of-the-art Deep Hough Transform (DHT) and Fully Convolutional Line Parsing (F-Clip).

Recognition for Stems of Tomato Plants at Night Based on a Hybrid Joint Neural Network

Recognition of plant stems is vital to automating multiple processes in fruit and vegetable production. The colour similarity between stems and leaves of tomato plants presents a considerable challenge for recognising stems in colour images. With duality relation in edge pairs as a basis, we designed a recognition algorithm for stems of tomato plants based on a hybrid joint neural network, which was composed of the duality edge method and deep learning models. Pixel-level metrics were designed to evaluate the performance of the neural network. Tests showed that the proposed algorithm has performs well at detecting thin and long objects even if the objects have similar colour to backgrounds. Compared with other methods based on colour images, the hybrid joint neural network can recognise the main and lateral stems and has less false negatives and positives. The proposed method has low hardware cost and can be used in the automation of fruit and vegetable production, such as in automatic targeted fertilisation and spraying, deleafing, branch pruning, clustered fruit harvesting and harvesting with trunk shake, obstacle avoidance, and navigation.

Dynamic branch pruning aided low switching fixed complexity sphere decoding for small scale and massive MIMO detection

AbstractIn this article, we have proposed a dynamic branch pruning aided low switching fixed complexity sphere decoding (LSFSD) algorithm that can reduce the number of node visits in conventional fixed‐complexity sphere decoder (FSD) or imbalanced fixed‐complexity sphere decoder (IFSD) detector dynamically based on the channel condition. Further, we propose a low complexity QR‐based FSD ordering scheme in the real domain that requires half of the number of real arithmetic operations in the conventional case. As a case study, we have simulated the proposed algorithm for and MIMO system with 64‐QAM modulation. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce approximately 50% of node visits to achieve a BER of . Additionally, a low complexity solution of the soft bit information generation method is also proposed. The concept is further extended to massive MIMO applications where the number of receiving antenna to transmit antenna ratio is close to one. A smaller node extension parameter is defined for the proposed detector to reduce the complexity in massive MIMO detection. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed detection algorithm has significantly lower computational complexity than other recent state‐of‐the‐art detection algorithms for massive MIMO and large MIMO systems.

Influence of spacing and pruning on growth, yield and economics of off-season long melon (Cucumis melo)

Long melon [Cucumis melo var. utilissimus (Roxb.) Duthie & Fuller] cultivation in open field condition in northern India is hampered due to extremes of the temperature from September to January. Therefore, the present study was carried out to explore possibility for off-season production of long melon under protected conditions at Center for Protected Cultivation Technology (CPCT), ICAR-IARI, New Delhi in 2016–17 and 2017–18. Seedlings were transplanted as per five different spacing and branch pruning methods. The combination of closer spacing with maximum branch node pruning method under polyhouse structure was found better for off-season long melon production. Flowering appeared earlier by 4.02 days, first fruit picking by 5 days, additional number of pickings (5 times) and harvesting period extended by 60 days in polyhouse compared to insect proof net-house structure. The closer spacing S1 (50 cm × 20 cm) exhibited maximum weight of fruits, fruit yield, gross income as well as net-income and B: C ratio. Among pruning methods, complete branch pruning method P1 (single stem cultivation or branch less cultivation) contributed positively significant effect on all parameters of long melon. The combination of polyhouse structure with closer spacing (50 cm × 20 cm) and optimum branch pruning (after one node cutting) gave highest yield and net income per unit area for off-season cultivation of long melon.

Neural Network Structure Optimization by Simulated Annealing.

A critical problem in large neural networks is over parameterization with a large number of weight parameters, which limits their use on edge devices due to prohibitive computational power and memory/storage requirements. To make neural networks more practical on edge devices and real-time industrial applications, they need to be compressed in advance. Since edge devices cannot train or access trained networks when internet resources are scarce, the preloading of smaller networks is essential. Various works in the literature have shown that the redundant branches can be pruned strategically in a fully connected network without sacrificing the performance significantly. However, majority of these methodologies need high computational resources to integrate weight training via the back-propagation algorithm during the process of network compression. In this work, we draw attention to the optimization of the network structure for preserving performance despite compression by pruning aggressively. The structure optimization is performed using the simulated annealing algorithm only, without utilizing back-propagation for branch weight training. Being a heuristic-based, non-convex optimization method, simulated annealing provides a globally near-optimal solution to this NP-hard problem for a given percentage of branch pruning. Our simulation results have shown that simulated annealing can significantly reduce the complexity of a fully connected network while maintaining the performance without the help of back-propagation.

Pengaruh pemangkasan dan pemupukan NPK terhadap tanaman pare (Momordica charantia L.)

Pare Plant is a type of horticultural plant originating from the cucurbitaceae family. Bitter gourd contains antioxidants that help suppress the inflammatory response and lower glucose levels in diabetes. Cultivation of bitter melon by using pruning and the use of NPK fertilizer can increase production yields. Pruning on plants needs to be done in order to increase the number of flowers produced by plants. NPK fertilizer is a macro nutrient needed by plants to be able to grow and metabolic processes in plants can run well. This research was conducted in the Patrang sub-district, Patrang sub-district, Jember district which was carried out from March to June 2021. This research method used a completely randomized design (RAL) with a 4x3 factorial design which was repeated 3 times. The first factor is pruning which consists of 3 levels of treatment P1 (without pruning), P2 (3 branches pruning on segments 1-3 and P3 (6 pruning branches on sections 1-6), and the second factor is the dose of NPK fertilizer which consists of 4 The treatment levels were N1 (0 g/plant), N2 (10g/plant), N3 (20 g/plant) and N4 (30 g/plant).
 The experimental results showed that there was an interaction effect on NPK fertilization with pruning which gave very significant different results to fruit diameter. The effect of NPK fertilizer application was significantly different on fruit length and fruit volume. In the treatment, the effect of giving NPK fertilizer was not significantly different on the initial appearance of flowers, the number of fruits and significantly different on the number of fruits.

Influencing Factors of Cutting Force for Apple Tree Branch Pruning

Apple, which occupies the first position in the world with regard to its yield, is an important economic crop in China. Pruning of apple trees is still dominated by manual pruning, resulting in high labor costs and low efficiency. Additionally, there are some limitations with pruning machines. Thus, research regarding the mechanical properties of apple branches is the basis for the designing proper pruning machine. This paper aims to study the effect of the feed rate, cutting line speed, branch diameter, and moisture content on the cutting force. Results revealed that cutting force depended on the feed rate, cutting line speed, and branch diameter. Furthermore, both the cutting line speed and the branch diameter had a significant effect on the cutting force (p < 0.01), while the feed rate had a small effect on the cutting force (p > 0.05). However, the moisture content had no effect on the cutting force, with a difference of cutting force between samples with moisture content of 15% and 50% less than 5%. Based on the experiments performed, an equation relating the feed rate, the cutting line speed, the branch diameter was derived to calculate the cutting force. By verification test, it established that regression equation was valid with error less than 4%. This study explored the mechanical properties of apple branch, and obtained the optimal cutting parameters, which can provide a reference for the design of the pruning machine.

The effect of Biofertilizer Application and Shoot Pruning on the Production of chili plants on sandy media

Red chili as one of the important horticultural crops cultivated commercially, this is because in addition to chili has a fairly complete nutritional content, it also has a high economic value which is widely used both for household consumption and for the food industry. Therefore, it is necessary to apply intensification technology to increase chili production. These technologies include the application of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) to increase soil fertility and the application of shoot pruning to increase branching of chili plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of PGPR and Trichoderma sp. And the treatment of shoot pruning on the production of red chili plants.This research was conducted at the Jember State Polytechnic Greenhouse, Sumbersari District, Jember Regency with an altitude of ± 89 masl. This study used a complete randomized block design (CRD) factorial consisting of 2 factors. The first factor was the provision of biological agents consisting of 4 levels of treatment. The second factor was the time for cutting shoots, consisting of 3 levels of treatment. The observation variables is productivity of chili. The results showed that branch pruning and biological agent treatment did not significantly increase the production of chili plants. However, there is a tendency for better treatment with pruning and without biological agents.

Lessons Learned from Developing Best Management Practices for Urban Tree Care and Wildlife

Urban forests create indispensable habitat for declining wildlife populations. The tree care industry is essential to the viability of urban forests and thus the survival of urban wildlife. At the same time, tree care operations such as tree removal and branch pruning present clear threats to urban wildlife and their habitats. Here we describe the development of a grassroots coalition of arborists and wildlife advocates in the Western United States and the process of charting a path to best management practices and professional training to mitigate the impacts of tree care practices to wildlife. In particular, we describe the unique challenges and opportunities that arose through this multi-disciplinary process and build a case for the benefits of uniting diverse communities of practice around complex urban ecological problems. We finish by laying out recommendations to the international arboriculture and urban forestry practitioner and research communities.

Growth Inhibitory Activity of Pruning Branch Wastes from Kiwifruit Cultivation on Three Weed Species

The regular pruning in the cultivation of kiwifruits (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson) is necessary to maintain fruit productivity and quality, and the pruning generates a significant amount of wastes. In this study, allelopathic activity of pruning branch wastes was investigated to discover beneficial applications of the wastes. An aqueous methanol extract of pruning branch wastes inhibited the growth of cress (Lepidum sativum L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and weed species, Lolium multiflorum Lam., Vulpia myuros (L.) C. C. Gmel., and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. Significant reductions in the growth were observed as the extract concentration was increased. The effectiveness of the extract varied by these plant species. The extract was then separated by several chromatographies with monitoring the inhibitory activity and the most active substance in the extract was isolated. The substance may work as an allelopathic agent because of its growth inhibitory activity. The present research suggests that kiwifruit pruning branches wastes may have allelopathic activity and be potentially useful for weed control in several agricultural field conditions. Further investigation is, however, necessary in the field conditions to develop the practical application of the pruning wastes.

Giant ankyrin-B mediates transduction of axon guidance and collateral branch pruning factor sema 3A.

Variants in the high confident autism spectrum disorder (ASD) gene ANK2 target both ubiquitously expressed 220 kDa ankyrin-B and neurospecific 440 kDa ankyrin-B (AnkB440) isoforms. Previous work showed that knock-in mice expressing an ASD-linked Ank2 variant yielding a truncated AnkB440 product exhibit ectopic brain connectivity and behavioral abnormalities. Expression of this variant or loss of AnkB440 caused axonal hyperbranching in vitro, which implicated AnkB440 microtubule bundling activity in suppressing collateral branch formation. Leveraging multiple mouse models, cellular assays, and live microscopy, we show that AnkB440 also modulates axon collateral branching stochastically by reducing the number of F-actin-rich branch initiation points. Additionally, we show that AnkB440 enables growth cone (GC) collapse in response to chemorepellent factor semaphorin 3 A (Sema 3 A) by stabilizing its receptor complex L1 cell adhesion molecule/neuropilin-1. ASD-linked ANK2 variants failed to rescue Sema 3A-induced GC collapse. We propose that impaired response to repellent cues due to AnkB440 deficits leads to axonal targeting and branch pruning defects and may contribute to the pathogenicity of ANK2 variants.

Roosting habits and habitats of the Indian Flying Fox Pteropus medius Temminck, 1825 in the northern districts of Tamil Nadu, India

This paper pertains to the study on roosting habits and habitats of the Indian Flying Fox Pteropus medius Temminck, 1825 in 12 villages of four northern districts—Vellore, Krishnagiri, Tiruvannamalai, and Viluppuram—of Tamil Nadu. Studies targeted roosting tree species, population status, diurnal-roosting behaviour, interactions with other animals, and probable threats to the species. A total of 22,365 individuals of the species were observed in 72 roosting colonies in 72 trees belonging to nine families, 11 genera, and 13 species. The tree species that harbored the greatest population of P. medius (n= 12,465) were those of Tamarindus indica L. (Fabaceae) (n= 39), followed by Ficus religiosa L. (Moraceae) (n= 3,960), Madhuca latifolia J.F. Macbr. (Sapotaceae) (n= 2,760), and Ficus benghalensis L. (Moraceae) (n= 1,620). One-Way ANOVA revealed that a significant relationship exists between colony size and tree diameter at breast height (dbh), and their canopy size (p <0.05). However, no significant difference occurred between the colony size and tree height. The time taken for emergence of individuals of the colony from the canopy for foraging varied between 20 and 40 min after 1750 h in the evening. The species mostly roosted on trees proximal to human settlements, electrical power lines, and water bodies. Individuals of P. medius used various tree species in different areas in different geographical regions and did not maintain any consistency in roosting tree species selection. A majority of individuals (88.7 %; n= 887) were found roosting using both legs and a minority of P. medius (11.3 %; n= 113) were clinging to tree branches using one. Individuals of P. medius flew to nearby water bodies to quench thirst and cool their bodies. Mating was observed during day roost in 146 pairs including male-female fellatio in seven pairs. Smoke from shrines in sacred groves, pruning of branches for various cultural reasons, populations of House Crow Corvus splendens (Vieillot, 1817) (Corvidae), Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus (Desfontaines, 1789) and Black Kite Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783) (both Accipitridae) were key disturbances to roosting populations of P. medius.

Multi-level feature fusion for fruit bearing branch keypoint detection

Automated orchard operation has been a firm goal of fruit farmers for a long time. Deep learning-based approaches have been widely used to improve the performance of fruit detection, branch pruning, production estimating and other agricultural operations. This paper proposes a novel method to detect keypoint on the branch, which enables branch pruning during fruit picking. Specifically, a top-down framework for bearing branch keypoint detection is developed. First, a candidate area is generated according to the fruit-growing position and the fruit stem keypoint detection, which provides an attention region for further keypoint detection. Second, a multi-level feature fusion network which combines features in the same spatial sizes (intra-level) and from different spatial sizes (inter-level) is proposed to detect keypoint within the candidate area. The network can learn the spatial and semantic information and model the relationship among bearing branch keypoints. In addition, this paper constructs a citrus bearing branch dataset, which contributes to comprehensively evaluating the proposed method. Evaluation metrics on the dataset indicate the proposed method reaches an AP of 77.4% and an accuracy score of 84.7% with smaller model size and lower computing power consumption, which significantly outperforms several state-of-the-art keypoint detection methods. This study provides the possibility and foundation for performing automatic branch pruning during fruit harvesting.

Efficacy of delayed entry low branch sanitation pruning in preventing mortality of western white pine infected with white pine blister rust

White pine blister rust, caused by the fungus Cronartium ribicola J. C. Fisch., is a virulent mortality agent of five-needle pines like western white pine (Pinus monticola D. Don.). For decades, low branch pruning has been recommended as a control by removing cankers that can migrate from infected branches to the tree stem and kill the host. These recommendations are mainly based on studies done on eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), or on western white pine growing primarily in the Interior Pacific Northwest of the United States. It is not clear whether these recommendations are transferable to geographically and climatically dissimilar Pacific coastal areas, where pruning often shows little benefit in commercial forest plantations. We summarize over 30 years of post-treatment data from coastal and interior sites in British Columbia. Sanitation pruning was done on 12–22-year-old stands using one or two pruning lifts and infection and mortality were tracked over the subsequent decades. Our results show that while pruning had little negative effect on treated tree height or diameter growth, mortality was not significantly different between treated and untreated groups across all sites. Cumulative mortality after three decades was >80% for coastal sites, and nearly 60% for the interior site, indicating a lack of treatment efficacy. Our results differ from earlier shorter duration studies and those from other jurisdictions. It is clear that delaying pruning until trees are older and carrying many existing branch and stem infections results in ineffective control of rust in coastal white pine stands.

PROTECTIVE AND CURATIVE MEASURES AGAINST LITCHI FRUIT BORER (CONOPOMORPHA SINENSIS)

Infestation of litchi (Litchi chinensis) by fruit borer, Conopomorpha sinensis is severe in Bangladesh. Two separate experiments on varietal susceptibility and management, were conducted inrandomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the Fruit Research Station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Rajshahi, Bangladesh to identify fruit borer tolerant litchi variety and to develop cost effective guidelines for managing this pest in 2018-19. Netting as protection as well as combination of spraying chemicals and bio-chemicals including sanitation was used as curative measures. Among all the management treatments, netting the whole plant with mosquito net of 40 mesh starting from pea stage (fruit setting) as well as sanitation (pruning of shader branches and removal of fallen leaves of the tree) plus spraying of imidacloprid 1 ml (20 SL product) per litre of water at pea stage (fruit setting) and spinosad 1.2 ml (2.5 EC product) at marble stage (developing) and at early ripening stage (twenty days before harvest) of fruit showed higher but statistically similar performance. Netting reduced 89 and 95 per cent borer infestation at developing and ripening stages respectively over control and it showed highest yield performance (4 071 fruits per plant) i.e.76 per cent healthy fruit yield increase over control and also highest (3.7) marginal benefit cost ratio (MBCR). The chemical treatment provided 64.86 and 82.95 per cent reduction of borer infestation at developing and ripening stages respectively over control. There was an increase of 76.16 per cent of healthy fruit yield over control and also 3.6 MBCR. These two guidelines were recommended among six eco-friendly management treatments. Results indicated that among the three common cultivated litchi varieties, China 3 was the most tolerant variety to fruit borer. Keywords: Litchi fruit borer, Conopomorpha sinensis, netting, spinosad, imidacloprid, litchi.