Proximate Principles Research Articles

Effect of Long Term Feeding of Salt Treated Castor Bean Meal Based Concentrate Mixture on the Performance of Lambs

The present study was conducted to find out the effect of long term feeding of salt treated castor (Ricinus communis) bean meal (SCBM) based concentrate mixture on the performance of stall-fed lambs. Ten male non-descript lambs (3–4 months old) were assigned equally to two dietary treatments in a completely randomized design and fed iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric concentrate mixture containing 18% groundnut cake (GNC; Control diet) and 25% SCBM replacing 100% GNC nitrogen (Test diet) along with ad libitum Rhodes (Chloris gayana) hay for 168d. The DM intake was 562 and 573 g/d for control and test groups, respectively. The digestibility of proximate principles (DM, OM, CP, EE, CF and NFE) and fiber fractions (NDF and ADF) was similar (P>0.05) between control and test diets. The nutritive value in terms of DCP was comparable between the two diets. However, the TDN value was significantly (P<0.05) lower in the test diet (54.82%) compared to control diet (62.09%). The lambs on test diet grew (61.71±4.88 g/d) at par with those on control diet (61.45±1.56 g/d). The efficiency of utilization of DM for live weight gain was also similar in both the groups. Thus, the castor bean meal, after processing with common salt, was found to be a satisfactory protein substitute to spare 100% nitrogen moiety of groundnut cake in the diet of lambs.

Nutrient composition,In vitromethane production and digestibility of azolla (Azolla microphylla) with rumen liquor of goat

Nutrient composition and digestibility of Azolla (Azolla microphylla) was studied using in vitro technique to evaluate it as a protein supplement for goats. Among the proximate principles ash, crude protein, ether extract and crude fibre contents were 20.31, 17.3, 2.71 and 12.02%, respectively on dry matter basis. The NDF and ADF were 46.90 and 31.73%, respectively. Sodium, potassium, calcium were 0.60, 0.73, and 0.11% while copper and zinc were 16.12 and 71.47, ppm respectively. The gross energy content of (A. microphylla) was 16.86 MJ/kg. In vitro rumen fermentation parameters of Azolla were studied using in vitro gas production test. The total gas production and methane production were 78.49 ml/g DM and 11.96 ml/gDM, respectively. The dry matter and organic matter digestibilities were 83.15 and 84.03%, respectively. Microbial protein and partitioning factor were 76.57 and 5.25 mg, respectively. The study indicated that Azolla can be used as a protein supplement in the ration of goats.

Kinnow madarin (Citrus nobilis lour × Citrus deliciosa tenora) fruit waste silage as potential feed for small ruminants.

Aim:Study was conducted to ascertain the quality of Kinnow mandarin waste (KMW) silage and its utilization by adult male goats.Materials and Methods:KMW was collected, dried to 30% dry matter level and ensiled in silo pit after addition of disodium hydrogen orthophosphate as source of phosphorus as KMW is deficient in phosphorus. Oat was collected at milking stage, chopped finely and ensiled in a silo pit for 2 months. Twelve nondescript local adult male goats of about 8-10 months age and mean body weight of 23.00±0.90 kg were selected. The goats were randomly allotted on body weight as per randomized block design into two equal groups, six animals in each group (n=6) namely “oat silage (OS)” and “Kinnow silage.” Goats were offered weighed quantities of respective silage on ad libitum basis. The silages were evaluated for proximate principles and silage quality attributes.Results:Differences were found between chemical composition of both silages with higher organic matter, ether extracts, nitrogen free extract (p<0.05) and lower (p<0.01) crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fibre concentration in KMW silage as compared to OS. However, silages were isonitrogenous (8.20 vs. 8.17; p>0.05 for CP) and possess comparable (2.23 vs. 2.06; p>0.05) calcium content. The pH, ammonia nitrogen (percent of total nitrogen) and soluble carbohydrate content were lower (4.20 vs. 3.30; 4.14 vs. 3.80; 2.73 vs. 1.86; p<0.05) in KMW silage, whereas, lactic acid concentration was higher (6.23 vs. 8.14; p<0.05) in KMW silage indicating its superior quality as compared to OS. Body weight (kg) of goats and silage intake (g/day), were comparable (p>0.05) among the two dietary groups.Conclusion:It can be concluded that KMW can be used to prepare good quality silage for feeding of goats.

Assessment of Energy Content of Some Tropical Concentrate Feeds of Ruminants using Model of National Research Council - 2001

An experiment was conducted to predict the energy content (TDN- total digestible nutrients, DE- digestible energy and ME- metabolizable energy) of some commonly used tropical concentrate feeds of ruminants using the summative approach model of National Research Council (NRC) 2001, which is based on chemical composition values of feeds rather than the values of digestion trial. Fourteen concentrate feeds (six grains, three oilcakes, two protein meals, three agro-industrial byproducts) were analyzed for their proximate principles, fiber components, neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) and the TDN was then calculated. DE and ME contents were estimated from the TDN value. Three types of total mixed rations (TMRs) were prepared comprising 40% concentrate mixture, 40% green fodder (berseem- Trifolium alexandrinum) and 20% wheat straw (Triticum aestivum) on dry matter basis (DMB). These TMRs were fed to three groups of growing Sahiwal calves (average body weight of 173.66±12.54 kg and average age of 12 - 18 months). The predicted TDN values of the TMRs as per NRC (2001) were 60.21, 60.14 and 60.53% of DM, respectively. The TDN values obtained by the results of the digestion trial (61.11, 61.98 and 60.56%) were in conformity with that of in vitro results. Therefore, it was concluded that the TDN based model of NRC (2001) can be successfully implemented to predict the energy density of tropical ruminant feeds. The predicted TDN values of concentrate feeds were also more or less in close proximity of their standard TDN values.

Assessment of Energy Content of Some Tropical Concentrate Feeds of Ruminants using Model of National Research Council - 2001

An experiment was conducted to predict the energy content (TDN- total digestible nutrients, DE- digestible energy and ME- metabolizable energy) of some commonly used tropical concentrate feeds of ruminants using the summative approach model of National Research Council (NRC) 2001, which is based on chemical composition values of feeds rather than the values of digestion trial. Fourteen concentrate feeds (six grains, three oilcakes, two protein meals, three agro-industrial byproducts) were analyzed for their proximate principles, fiber components, neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) and the TDN was then calculated. DE and ME contents were estimated from the TDN value. Three types of total mixed rations (TMRs) were prepared comprising 40% concentrate mixture, 40% green fodder (berseem- Trifolium alexandrinum) and 20% wheat straw (Triticum aestivum) on dry matter basis (DMB). These TMRs were fed to three groups of growing Sahiwal calves (average body weight of 173.66±12.54 kg and average age of 12 - 18 months). The predicted TDN values of the TMRs as per NRC (2001) were 60.21, 60.14 and 60.53% of DM, respectively. The TDN values obtained by the results of the digestion trial (61.11, 61.98 and 60.56%) were in conformity with that of in vitro results. Therefore, it was concluded that the TDN based model of NRC (2001) can be successfully implemented to predict the energy density of tropical ruminant feeds. The predicted TDN values of concentrate feeds were also more or less in close proximity of their standard TDN values.

Effect of Thermal Processing on the Nutritional, Antinutritional, and Antioxidant Properties of Tetracarpidium conophorum (African Walnut)

The effect of thermal processing (roasting and boiling) on the nutritional, antinutritional, and antioxidant properties of African walnut was studied. Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) was subjected to thermal treatment of roasting (RWIS), boiling with shell (BWIS), and boiling without shell (BWOS). The resulting samples with raw nut (RAAW) which served as control were analysed for proximate composition, antinutritional components, and antioxidant activity. The protein, fat, and ash contents of the samples on dry basis were 29.14%, 54.14%, and 3.32% (RAAW); 24.13%, 61.75%, and 2.77% (BWIS); 22.47%, 62.65%, and 2.16% (BWOS); and 24.25%, 60.52%, and 2.48% (RWIS), respectively. Thermal processing had significant effect on all the proximate principles; boiling and roasting generally reduced the protein and ash contents of the nut. Boiling with or without shell reduced the phytate and tannin contents of the nut while roasting increased the level of these two antinutritional components; walnut boiled without shell however, had the lowest phytate and tannin contents of 0.815 mg/100 g and 0.239 mg/100 g, respectively. The antioxidant activities of the samples were 8.47% (RAAW), 13.82% (BWIS), 14.96% (BWOS), and 7.29% (RWIS). This study reveals that thermal processing has a significant effect on the proximate principles, bioavailability, and antioxidant activity of African walnut.

Evaluation of dried bread waste as feedstuff for growing crossbred pigs

Aim: The aim was to investigate the effect of bread waste feeding on feed intake, utilization and growth performance of crossbred pigs and to evaluate the economics of bread waste feeding. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted for a period of 3 months (December, 2012-March, 2013). Large White Yorkshire crosses (LWY X Desi) were included in the study. A total of 24 weaned crossbred growing pigs were randomly assigned to four different groups, with six animals in each group. The experimental animals were fed as per their body weight following Indian Council of Agricultural Research requirements. They were fed twice a day according to schedule at 9:00 am and 3:00 pm. The water was kept available to animals round the clock. The cost of the experimental diets was calculated based on the existing price of the ingredients during the experimental period. Samples of feed were collected for analysis of proximate principles as per Association of Official Analytical Chemist. Body weight of all animals was recorded fortnightly basis in the morning before feeding with the use of platform type electronic weighing balance. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein conversion ration was calculated by using a standard formula. Data were analyzed, using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Means showing significant differences in the ANOVA table were compared using the Duncan multiple range test. Results: Crude protein content (%) of the diets was 16.01±0.02, 16.13±0.02, 16.14±0.02, 16.04±0.02, 16.08±0.02 and 12.72±0.03, respectively for the G1, G2, G3 and G4, groups. Proximate compositions (%) of diets used in the experiment were not significantly different. Digestibility coefficients of all the nutrients were significantly varied among the experimental groups. Daily feed intake was significantly (p<0.05) varied among the groups. Average daily gain (kg/pig/day) were significantly (p<0.01) higher in group G2 (0.377). FCR was significantly (p<0.01) higher in the G2 group (4.35). Conclusion: Bread waste can economically supplement up to 50% to the diet of crossbred growing pigs.

Discrimination Statutes, the Common Law, and Proximate Cause

The Supreme Court recently interpreted causal language in the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA) to include the common-law concept of proximate cause. This Article anticipates that courts will incorporate proximate cause more broadly into the primary federal discrimination statutes and argues that courts should not interpret the statutes in this way. The Article demonstrates the theoretical and practical difficulties of importing proximate cause principles into employment discrimination law. The Article demonstrates how only weak textual, intent, or purpose-based arguments support courts’ use of proximate cause in Title VII. Many of these arguments are premised on the idea that the federal discrimination statutes are torts. This Article challenges this assumption and argues that describing a cause of action as a tort does not provide any meaningful guidance about whether to import proximate cause. Proximate cause is a notoriously flexible and theoretically inconsistent concept. Proximate cause has no independent descriptive power and is highly dependent on the underlying tort to which it is attached. Employment discrimination claims do not fit within any traditional tort and therefore do not align well with traditional articulations of proximate cause. When courts import proximate cause, they are not simply importing a concept from the common law, but rather are engaging in an unguided policy choice—a choice that will allow courts to further limit the reach of federal discrimination law. Importantly, the federal discrimination statutes already contain express limits on liability that

Biochemical, Anti Microbial and Organoleptic Studies of Spinach (Spinaciaoleracea)

Spinach (Spinaciaoleracea) is an edible flowering plant in the family of Amaranthaceous. It is native to central and southwestern Asia. It is an annual plant (rarely biennial), which grows to a height of up to 30 cm. Spinach may survive over winter in temperate regions. The leaves are alternate, simple, ovate to triangular-based, very variable in size from about 2–30 cm long and 1–15 cm broad, with larger leaves at the base of the plant and small leaves higher on the flowering stem. To substantiate this, an analysis of the proximate principles of the samples was carried out using bench science experiments. The proximate profiles of Carbohydrate, Minerals, proteins and Crude fibers were analysed. The study showed a linear increase in Proteins, Carbohydrates, Calcium, Iron, Phosphorous and Vit C content. At the same time the composition of crude fibers were lowered. Encouraging result was obtained to conclude that Spinach ishigh in all nutritional content. Microanalysis was carried out on the extracted spinach sample after which MIC and RT-PCR was carried out. The experiment undertaken confirms the antimicrobial property of the aqueous extracts of spinach. The extract has presence of a bactericidal compound which was evident from the results obtained using Real Time PCR. Therefore aqueous extracts of spinach have an effective antimicrobial activity against severe gastrointestinal tract pathogens such as Salmonella typhi and must be studied against other pathogens as well. Spinach has many health benefits. This plant is loaded with calcium, but very little of spinach's calcium is absorbed by the human body due to the ant nutrient oxalate content.Additionally, there is far more to bone than just calcium. Spinach provides a number of minerals that are essential for strong and healthy bones. These include magnesium, copper, manganese, phosphorus and, particularly zinc. Zinc works synergistically with calcium to mineralize calcium into bone. The commercial appeal of spinach was also speculated using value for money (VFM) studies.

Evaluation of Plus Tree Progenies of Bauhinia variegata for Morphometric and Fodder Characterstics

The present study was carried out to evaluate various morphometric and fodder quality characterstics of the progenies of plus trees of Bauhinia variegata selected from different sites in Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana and Uttarakhand. The study revealed that morphometric traits, mineral nutrients and proximate principles had significant variations among the progenies. Best performance was shown by P30 (Dehra Dun) followed by P15 (Subathu) for morphometric traits and P24 (Narag) followed by P22 (Jwalaji) for leaf fodder traits. Progenies P19 (Arki), P8 (Giripul) and P12 (Mandi), excelled for mineral nutrients viz; nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium among all the progenies. Progenies P30, (Dehra Dun) followed by P7 (Nauni), P22 (Jwalajee), P24 (Narag) and P23(Palampur) gave outstanding performance for proximate composition viz., leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, dry matter content, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, total ash and nitrogen free extract whereas for lowest values no consistency for any particular progeny existed. P3 (Kathua) gave minimum value for crude protein, while leaf fresh weight was reported minimum in P9 (Rajgarh).

Utilization of extrusion technology for the development of millet based complementary foods.

Millet based complementary foods were developed using sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), rice (Oryza Sativa), besan (Cicer arietinum; Bengal gram dhal flour), legume mix (Green gram and roasted Bengal gram; Phaseolus aureus Roxb and Cicer arietinum) and soybean (Glycine max Merr) with a lab scale twin screw extruder. The extrudates were subjected to acceptability studies initially and at the end of the storage period i.e. 3months at laboratory level by panel of judges using a 5-point hedonic scale. Physico-chemical characteristics like bulk density, piece density and expansion ratio were measured and proximate principles were assessed. Soy and legume mix were found to have low bulk density as well as high expansion ratio. The developed extrudates were made into fine powder and sieved through a 60mm mesh. Malted ragi flour at 15% level was added to the powdered extrudates to develop the complementary mixes with low bulk density. Raw formulas without malt and with malt; extruded mixes without malt and with malt were studied for viscosity. The developed mixes were made into porridge and fed to the infants and the opinions about the acceptability of mixes were collected from the mothers. The complementary mixes with malted ragi showed reduced viscosity and formed good, smooth slurry and well accepted both by children and their mothers. Extruded soy and legume mixes with addition of 15% malt were found to have satisfactory functional characteristics and nutritive value and can be explored for bulk preparation.

Clonal evaluation of White Mulberry (Morus Alba L.) for mineral nutrients and proximate principles of leaves

Mineral nutrients, proximate principles and genetic parameters estimation was carried out in 26 clones/ genotypes of White Mulberry (Morus alba L.). Clones S54, S146, S30, ME-65, China White and K2- Panchkula Early showed superior values for most of the leaf mineral nutrients and proximate principles than others. Moderate heritability and moderate to high genetic gain were observed for crude protein, ether extract and dry matter whereas low to moderate heritability and genetic gain were found for rest of the parameters.

Correlation studies between morphological, mineral nutrients and proximate principles in Grewia laevigata Vahl in Shiwalik Hills of Himahcal Pradesh

Correlation among the different trees and between different sites through morphological, mineral nutrients and proximate principles were studies and worked out in Grewia laevigata Vahl in Shiwalik hills of Himiachal Pradesh falling in the districts of Solan and Sirmour. The study revealed that out of 130 correlations between morphological, mineral nutients and proximate principles, one positive and highly significant and one negative and highly significant were found. Rest of all other correlations were non-significant. Thus selection of elite tress among different populations at different locations is pre-requisite basic tool in this species for future breeding programme.

English

&nbsp; Microbial fermentation of mouldy grains brought about by lactic acid bacteria is gaining much significance owing to their ability to inhibit mould growth and detoxify mycotoxins while improving the nutritive value and safety of the product.&nbsp;In the present study the potential of developing a probiotic feed ingredient from a combination of mouldy sorghum and&nbsp;Cassia tora&nbsp;seeds,&nbsp;using spontaneous fermentation was explored. The effect of fermentation at 0, 24 and 36 h on the microflora, ergosterol, mycotoxins and nutritive value, of mouldy sorghum was assessed individually and in combination with&nbsp;C. tora&nbsp;seeds. A reduction in&nbsp;mould counts upto 58 and 96% was observed at 24 and 36 h of fermenting mouldy sorghum. Total plate count increased by 2 fold and&nbsp;Lactobacillus&nbsp;count increased by 4 fold when mouldy sorghum was fermented singly or with&nbsp;C. tora&nbsp;seeds. Fermentation decreased ergosterol by 76%, aflatoxin to non-detectable levels at 36 h of fermentation and fumonisin B1 to non-detectable levels at 24 and 36 h of fermentation of mouldy sorghum. Fermentation resulted in marginal improvement in nutritive value of mouldy sorghum when estimated in terms of proximate principles and mineral elements. Addition of&nbsp;C. tora&nbsp;resulted in considerable increase in nutritive value particularly with respect to protein and mineral elements like iron and calcium in mouldy sorghum. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Microbial fermentation, lactobacillus, mycotoxins, mould.

Estimation of mineral nutrients and proximate principles in the progeny of Bauhinia variegata tree

To select superior progenies having higher nutrients and better proximate principles, the seeds were collected during March and April from phenotypically superior trees of Bauhinia variegata Linn. Growing at 32 sites in the natural distribution area in Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana and Uttarakhand. These were sown in the nursery in the last week of June. After sixteen month’s growth the leaf samples from the progeny were collected and analysed for their mineral nutrients and proximate principles viz., N, P, K, Ca, Mg, dry matter crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, total ash and nitrogen free extract. All the mineral nutrients and proximate principles were found to vary significantly among sites/genotypes. Significant correlation between different character pairs indicated the possibility of indirect selection in the species.

Impact of irrigation of distillery spentwash on the nutrients of pulses in untreated and treated soil

The impact of irrigation of distillery spent on the nutrients uptake in pulses in untreated and treated soil were studied. The 50% and 33% concentrations of spent wash were analyzed for their additive plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and other physical and chemical parameters. The pulse seeds (Namadhari and Mayhco) were sown in the prepared land and irrigated with raw water (RW), 50% and 33% spent wash, respectively. The impact of spent wash in untreated and treated soils on proximate principles (moisture, protein, fat, fiber, carbohydrate, energy, calcium, phosphorous and iron) vitamin content (carotene and vitamin-C) and mineral and trace elements (magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper, manganese, zinc, chromium and nickle) of pulses were also investigated. It was found that the uptake of all the nutrients was surplus in 33% spent wash as compared to 50% spent wash treatment and raw water irrigation (control). Aslo, the nutrients uptake was largely influenced in spent wash treated soils in comparison to raw water irrigation than the untreated soil.

Effect of supplementation of dietary protected lipids on intake and nutrient utilization in Deccani lambs

Four complete isonitrogenous (crude protein 13%) rations with 0 (T1), 5 (T2), 10 (T3) and 15 (T4) per cent calcium soap from red palm oil (protected fat) were formulated and evaluated using four Deccani lambs (19.32 +/- 0.82 kg) in a completely randomized design at the end of a growth trial. The average daily dry matter intake (% body weight or g/kg W0.75 per day) in lambs fed ration T4 was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than in those fed rations T1, T2, and T3. There was no significant difference in the digestibility of proximate principles and cell-wall constituents except for ether extract (EE) and cellulose. EE digestibility was significantly (p < 0.05) higher by 15.71, 14.65 and 11.56 percentage units, respectively in lambs fed rations T2, T3 and T4 as compared to those fed ration T1. Ration T4 had significantly (p < 0.05) lower cellulose digestibility than rations T1, T2 and T3. Nitrogen and phosphorous balances (g/day) were not significantly (p > 0.05) different among the four rations. Calcium balance (g/day) was higher by 0.65, 1.39 and 1.40, respectively, in lambs fed rations T2 (p > 0.05) and T3 and T4 (p < 0.05) in comparison to those fed ration T1. Digestible crude protein and total digestible nutrients content (g/kg DM) of rations were not significantly (p > 0.05) different among the four rations. It is concluded that calcium soap from red palm oil can be supplemented up to 10% level as a concentrated energy source in the rations of Deccani lambs without any adverse effect on dry matter intake and cellulose digestibility.

Shifting ontologies, changing classifications: plant materials from 1700 to 1830

This paper studies European chemists’ shifting ontologies of materials by comparing the ways in which they classified materials. The focus is on plant materials, their different identities, and the changing ways chemists sorted out and ordered plant materials in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The main goals of the paper are to follow the development of plant materials from ordinary, everyday materials and commodities in the early eighteenth century to purified carbon compounds and organic substances familiar only to experts in the 1830s, and to reconstruct chemists’ ways of classifying these objects in different practical and intellectual contexts. The study of changes in European chemists’ ways of classifying plant materials over more than a century brings to the foreground a trajectory of ontological shifts that is ‘punctuated’ in the 1750s, the 1790s, and the 1830s. Early eighteenth-century plant materials, which were commodities of the apothecary trade and other arts and crafts, were elevated epistemically as compound components or ‘proximate principles’ of plants in the 1750s, reduced to organic compounds in the 1790s, and replaced by carbon compounds in the 1830s. The last, third transformation of the epistemic constitution of materials and the mode of their classification was accompanied by a deep transformation of the material culture of plant chemistry. After the late 1830s, many of the eighteenth-century vegetable commodities disappeared from chemists’ agenda or were split into different substances individuated and identified in new ways. Coal tar products, and new organic artefacts containing chlorine or bromine, entered the chemical laboratory in the 1820s and became fused with the purified rest of the previous plant and animal substances. The material objects of the new culture of organic chemistry became detached from the materials applied in the extant arts and crafts. It was only in the late 1850s, with the rise of the synthetic dye industry, that a great number of these laboratory substances became involved in industrial production.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SENSORY ATTRIBUTES OF WHEAT‐BASED “PAPADS” INCORPORATED WITH GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES

ABSTRACTPapads are cereal or legume‐based preserved products which are consumed after deep fat frying. They were chosen for value addition with two types of green leafy vegetables (GLV). Wheat‐based papads were prepared using refined wheat flour, cumin seeds, salt and GLV, that is, shepu (Peucedanum graveolens) and kilkeerae (Amaranthus tricolor) at different levels in fresh (15 and 20%) and dehydrated forms (5 and 10%). Greens were analyzed for their proximate principles, selected minerals and vitamins. In the fried papads, fat uptake and expansion volume were determined. The fried papads were subjected to sensory analysis by a panel of 100 members. Expansion volume of papads with fresh greens and 5% dehydrated greens were satisfactory, but differences existed between the greens. Fat uptake of kilkeerae papads was similar to that of control papads but shepu‐incorporated papad showed slightly lower absorption. Papads with 15–20% fresh greens and 5% dehydrated greens scored above 6 on a scale of 10 indicating acceptability of papads incorporated with greens. Mineral, vitamin and fiber content of greens‐incorporated papads increased remarkably. Acceptability of papads in terms of physicochemical characteristics, sensory attributes and nutritional quality suggests the suitability of papads incorporated with greens.

Determination of Qualities of Corn, Sorghum, Sudangrass and Sorghum x Sudangrass Hybrid Silages

Bakıcı, Y. and Demirel, M. 2004. Determination of qualities of corn, sorghum, sudangrass and sorghum x sudangrass hybrid silages. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 26: 45–48. To determine the silage qualities plants of corn (C), sorghum (S), sudangrass (SU) and sorghum x sudangrass hybrid (SSUH) were harvested at milk stage and incubated in concrete silos for 70 days. The corn silage was superior to the other three silages in terms of lactic and butyric acid contents, digestibilities of proximate principles except CP, the other three generally not differing among themselves. All the four silages were of high quality in terms of physical properties and flieg points and these crops are recommended for silage making.