Proximal Transverse Diameter Research Articles

Estimating the most accurate sonographic measurement in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: Which is the best?

This study aims to identify the most accurate method or ultrasonographic measurement for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Between October 2010 and April 2011, a total of 160 hands of 87 patients (4 males, 83 females; mean age 54.5 years; range, 26 to 84 years) with clinically and electrodiagnostically proven CTS and 80 hands of 40 controls (3 males, 37 females; mean age 53.7 years; range, 32 to 77 years) were evaluated by sonographic examination. The diameters and cross-sectional areas (CSA) of the median nerve and longitudinal diameters of the median nerve were measured at the inlet, proximal carpal tunnel, and outlet of the carpal tunnel. Volar bulging and thickness of the retinaculum were also measured. The most optimal combination for the diagnosis of CTS was proximal CSA, volar bulging, and the proximal transverse diameter. The combination of proximal CSA with volar bulging increased the sensitivity and specificity of sonographic measurements. Based on our study results, ultrasonography can be used as a practical modality to distinguish CTS patients from asymptomatic controls.

Three-dimensional growth of tibial shaft ossification in the human fetus: a digital-image and statistical analysis

PurposesTibial shaft ossification in terms of its size and growth may be criticalin describing both the fetal stage and maturity, and in identifying innate disorders. The present study was executed to quantitatively assess ossification of the tibial shaft, taking its morphometric linear, planar and volumetric parameters into account.Materials and methodsWith the use of methods of CT, digital-image analysis and statistics, the evolutionof tibial shaft ossification in 47 spontaneously aborted human fetuses at the age of 17–30 weeks was studied.ResultsWithout any male–female and right-left morphometric differences, the best fit growth dynamics fortibial shaft ossification was modelled by the following functions: y = 5.312 + 0.034 × (age)2 ± 0.001 (R2 = 0.89) for its length, y = − 2.855 + 0.307 × age ± 0.009 (R2 = 0.96) for its proximal transverse diameter, y = − 0.758 + 0.153 × age ± 0.005 (R2 = 0.88) for its middle transverse diameter, y = − 1.844 + 0.272 × age ± 0.09 (R2 = 0.90) for its distal transverse diameter, y = − 40.263 + 0.258 × (age)2 ± 0.007 (R2 = 0.94) for its projection surface area, and y = − 287.996 + 1.186 × (age)2 ± 0.037 (R2 = 0.92) for its volume. The femoral–to–tibial ossification length ratio was 1.15 ± 0.1.ConclusionsThe size of tibial shaft ossification displays neither sex nor laterality differences. Tibial shaft ossification follows quadratic functions with respect to its length, projection surface area and volume, and linear functions with respect to its proximal, middle and distal transverse diameters. The obtained morphometric data of tibial shaft ossification are considered normative age-specific references of relevance in both the estimation of fetal ages and the ultrasound diagnostics of congenital defects.

Measurement of Fetal Mesencephalon and Pons Via Ultrasonographic Cross Sectional Imagining

ABSTRACTObjectives. This study evaluated the feasibility of measuring the fetal mesencephalon and pons by ultrasonographic cross sectional imaging to detect fetal central nervous system developmental abnormalities. Materials and Methods. Fetal ultrasonographic measurements included: Fetal mesencephalon anteroposterior diameters (MAD), mesencephalon transverse diameters (MTD), pons anteroposterior diameter (PAD) and proximal transverse diameters (PTD). Results. Nine-hundred ninety fetuses were imaged. Thirty-eight fetuses (observation group) presented central nervous system abnormalities; 952 fetuses without imaged abnormalities were utilized as the reference (control) group. Fetal MAD, MTD, PAD, and PTD in control fetuses showed a linear correlation with gestational age. Thirty-eight fetuses had 40 abnormal measurements (8 MAD, 8 MTD, 14 PAD, and 10 PTD), 16 in mesencephalon, and 24 in pons. All data fell below the 95% confidence intervals' lower limits for the corresponding gestational age. Conclusion. Using normative data based on 957 fetuses allows detection of size abnormalities of the pons and midbrain during fetal life.

Quantitative anatomy of the primary ossification center of the femoral shaft in human fetuses

PurposeEarly clinical distinction of congenital defects in the femur is extremely important, as it determines the prognosis of the development of the lower limb. This study was performed to quantitatively examine the primary center of ossification in the femoral shaft with respect to its linear, planar, and volumetric parameters.Materials and methodsUsing methods of CT, digital-image analysis, and statistics, the size of the primary ossification center of the femoral shaft in 47 spontaneously aborted human fetuses aged 17–30 weeks was studied.ResultsWith no sex and laterality differences, the best fit growth dynamics for femoral shaft ossification center was modelled by the following functions: y = 5.717 + 0.040 × (age)2 ± 2.905 (R2 = 0.86) for its length, y = −3.579 + 0.368 × age ± 0.529 (R2 = 0.88) for its proximal transverse diameter, y = −1.105 + 0.187 × age ± 0.309 (R2 = 0.84) for its middle transverse diameter, y = −2.321 + 0.323 × age ± 0.558 (R2 = 0.83) for its distal transverse diameter, y = −50.306 + 0.308 × (age)2 ± 18.289 (R2 = 0.90) for its projection surface area, and y = −91.458 + 0.390 × (age)3 ± 92.146 (R2 = 0.88) for its volume.ConclusionsThe size of the femoral shaft ossification center displays neither sex nor laterality differences. The ossification center in the femoral shaft follows quadratic functions with respect to its length and projection surface area, linear functions with respect to its proximal, middle, and distal transverse diameters, and a cubic function with respect to its volume. The obtained morphometric data of the femoral shaft ossification center are considered normative for respective prenatal weeks and may be of relevance in both the estimation of fetal ages and the ultrasound diagnostics of congenital defects.

Ocena układu sercowo-naczyniowego u dzieci po korekcji tetralogii Fallota

The aim of the study was to assess residual sequels in children after tetralogy of Fallot surgical repair (rTOF). Patients and MethodsThe study group (SG) consisted of 52 patients, mean age 13.7±3.4 years, and the control group (CG) comprised 34 healthy volunteers, mean age 13.7±3.0 years. Durations of QRS complexes and arrhythmia were assessed in ECG, Holter ECG and treadmill test. Right ventricular size was analysed by two-dimensional echocardiography. ResultsVentricular arrhythmia (VE) was detected in 18 (34%) patients. The QRS duration was longer in rTOF in whom VE was seen (151±14ms) than in those in whom no VE was found (123±19ms), p<0.05. Right ventricular dimensions were higher in SG than in CG respectively, with proximal transverse diameter: 38.8±7.9mm vs. 34.1±5,6mm (p<0.05), outflow tract in parasternal long axis view: 26.4±8.6mm vs. 18.9±7.3mm (p<0.05) and outflow tract in parasternal short axis view: 30.0±7.7mm vs. 25.4±5.1. The outflow tract diameter indexed up to body surface was statistically significantly wider (p<0.05) in patients with VE than in patients without VE 23.8±6.3mm/m2vs. 14.5±4.3mm/m2. ConclusionsThe results of tetralogy of Fallot surgical repair are good; however, after cardiosurgery some residual sequels are universally observed indicating the need of regular follow-up in this group of patients. Pulmonary valve regurgitation resulting from tetralogy of Fallot correction drives towards gradual right ventricular enlargement. Various types of arrhythmia may be observed in patients after the tetralogy of Fallot surgical repair; therefore, diagnostic procedures during follow-up should be focused on arrhythmic events detection.