Proximal Predictors Research Articles

From instructional leadership to instructional quality: the critical role of teacher academic optimism

ABSTRACT Extensive research evidence confirms the importance of principal instructional leadership in fostering teacher professional learning, yet few studies have explored its effect on teacher instructional quality, a critical indicator of teacher effectiveness and a proximal predictor of student achievement. This study aims to examine the effect of instructional leadership on different aspects of teacher instructional quality and to investigate the mediation of teacher academic optimism in this effect. Using snowball sampling, 755 primary school teachers in China participated in an online survey. The results of structure equation modelling and bootstrapping analysis revealed that instructional leadership significantly influenced teacher instructional quality via teacher academic optimism. Specifically, academic emphasis mediated the effect of instructional leadership on cognitive activation and learning support, trust in parents and students only mediated its effect on classroom management, and teacher efficacy mediated its effect on all three dimensions of instructional quality. The practical implications are also discussed.

Lacking a vocational upper-secondary diploma: motivational and proximal contextual predictors in primary and lower-secondary education

Lacking a vocational upper-secondary diploma: motivational and proximal contextual predictors in primary and lower-secondary education

Respectful Maternity Care During Facility-Based Childbirth and Its Predictors in Public Health Facilities in Central Ethiopia: A Multidimensional Communication as a Proximal Predictor: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The provision of compassionate, respectful, and caring healthcare is an essential component of health workforces because it builds deep relationships between healthcare practitioners and mothers. However, respectful maternity care has received less attention in practice, and existing research is inconclusive as well. Therefore, this study is aimed to assess respectful maternity care and its predictors during childbirth in Siltie Zone, Ethiopia. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 374 mothers from May 1 to 30, 2021. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data was entered into Epi Data 3.1, and the analysis was done using SPSS 24.0. Binary logistic regression was employed to identify candidate variables for multivariable logistic regression. In the multivariable analysis, variables having a p-value of less than 0.05 were taken as measures of the degree of association between independent variables and the outcome variable. The result of the study revealed that the overall prevalence of respectful maternal care is 41.0%. Rapport built through communication during antenatal care (AOR = 6.32, 95% CI: 2.81, 16.67), pre-communication of husband and wife (AOR = 2.45, 95% CI: 2.01, 13.69), clearly known communication of family with mother (AOR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.69), caring culturally and appropriately (AOR = 7.45, 95% CI: 2.88, 19.28), perceived length of the stay during labor (AOR = 1.36, 95% CI: 0.230, 0.551), number of ANC received (AOR = 1.98, 95% CI: 0.037, 0.260), and number of deliveries (AOR = 1.36, 95% CI: 0.230, 0.551) were independent predictors of the outcome variable. The study revealed that respectful maternity care was provided very low. Multidimensional communication with the mother was identified as a significant proximal predictor of respectful maternity care. The study suggests that stakeholders should improve respectful maternity care through the provision of professional health training and create guidelines to identify and address challenges to its practice.

Assessing if motives-based vignettes influence plans for drinking and alcohol cues: protocol for a randomised controlled trial

IntroductionIn Sweden and the UK, there is a high prevalence of risky drinking, a pattern of drinking associated with adverse consequences. Drinking motives are a proximal predictor of risky drinking...

Emotion Regulation Self-Efficacy as a Mechanism of Alliance and Outcomes in a Brief, Transdiagnostic Digital Mental Health Intervention: L'auto-efficacité de la régulation des émotions en tant que mécanisme d'alliance et de résultats dans une brève intervention transdiagnostique numérique en santé mentale.

Digital mental health interventions have shown promise for alleviating various forms of psychopathology, including depression and anxiety. However, the mechanisms of such interventions remain largely unexplored. The purpose of this study was to investigate a potential mechanistic process through which one hybrid digital mental health intervention (i.e., the Digital Clinic) might operate. We hypothesized that emotion regulation (ER) self-efficacy at the treatment midpoint may mediate the relationship between alliance (i.e., therapeutic alliance and digital alliance) and outcome (i.e., co-morbid symptoms of depression and anxiety) at the treatment endpoint. Data used in this study came from the Digital Clinic, a brief transdiagnostic telehealth treatment program augmented by a dual-purpose digital phenotyping and intervention smartphone app. Recruited primarily from primary care, participants were 82 adults (73% White, 64% cisgender women, mean age 41) receiving outpatient treatment in the northeastern United States. All constructs were measured with validated scales, including The Working Alliance Inventory-Short Revised (WAI-SR) for therapeutic alliance, the Digital Working Alliance Inventory (DWAI) for digital alliance, the PROMIS Self-Efficacy for Managing Emotions Short Form scale for ER self-efficacy, and the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety-Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS) for co-morbid symptoms of depression and anxiety. Significant reductions in co-morbid symptoms of depression and anxiety and significant increases in ER self-efficacy were found from baseline to treatment endpoint. Therapeutic and digital alliance at the midpoint each predicted reductions in co-morbid symptoms of depression and anxiety at the endpoint through ER self-efficacy, controlling for baseline scores. Findings suggest that ER self-efficacy may be a proximal predictor of clinical improvement that may be enhanced by therapeutic and digital alliance. Future controlled research is essential to improve knowledge of the mechanisms of digital mental health interventions and to enhance their effectiveness.

Predicting blood lead in Uruguayan children: Individual- vs neighborhood-level ensemble learners.

Predicting childhood blood lead levels (BLLs) has had mixed success, and it is unclear if individual- or neighborhood-level variables are most predictive. An ensemble machine learning (ML) approach to identify the most relevant predictors of BLL ≥2μg/dL in urban children was implemented. A cross-sectional sample of 603 children (~7 years of age) recruited between 2009-2019 from Montevideo, Uruguay participated in the study. 77 individual- and 32 neighborhood-level variables were used to predict BLLs ≥2μg/dL. Three ensemble learners were created: one with individual-level predictors (Ensemble-I), one with neighborhood-level predictors (Ensemble-N), and one with both (Ensemble-All). Each ensemble learner comprised four base classifiers with 50% training, 25% validation, and 25% test datasets. Predictive performance of the three ensemble models was compared using area under the curve (AUC) for the receiver operating characteristic (ROC), precision, sensitivity, and specificity on the test dataset. Ensemble-I (AUC: 0.75, precision: 0.56, sensitivity: 0.79, specificity: 0.65) performed similarly to Ensemble-All (AUC: 0.75, precision: 0.63, sensitivity: 0.79, specificity: 0.69). Ensemble-N (AUC: 0.51, precision: 0.0, sensitivity: 0.0, specificity: 0.50) severely underperformed. Year of enrollment was most important in Ensemble-I and Ensemble-All, followed by household water Pb. Three neighborhood-level variables were among the top 10 important predictors in Ensemble-All (density of bus routes, dwellings with stream/other water source and distance to nearest river). The individual-level only model performed best, although precision was improved when both neighborhood and individual-level variables were included. Future predictive models of lead exposure should consider proximal predictors (i.e., household characteristics).

Self-compassion, self-referential caudate circuitry, and adolescent suicide ideation

Suicide is the second leading cause of death in youth, and depression is a strong proximal predictor of adolescent suicide. It is important to identify psychological factors that may protect against suicide ideation in depressed adolescents. Self-compassion may be such a factor. Converging evidence indicates the inverse association between self-compassion and suicide ideation, but the neural mechanisms underlying their link remain unknown. Because self-referential caudate activity is associated with both self-compassion and suicide ideation, its functional connectivity might explain their relationship. In this study, we examined the relationship between self-compassion and caudate functional connectivity during self-appraisals, a typical self-referential paradigm, and their associations with suicide ideation in both depressed and healthy youth. In the scanner, 79 depressed youth and 36 healthy controls evaluated, from various perspectives, whether phrases they heard were self-descriptive. Self-compassion and suicide ideation were rated with self-report and interview-based measures. We found that self-compassion was associated with stronger left caudate functional connectivity with bilateral posterior superior temporal sulcus/temporoparietal junction, the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG), and the left middle occipital gyrus during positive versus negative self-appraisals. Stronger left caudate connectivity with the left MTG explained the association between higher self-compassion and lower suicide ideation, even controlling for non-suicide ideation depression severity, anxiety severity, and non-suicidal self-injurious behavior. The findings suggest that the left caudate to MTG connectivity during positive versus negative self-referential processing could be a biomarker to be targeted by neural stimulation interventions for reducing suicide ideation in depressed youth, combined with self-compassion interventions.

The importance of change communication and state motivation when adapting to changes.

Employees often work in dynamic environments requiring adaptive performance (e.g., emergencies, clients from other cultures). To optimize change management, employee training, and personnel selection in organizations, researchers have focused on trait-like predictors of adaption to change, such as personality traits or cognitive ability. The study (N = 300) shifts the focus to more proximal performance predictors - change communication and task-related state motivation. Adaptive performance was modeled using latent growth models. Providing two change-related hints, one at the beginning of the task and another directly after the change, mitigated performance impairment observed directly after the change. Moreover, this advantage largely persisted throughout the later stages of the task. In contrast, a single hint at the beginning of the task did not substantially facilitate adaption. Finally, task-related state motivation was linked to better performance on the subsequent measurement occasion. Organizations might minimize change-induced losses by deploying adequate change communication and maintaining employee motivation.

Harm-to-self from gambling: A national study of Australian adults.

Understanding how gambling harm is distributed is essential to inform effective harm reduction measures. This first national Australian study of gambling harm-to-self examined the extent, distribution, risk factors, and health related quality of life (HRQoL) impacts of this harm. ARandom Digit Dialling sample of 15,000 Australian adults was weighted to key population variables. Key measures included the Gambling Harms Scale-10 (GHS-10), PGSI, SF-6D, gambling behaviours, and demographics. Analyses included ordinal logistic regression. Amongst gamblers, 14.7% reported harm on the GHS-10, including 1.9% reporting high-level harm. While high-level harm occurred mainly in the problem gambling group (77.3%), other PGSI groups accounted for most of the more prevalent low (98.5%) and moderate (87.2%) harms reported. Proximal predictors of greater harm were use of online gambling and more frequent gambling on electronic gaming machines (EGMs), race betting sports betting, poker, skin gambling, scratchies, and loot box purchasing. Distal predictors were being younger, male, single, Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander, and speaking a non-English language at home. At the population level, the greatest aggregate HRQoL impacts were amongst lower-risk gamblers, confirming the results of other studies regarding the 'prevention paradox'. The distribution of harm across gambler risk groups indicates the need for preventive measures, not just interventions for problem gambling. Reducing harm requires modifying product features that amplify their risk, especially for EGMs, race betting and sports betting that are both inherently risky and widely used. Gambling harm exacerbates health disparities for disadvantaged and vulnerable groups, requiring targeted resources and support.

Perceived but not objective measures of neighborhood safety and food environments are associated with longitudinal changes in processing speed among urban older adults

BackgroundAlthough a growing body of literature documents the importance of neighborhood effects on late-life cognition, little is known about the relative strength of objective and subjective neighborhood measures on late-life cognitive changes. This study examined effects of objective and subjective neighborhood measures in three neighborhood domains (neighborhood safety, physical disorder, food environments) on longitudinal changes in processing speed, an early marker of cognitive aging and impairment.MethodsThe analysis sample included 306 community-dwelling older adults enrolled in the Einstein Aging Study (mean age = 77, age range = 70 to 91; female = 67.7%; non-Hispanic White: 45.1%, non-Hispanic Black: 40.9%). Objective and subjective measures of neighborhood included three neighborhood domains (i.e., neighborhood safety, physical disorder, food environments). Processing speed was assessed using a brief Symbol Match task (unit: second), administered on a smartphone device six times a day for 16 days and repeated annually for up to five years. Years from baseline was used as the within-person time index.ResultsResults from mixed effects models showed that subjective neighborhood safety (β= -0.028) and subjective availability of healthy foods (β= -0.028) were significantly associated with less cognitive slowing over time. When objective and subjective neighborhood measures were simultaneously examined, subjective availability of healthy foods remained significant (β= -0.028) after controlling for objective availability of healthy foods. Associations of objective neighborhood crime and physical disorder with processing speed seemed to be confounded by individual-level race and socioeconomic status; after controlling for these confounders, none of objective neighborhood measures showed significant associations with processing speed.ConclusionSubjective neighborhood safety and subjective availability of healthy foods, rather than objective measures, were associated with less cognitive slowing over time over a five-year period. Perception of one’s neighborhood may be a more proximal predictor of cognitive health outcomes as it may reflect one’s experiences in the environment. It would be important to improve our understanding of both objective and subjective neighborhood factors to improve cognitive health among older adults.

Men's Coercive Condom Use Resistance: The Roles of Alcohol and Emotional Factors.

Men's coercive condom use resistance (CUR) with female partners is common and is associated with greater alcohol consumption than men's noncoercive CUR engagement. Prior research indicates that emotion-related factors are relevant to alcohol-involved coercive CUR. Thus, in this alcohol administration study, we examined emotional factors as distal and proximal predictors of alcohol-involved coercive CUR among young men who have sex with women. Non-problem drinking young adult men who have sex with women (N = 282) were recruited from the local community, and as part of a larger study, completed a background survey and an in-lab alcohol administration session that included a mood induction and sexual scenario task using a 2 (sober vs. intoxicated) x 2 (positive mood vs. negative mood) experimental design. Path analysis testing a moderated mediation model revealed that for participants in the sober, positive mood, and intoxicated, negative mood conditions, there was a positive association between distal ER difficulties and motives to have sex to cope with negative emotions. Additionally, distal ER difficulties were positively associated with proximal difficulties modulating one's emotions among intoxicated participants. Among those with greater proximal difficulties modulating their emotions, state anger was positively associated with coercive CUR intentions. Results demonstrate the importance of alcohol intoxication, emotions and emotion regulation, and sexual coping motives in men's coercive CUR likelihood, demonstrating potential malleable targets for prevention efforts.

A naturalistic examination of feeling fat: Characteristics, predictors, and the relationship with eating disorder behaviors.

Although literature implicates feeling fat in the maintenance of binge-spectrum eating disorders (EDs; e.g., bulimia nervosa, binge-ED), research in this area is small, nascent, and relies on retrospective self-report. The current study sought to understand the temporal pattern of feeling fat and its role as a precipitant and consequence of ED behaviors. Totally 106 treatment-seeking adults with binge-spectrum EDs completed 7-14-day ecological momentary assessments. They rated feeling fat, negative affect states, and reported on ED behaviors six times per day. Multilevel models evaluated whether feeling fat mediates prospective links between negative affect states and ED behaviors, assessed if negative affect states mediate the prospective association of feeling fat on ED behaviors, and examined the bidirectional prospective association between feeling fat and ED behaviors. Feeling fat was highest in the early morning (6-8:59 a.m.). Individuals with binge-ED-spectrum EDs demonstrated greater variability in feeling fat than those with bulimia nervosa-spectrum EDs who had stable and high levels of feeling fat. Guilt, sadness, anxiety, and the overall NA at Time 2 mediated the prospective associations between at Time 1 feeling fat and Time 3 dietary restraint, actual dietary restriction, and compensatory exercise. There was a bidirectional prospective association between feeling fat and binge eating. Feeling fat serves as a proximal predictor and mediator of the prospective association between guilt and binge eating. Feeling fat and binge eating mutually reinforce each other. Little is understood regarding the experience of feeling fat in natural environments among individuals with binge-spectrum eating disorders. We found that the risk for having the experience of feeling fat is high in the morning and evening. Feeling fat triggers guilt, anxiety, and sadness which in turn, increases engagement in dietary restraint/restriction and compensatory exercise. Feeling fat also triggers binge eating, and binge eating leads to feelings of fatness.

Skin cancer risk behaviors in sexual minority men: A mixed methods approach.

Sexual minority men experience disproportionately elevated rates of skin cancers, likely driven by excess ultraviolet radiation exposure-namely through tanning behaviors. However, limited integrated theoretical models exist to explain sexual minority men's elevated skin cancer risk. The aim of the current study is to further test and refine an integrated theory of skin cancer risk behaviors among sexual minority men by incorporating minority stress into the integrated health behavior model of tanning. The study employed a parallel mixed methods design, with a Phase 1 qualitative stage (N = 30) and a Phase 2 quantitative stage (Model 1: N = 320; Model 2: N = 319). In both phases, participants were sexual minority men, equally stratified as those with versus without recent tanning exposure and were recruited from across the United States. Qualitative and quantitative data supported the overall integrated model, with some quantitative paths varying depending on the tanning behavior outcome. Overall, appearance-related motives to tan and beliefs that tanning regulates affect emerged as the most consistent proximal predictors. Minority stress significantly predicted holding more positive attitudes toward tanning as an effective affect regulation strategy. The results from this mixed methods study support the inclusion of minority stressors into the adapted integrative health behavior model of tanning. Replication within prospective designs would strengthen the evidence for this model, which may be helpful in guiding future skin cancer prevention programs tailored to sexual minority men. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The impact of intuitive eating on the association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and disordered eating among women who have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV)

ABSTRACT Objective: Trauma exposure is associated with disordered eating, with recent evidence suggesting PTSD symptoms may be a more proximal predictor. Intuitive eating is a well-established protective factor against disordered eating; however, no previous studies have assessed whether intuitive eating buffers the association between PTSD symptoms and disordered eating. Methods: Two hundred sixteen women who had experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) and were residing at a domestic violence shelter completed a survey. The current study assessed the moderating role of intuitive eating in the associations between PTSD symptoms and two types of disordered eating behaviors: binge eating and compensatory behaviors. Results: Intuitive eating did not moderate the association between PTSD symptoms and a dichotomous measure of binge eating (no binge eating vs. any binge eating). However, intuitive eating did moderate the association between PTSD symptoms and binge frequency, among participants endorsing any degree of binge eating, such that PTSD symptoms were significantly associated with binge frequency at low, but not moderate or high, levels of intuitive eating. Intuitive eating did not moderate the association between PTSD symptoms and compensatory behaviors. Discussion: Results suggest intuitive eating may be protective against binge eating frequency among women who have experienced IPV.

Associations between day-level affect profiles and same-day substance use among young adults.

Emotions play a critical role in health risk behaviors, including substance use. However, current research often focuses exclusively on average levels of positive and negative affect, neglecting the complexity of daily emotional patterns. By capturing multiple dimensions of affect, including arousal and discrete states, we can improve our understanding of proximal predictors of substance use. The present study demonstrates the utility of a novel methodological approach for assessing affect patterns in daily life in relation to alcohol and cannabis use. Daily diary data from N = 154 young adults who reported recent heavy episodic drinking and simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis were analyzed using a mixed-indicator latent profile analysis to identify and describe day-level affective patterns and outcomes. Results revealed five distinct day-level profiles of affect: undifferentiated negative affect days, undifferentiated positive affect days, high-arousal positive affect days, mixed affect days, and low reactivity days. Undifferentiated positive affect days, high-arousal positive affect days, and low reactivity days were associated with significantly greater odds of same-day alcohol use compared to days characterized by undifferentiated negative affect (χ² = 10.55, p = .032). Findings suggest that daily affect patterns differentially impact alcohol use and can inform the development of interventions for problematic substance use. Additionally, the innovative methodological approach employed herein could be applicable for investigating the role of emotion in other health behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

A study exploring regional level predictors of suicide rates across time in Sweden

AbstractIntroductionIn Sweden, four lives are lost to suicide each day. Hence, identifying relevant risk factors to inform effective prevention strategies is key. Such strategies can range from individual (‘micro’) -level prevention methods, to broader national suicide prevention policies.ObjectivesWhilst a range of studies have explored individual-level risk factors, highlighting municipal, regional, or national-level predictors can be valuable to identify broader social and contextual determinants. This study will therefore aim to go beyond proximal predictors of suicide by looking through a wider national- and regional-level lens in Sweden.MethodsThis project will be conducted utilizing routinely collected and publicly available data and applying longitudinal modelling to investigate potential predictors of changes in suicide rates across time in Sweden. More specifically, the study will explore whether regional data on economic (e.g. proportion of state benefit recipients), socio-demographic (e.g. educational level) and healthcare related variables (e.g. trust in the healthcare system) are associated with suicide rates over time.ResultsThis is an ongoing project and results will be available and presented at the time of the conference.Conclusions Utilizing publicly available data to explore potential predictors of suicide rates is not only cost-effective, but adding such findings to existing knowledge of individual-level risk factors can also be important when targeting wider policy and ensuring effective coordination and implementation of regional suicide prevention strategies.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Born this way or formed this way? Distal personality traits and proximal self-efficacy of Malaysian students and their academic performance

It has been acknowledged that academic performance has important consequences in one’s career, thus, a better understanding of both distal and proximal predictors deserves consideration. Based on social cognitive theory, this study contributes to the limited research investigating the academic performance of university students in Malaysia using the trait model which considers the mediation of self-efficacy (proximal characteristic) in the relationship between student personality (distal trait) and academic performance (outcomes). In a sample of 264 participants, self-efficacy positively relates to academic performance and positively mediated effects of all traits (except neuroticism) on academic performance. Contrary to past research, conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness do not exert direct effects on academic achievement but instead through self-efficacy. Openness to experience turned out to be the strongest predictor pointing to a need for in-depth investigations into this dimension and for more complex model incorporating other proximal attributes in predicting academic performance in future research.

The social psychological predictors of men’s backlash responses to the #MeToo movement

Although the #MeToo movement embarked on addressing sexual harassment, it also addressed gender inequality in various domains and demanded a change in the status quo to achieve greater gender equality. Many men around the globe joined the #MeToo movement and supported it. However, the movement also experienced significant backlash. Across a preliminary study and two studies ( N = 667), we examined the gender-based social psychological motivations underlying men’s willingness to take peaceful and violent collective action (a) against the #MeToo movement and (b) promoting men’s movement. In particular, we examined the gender-based attitudinal (i.e., collective responsibility, zero-sum beliefs), ideological (i.e., male entitlement), and emotional (i.e., collective humiliation) antecedents of willingness to engage in different forms of collective action. We also tested whether humiliation is the most proximal predictor of action. Our results highlighted the importance of male entitlement, zero-sum beliefs, and collective responsibility in motivating men to engage in peaceful and violent action, and indirectly affecting both forms of collective action through collective humiliation. We discuss the implications of these findings and suggest future directions for discrimination prevention and gender equality.

Understanding Colorectal Cancer Screening Attendance: A Comprehensive Theory of Planned Behaviour Model

Population‐based colorectal cancer screening programs decrease mortality, but the participation rates are still unsatisfactory. Drawing from relevant psychosocial literature, this study aims to test a widely integrated theory of planned behaviour model applied to colorectal cancer screening attendance. The model considered, at the same time, additional proximal predictors (anticipated regret and self‐identity) and distal (via attitude) predictors (trust in institutions and perceived risk in their affective and cognitive facets) of intention. On top, to bridge the intention–behaviour gap, the role of two additional mediators (action and coping planning) was explored. In May‐June 2022, 435 adults residing in Campania (Italy) joined a survey assessing variables of interest. Structural equation model results showed that both action and coping planning, which were predicted by intention, significantly predicted attendance. Intention was predicted by attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, anticipated regret and self‐identity. Attitude was predicted by trust in institutions and affective perceived risk. A parallel mediation analysis confirmed the role of both action and coping planning as full mediators in the intention–behaviour relation. The proposed comprehensive model can inform future interventions and orienteer the improvement of healthcare access processes.

The Relationship Between Personal Resources and Work Engagement and the Mediating Role of Home Resources/Demands

Personal resources have been widely investigated in studies on work engagement. They have been mainly viewed as affected by individuals’ situated environments and as the most proximal predictor of work engagement. Unlike those studies, we aimed to investigate whether personal resources can be crafted by individuals and whether there are mechanisms embedded in the relationship between personal resources and work engagement. Using a diary study conducted over seven consecutive days with 70 individuals who were either married or living with a partner and who were considering and subsequently underwent cosmetic surgery on their pelvic region during the survey period (n = 490 observations), we investigated differences in the individuals’ personal resources (i.e., self-efficacy, self-esteem, and optimism) pre- and postsurgery. We further investigated the relationship between individuals’ personal resources after surgery and their work engagement by using home elements (i.e., home resources and home demands) as mediators. The proposed hypotheses are underpinned by the conservation of resources theory (COR theory) and are empirically supported. We claim that individuals’ personal resources can be crafted outside the work environment (i.e., nonwork environment) and that such personal resources contribute to work engagement by motivating individuals to develop a nonwork environment (e.g., home) that allows them to successfully control and influence their work environment by increasing/decreasing home resources/demands.