Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation Research Articles

Effects of Preoperative Anxiety on Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients Undergoing Elective Orthopedic Surgery: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study.

BackgroundPostoperative delirium (POD) is common and has negative effects on elderly patients. There is a critical need to identify patients at high risk of POD so that providers can better offer targeted interventions in the preoperative and intraoperative periods. We aimed to characterize the prevalence of preoperative anxiety and investigate whether preoperative anxiety predicted the onset of POD in elderly patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery.MethodsWe conducted a prospective observational cohort study of elderly patients (aged 65 years or older) undergoing elective orthopedic surgery. Preoperative anxiety was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (HADS-A), with clinically significant values defined as HADS-A>7. POD was diagnosed according to the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) criteria on the 5 postoperative days. To determine the independent risk factors for POD, multivariable logistic regression was conducted, including those variables with a p-value <0.05 at univariate analysis.ResultsThere were 263 patients included in the study. Seventy-three (27.8%) patients were diagnosed to be POD. Median duration of delirium was 2 days. Forty (15.2%) patients were assessed to experience preoperative anxiety. The occurrence of preoperative anxiety in total hip arthroplasty (THA), proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA), and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) was 12.5%, 16.1%, and 19.5%, respectively. Based on multivariable analysis, only age (odds ratio [OR]= 1.099, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.013–1.192; P=0.023), Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) (OR= 0.603, 95% CI: 0.432–0.842; P=0.003) and preoperative anxiety (OR= 3.119, 95% CI: 1.144–8.500; P=0.026) were independently associated with POD.ConclusionIn conclusion, the current study reveals that preoperative anxiety helps to predict the risk of POD in elderly patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery. Relieving preoperative anxiety could be a new target for preventive interventions to reduce POD.

Analysis of factors among 30-day and 1-year mortality rates in patients with borderline stable-unstable intertrochanteric hip fracture.

This study aimed to evaluate the possible effects of surgical procedures on mortality and to identify the possible risk factors for mortality in the management of geriatric hip fractures. A total of 191 patients (105 women and 86 men; mean age 82.26±9.681 [60-108] years) with AO/OTA 31A2.2 intertrochanteric fractures and treated with sliding hip screw, proximal femoral nail, or hemiarthroplasty were included in this retrospective cohort study. The treatment type was decided by the responsible surgeon according to the patients' pre-injury activity level, bone quality, and features of the fracture. Age, sex, type of fracture, type of surgery performed, American society of anesthesiology (ASA) grade, type of anesthesia, time to surgery, type of physical therapy, length of hospital stay, and number of comorbidities were documented. We evaluated the 30-day and 1-year mortality of patients treated with sliding hip screw (SHS), proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFN-A), or hemiarthroplasty and identified the possible risk factors for mortality. A total of 49 patients underwent SHS, 58 underwent PFN-A, and 84 underwent hemiarthroplasty. Of these, 2 patients with SHS, 2 with PFN-A, and 11 with hemiarthroplasty died within 30 days after surgery, whereas 7 patients with SHS, 15 with PFN-A, and 23 with hemiarthroplasty died 1 year after surgery. The 30-day and 1-year overall mortality rates were 7.9% and 23.6%, respectively. Both the 30-day and 1-year mortality risks were higher in patients undergoing hemiarthroplasty than in patients undergoing SHS (p=0.068 versus 0.058). The 30-day mortality was higher in patients receiving general anesthesia than in those receiving combined spinal and epidural anesthesia (p=0.009). The 1-year mortality risk was higher in patients with ASA grade 4 than in those with grade 1 and 2 (p=0.045). Advanced age (p=0.022) and male sex (p=0.007) were also found to be the risk factors for 1-year mortality. We demonstrated that higher ASA grade, male sex, general anesthesia, and hemiarthroplasty procedures are associated with higher mortality rates in elderly patients with hip fractures. Thus, we highly recommend orthopedic surgeons to consider all these factors in the management of intertrochanteric hip fractures in the geriatric population. Level IV, Prognostic Study.

The Role of Preoperative Computed Tomography on the Quality of Reduction and Outcomes in Intertrochanteric Fracture: A Controlled Trial.

Purpose The study is aimed at assessing the role of preoperative computerised tomography (CT) examination in the quality of reduction and outcomes in elderly patients with intertrochanteric fracture. Methods The elderly patients with an intertrochanteric fracture who were treated with proximal femoral nail antirotation were included. The patients were divided into the CT group and the no-CT group according to the presence of preoperative CT examination. Patients' baseline characteristics, quality of reduction, and function were recorded at follow-up. Functional outcomes were evaluated using the Harris hip scores (HHS). Results Totally, the study included 182 patients with intertrochanteric fractures, with 85 in the CT group and 97 in the no-CT group, admitted between January 2018 and June 2019. There was no difference in the quality of reduction, HHS, the fracture healing, or postoperative complications between the CT group and the no-CT group. However, the CT group experienced the shorter mean operative time and blood transfusion, compared to the no-CT group. Conclusions The preoperative CT examination seems to be excessive for elderly patients with an intertrochanteric fracture.

Integrated dual lag screws versus single lag screw cephalomedullary nail constructs: a meta-analysis and systematic review.

This study aims to determine the safety and efficacy of integrated dual lag screw (IDL) cephalomedullary nails (CMN) when compared with single lag screw (SL) constructs, in the internal fixation of intertrochanteric femoral fractures. The Smith & Nephew InterTan IDL was compared with SL CMN group consisting of the Stryker Gamma-3 (G3) and Synthes Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation (PFNA) CMN. A multi-database search was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Data from studies assessing the clinical and radiological outcomes, complications and perioperative parameters of InterTan versus G3 or PFNA CMN in patients with intertrochanteric femoral fractures were extracted and analysed. 15 studies were included in this meta-analysis, consisting of 2643 patients. InterTan was associated with lower complication rates in terms of all-cause revisions (OR 0.34; 95% CI, 0.22-0.51; p < 0.001), cut-outs (OR 0.30; 95% CI, 0.17-0.51; p < 0.001), medial or lateral screw migration (OR 0.19; 95% CI, 0.06-0.65; p = 0.008) as well as persistent hip and thigh pain (OR 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47-0.90; p = 0.008). In terms of perioperative parameters, InterTan is associated with longer operative times (MD 5.57 minutes; 95% CI, 0.37-10.78 minutes, p = 0.04) and fluoroscopy times (MD 38.89 seconds, 95% CI, 15.88-61.91 seconds; p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in terms of clinical Harris Hip Score and radiological outcomes, non-union, haematoma, femoral fractures, varus collapse, length of stay and mean intraoperative blood loss between the 2 groups. Integrated dual lag screw cephalomedullary nails are associated with fewer revisions and complications. However, there is insufficient data to suggest that either nail construct is associated with better functional outcomes.

Cement augmentation of the Proximal Femur Nail Antirotation (PFNA) is associated with enhanced weight-bearing in older adults

BackgroundAn early postoperative mobilisation shows beneficial effects in terms of complications and mobilisation scores in older adult proximal femur fracture patients. An adequate load-bearing capacity of the operated extremity is essential for early mobilisation. We hypothesize that cement augmentation of the Proximal Femoral Nail antirotation (PFNA) leads to a higher load capacity during postoperative mobilisation compared to a non-cemented PFNA. MethodsForty-nine orthogeriatric patients with pertrochanteric fractures were enrolled consecutively in a maximum care hospital in a pre–post study design (level of evidence 2). A study group of 25 patients received nailing (PFNA) with additional cement augmentation (CA group), whereas the control group of 24 patients received the same fracture fixation without cement augmentation (NCA Group). All patients participated in a gait analysis using an insole force sensor to measure the loading rate (loadsol®, Novel, Munich, Germany) on the fifth postoperative day. ResultsThe NCA group showed a mean age of 75,88 years (SD ± 9.62), the CA a mean age of 81,44 years (SD ± 7.77). The most common fracture type was a pertrochanteric fracture in both groups (NCA: n=20, CA: n=21) Both groups showed no differences with regards to the ASA (NCA: 2.67; CA: 2.68) score and the postoperative Parker Mobility Score (NCA: 2.67; CA: 2.68). Patients who received cement augmentation showed a significant (p=0.004) higher loading rate in the postoperative gait analysis. The CA group showed a loading rate of 58.12% (SD ± 14.50) compared to the uncemented PFNA group with 43.90% (SD ± 18.34). ConclusionsCement augmentation in elderly patients with a proximal femur fracture increased the early postoperative loading rate. Especially in frail patients with poor bone quality cement augmentation should therefore be considered to enhance early mobilisation with full weight bearing in order to reduce complications and improve survival.

Bone cement augmentation of femoral nail head elements increases their cut-out resistance in poor bone quality– A biomechanical study

The aim of this study was to analyze biomechanically the impact of bone cement augmentation on the fixation strength and cut-out resistance of Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation (PFNA) and Trochanteric Fixation Nail Advanced (TFNA) head elements within the femoral head in a human cadaveric model with poor bone quality. Methodology: Fifteen pairs of fresh-frozen human cadaveric femoral heads were randomized to three sets of five pairs each for center-center implantation of either TFNA blade, TFNA screw, or PFNA blade. By splitting the specimens of each pair for treatment with or without bone cement augmentation, six study groups were created. All specimens were biomechanically tested under progressively increasing cyclic loading featuring a physiologic loading trajectory in a setup simulating a reduced intertrochanteric fracture with lack of posteromedial support. Number of cycles to 5° varus collapse was evaluated together with the corresponding load at failure. Results: Compared to the non-augmented state, all types of implants demonstrated significantly higher numbers of cycles to failure and load at failure following augmentation, p ≤ 0.03. Augmented TFNA blades resulted in highest numbers of cycles to failure and loads at failure (30492; 4049 N) followed by augmented PFNA blades (30033; 4003 N) and augmented TFNA screws (19307; 2930 N), p = 0.11. Augmented TFNA screws showed similar numbers of cycles to failure and loads at failure compared to both non-augmented TFNA and PFNA blades, P = 0.98.From a biomechanical perspective, bone cement augmentation significantly increases the cut-out resistance of instrumented TFNA and PFNA head elements and is a valid supplementary treatment option to these nailing procedures in poor bone quality.

Intramedullary nailing confers an increased risk of medial migration compared to dynamic hip screw fixation in unstable intertrochanteric hip fractures

IntroductionMedial migration of the femoral neck element (FNE) superomedially against gravity with respect to the intramedullary component of the cephalomedullary nail is a complication increasingly recognized to cause femoral head cut-out in intramedullary nailing of pertrochanteric hip fractures. Although cut-outs are common to both intra- and extramedullary fixation, especially in unstable pertrochanteric hip fractures, FNE medial migration in sliding hip screws continues to remain sparse despite increased awareness of the phenomenon. This study aims to investigate whether intramedullary nailing is biomechanically predisposed to FNE medial migration compared to extramedullary fixation with sliding hip screws to account for the discrepancy in reported FNE medial migration rates. Materials and methodsTwelve fourth-generation synthetic femurs (Sawbones) with unstable intertrochanteric fractures were divided into 2 groups (n=6 per group). Fracture fixation was performed using the Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation (PFNA, Synthes) (n=6) in the first group, and the Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS, Synthes) (n=6) in the second group. Both groups were subjected to bidirectional cyclic loading (600N compression loading, 120N tensile loading) at 2 Hz for 5000 cycles. The medial migration distance (MMD) was recorded at the end of the testing cycles. ResultsThe mean MMD in the PFNA group was 4.56mm (SD 0.69mm) with consistent reproduction of medial migration across all constructs tested. This was significantly more compared to the MMD of 1.17mm (SD 0.69mm) in the DHS group (p<0.001). ConclusionIntramedullary nailing of unstable intertrochanteric hip fractures is inherently predisposed to FNE medial migration making it more susceptible to consequent cut-out compared to fixation with the DHS.

Early Functional Outcome of Osteoporotic Intertrochantric Fractures in Elderly Managed with Proximal Femoral Nail and Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation: A Comparative Study

Introduction: The choice of an implant in the management of intertrochanteric fractures of the femur has evolved from extramedullary devices to intramedullary ones. The proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA) that employs a helical blade is a recent and promising advancement but there is a paucity of data in the literature to prove its superiority over its predecessor nails in terms of functional gains. Aim: To compare the functional outcome of PFNA with proximal femoral nail (PFN). Materials and Methods: In this prospective randomized control study in osteoporotic elderly patients, 32 patients managed with PFNA were compared with a similar number treated with PFN and compared in terms of demography, intraoperative variables (duration of surgery, fluoroscopy time, and blood loss), time to union, and functional outcome utilizing Harris hip scores (HHS) at 6 and 12 months follow-up. Results: Both the groups were comparable in terms of age, gender, type of fracture, and Singh’s osteoporosis index. Although the duration of surgery and fluoroscopy time was significantly less in the PFNA group, it did not translate into any functional gains to the patients as the time to union and the HHS, at 6 and 12 months did not reveal any significant difference. Implant-related complications were significantly more in the PFN group with five patients having varus collapse, one having screw cut-out, two having screw pull-out, and one having Z-effect. Conclusion: Although there was no significant difference in terms of functional aspect, with lesser implant-related complication and shorter operative time, PFNA can prove to be a better substitute for the management of these fractures in osteoporotic elderly debilitated patients.

Osteoporotic Intertrochanteric Fractures in the Elderly Managed with Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation-The Functional Outcome

Introduction: Despite recent evolution in the operating techniques and surgical implants, debate continues around the choice of implant for the management of intertrochanteric fractures of femur bone. There is a paucity of clinical data on the results with Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation (PFNA). Aim: To evaluate the functional and radiological outcome of reduction and fixation of these fractures with PFNA. Materials and Methods: This prospective interventional study was conducted from december 2015 to november 2018. A total of 62 patients of more than 50 years of age with intertrochanteric fracture were managed with internal fixation using PFNA. All the pateints were evaluated with respect to the mean operative time, blood loss. Fluoroscopy exposure, time to union and development of any complication. The statistical analysis involved calculation of the mean and Standard Deviations (SD) of above parameters which was done using the Microsoft excel chart sheet. Functional evaluation was done using the Harris Hip Score (HHS). Results: A total of 62 patients with age ranging from 54 to 94 years (mean 78.2, SD 09.11) were evaluated. The mean duration of follow-up was 14.3 months. The average operative time, the mean blood loss and the average fluoroscopy time were 61.4 (range 45-90 minutes, SD 11.6) minutes, 103.9 (range 60-200 mL, SD 36.4) mL and 74.0 (range 41 to 98, SD 13.5) seconds respectively. About 100% union rate with the average time to union being 16.1 (SD 3.3) weeks and ranging from 12 weeks to 24 weeks was reported. Varus collapse and limb shortening &gt;1 cm were observed in 3 patients. The average HHS at the end of study showed a mean value of 82.8 (SD 8.6) and ranged from 65 to 94 with 46 (74.2%) patients having excellent to good outcome. Conclusion: Owing to easy insertion, reduced operative time and blood loss, stable fixation, less complications and good functional and radiological outcome, PFNA can prove to be an implant of choice for the management of intertrochantric fractures of the femur.

Comparison of the Clinical Efficacy of Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation and Femoral Head Replacement on Intertrochanteric Fracture and the Influence of Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase 5b and Bone Alkaline Phosphatase

To explore the clinical efficacy of proximal femoral nail antirotation and femoral head replacement in the treatment of intertrochanteric fracture of femur and to explore the effect of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase 5b and bone alkaline phosphatase. 100 patients with intertrochanteric fracture of femur from January 2017 to January 2020 in our hospital were selected and randomly divided into proximal femoral nail antirotation group (n=50) and femoral head replacement group (n=50). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative weight bearing time, length of hospital stay, Harris score, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase 5b, bone alkaline phosphatase level and complications were compared between the two groups. Compared with femoral head replacement group, the operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative weight bearing time and hospitalization time of proximal femoral nail antirotation group were significantly increased (p<0.05). Compared with before operation, Harris score of two groups were significantly increased after operation and the increase of femoral head replacement group was significantly greater than that of proximal femoral nail antirotation group (p<0.05). Compared with before operation, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase 5b was significantly lower, bone alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher and femoral head replacement was significantly higher in the two groups after operation (p<0.05). Compared with femoral head replacement group (16.00 %), the incidence of complications in proximal femoral nail antirotation group (6.00 %) was significantly lower (p<0.05). Compared with proximal femoral nail antirotation, femoral head replacement in the treatment of intertrochanteric fracture of femur has shorter postoperative weight bearing time and hospitalization time, which is more conducive to the recovery of hip joint function and improvement of bone metabolism indexes. However, femoral head replacement has longer operation time, more bleeding and higher risk of postoperative complications, which has a good reference value for clinical treatment of intertrochanteric fracture of femur.

Anatomical and biomechanical parameters relating to migration of the helical blade in proximal femoral fractures fixed by proximal femoral nail anti-rotation

Introduction: Proximal femoral fractures fixation pose dilemma on fixation device to use. Western designed copied proximal femoral nail anti rotation is being used in South-East Asian population extensively. The study aims to study of migration in our population representative of the developing nations. Methods: 92 patients enrolled in prospective cross-sectional study for 9 months; 89 were evaluated for final migration studies as 3 major complications occurred. The effects of age, fracture, tip-apex distance, quadrant position in femoral head, blade size and length and Neck Shaft angle on migration were analyzed. Results: There were 42 males and 50 females with the mean age was 68.14 years. At the time of fixation mean Tip Apex Distance was 12.2 mm (7.0mm – 25mm). At 6 months follow-ups, migration occurred in 78.65%. On univariate analysis, there was no effect of fracture pattern on migration (p=0.524). Femoral-Neck shaft angles were fixed in varus in 7, 5 in valgus and 77 within normal range. Relatively higher migration did occur with varus fixation but was not statistically significant (p=0.306). Multivariate analyses were done for nail diameter, nail length, old age and fracture patterns with no statistically significant interactions. The position of helical blade in the quadrant of the femoral head with center-center having minimum migration (p= 0.000). Major complications occurred in 3 patients. Conclusions: All helical blades do migrate but within acceptable range provided fixation in acceptable Tip Apex Distance. Bone Mineral Density should be kept as co-variable in further studies.

Proximal femoral nail anti-rotation-2 in intertrochanteric fractures: Experience from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA)-2 is an intramedullary implant designed specifically for the Asian population for managing intertrochanteric (IT) fractures among the elderly. We presented this cases series with an objective to use and document the effectiveness of PFNA-2 for the management of unstable IT fracture among patients aged 60 years and above in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Four females were treated above 65 years with severe pain in the hip region after a trivial fall on the ground over a period of 2 years (2018–2020), diagnosed with T3 and T4 unstable IT fracture. All the patients were hypertensive, with two having diabetes. It was decided to manage the fracture site by PFNA-II implant following baseline clinical and biochemical investigations. The duration of surgery took around 70–75 min with a blood loss of 100–150 ml, and there was no intraoperative complication. Early mobilisation and toe touch walking was achieved within 2 days postoperatively. Harris hip score was 'good' for all patients within 3 months, which became 'excellent' after 6 months for all except one. Union was achieved in all the cases with a full weight-bearing period ranging from 9 to 11 weeks. The usage of PFNA-2 for IT fractures among elderly having co-morbidities such diabetes and hypertension is perfectly promising good results for such reason we strongly recommend it. However, future prospective clinical trials using sufficient sample size, comparing PFNA-2 with PFN and dynamic hip screws are needed for better decision-making.

The Efficacy of Suture Fixation of the Greater Trochanter in Unstable Intertrochanteric Fractures.

BackgroudIntertrochanteric fractures are one of the most common fractures in the elderly, especially those having osteoporosis. Stable intertrochanteric fractures may be fixed with implants including the dynamic hip screw and proximal femoral nail antirotation; however, this method is difficult to apply to unstable fractures. Bipolar hemiarthroplasty can be applied to unstable fractures and it prevents complications by facilitating early ambulation in the elderly. Many studies reported on how to fix the greater trochanter in unstable fractures during arthroplasty. We suggest that suture fixation alone can be a useful, effective, and affordable method.MethodsWe retrospectively enrolled 294 patients who underwent hemiarthroplasty for an unstable intertrochanteric fracture, and 225 patients were included in this study after excluding 69 patients who had not been available for follow-up until 1 year after surgery or died. The patients were divided into suture fixation and wiring fixation groups. Relationships of operation time, estimated blood loss, tip-to-stem distance, union rate, and physical performance in the groups of suture fixation and wiring were analyzed respectively.ResultsChanges in the tip-to-stem distance between the initial assessment at 1 year after surgery were statistically significantly different between the suture fixation group and wiring group (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in change of the Koval score between the suture fixation and wiring groups (p = 0.362). The operation time and estimated intraoperative blood loss were statistically significantly lower in the suture group than in the wiring group (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the union rate between the groups (p = 0.470).ConclusionsCompared to tension-band wiring, the suture fixation technique demonstrated an effective fixing force. In addition to the clinical results, it had an advantage of preventing complications due to shortening of the operation time and estimated intraoperative blood loss. Suture fixation of the greater trochanter is recommended for elderly patients with unstable intertrochanteric fractures.

To Evaluate The Outcome of Proximal Femoral Nail A2 in Management of Inter-trochanteric Fractures of Femur in Elderly

Introduction- The incidence of inter-trochanteric fracture in the elderly is rising because of increased age and with low bone mineral density. The presence of osteoporosis in inter-trochanteric fractures is important because the fixation of the proximal fragment depends entirely on the quality of the cancellous bone present. The surgical stabilization of inter-trochanteric fractures remains a persistent challenge. The purpose of this study is to study the effectiveness and drawbacks of one such newer intramedullary device, Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation in the management of inter-trochanteric fractures. Material and method- Patients who underwent PFNA for inter-trochanteric fractures at a tertiary care center Agra, who have given written and informed consent. Patients fitting into inclusion criteria would form the study group. Data collected by interviews, observation of clinical and radiological findings and assessment of function done using Harris hip score. Results- The study comprised 24 patients, with a mean age of mean age 63 years who suffered fracture inter-trochanteric femur, due to either trivial fall (75%) or RTA (17%) and managed by cephalomedullary nailing using Proximal Femoral Nai Antirotation at our center. The majority of the patients had the quality of reduction; the Majority of patients took 12 to 22 weeks for union with mean union time of 14 weeks. Patients were asked to follow up routinely, with post-operative follow up ranging from a minimum of 11 months to 18 months. At the final follow up following results obtained according to Harris Hip Score, were 55% patients excellent, 30.50% patients good, 12% patients fair, 2.50% patients poor. Conclusions- The inter-trochanteric fracture in elderly patients treated with cephalomedullary nailing using proximal femoral nail-anti-rotation, which has the biomechanical advantage of the helical blade providing bone compaction, increasing surface area and better anchorage in the femoral head, which showed favorable outcome by retarding rotation and varus collapse and prevents medialization by acting as a central pillar. Keywords- Inter-trochanteric fractures; Proximal femoral nail A2; Harris Hip Score.

Clinical, functional and radiological outcomes of proximal femoral nailing antirotation Asia (pfna2) with dynamic hip screw (DHS) in treatment of intertrochanteric femur fractures

Background: Internal fixation is appropriate for most intertrochanteric fractures. Optimal fixation is based on the stability of fracture. The mainstay of treatment of intertrochanteric fracture is fixation with a screw slide plate device or intramedullary device. So, it is a matter of debate that which one is the best treatment, dynamic hip screw or proximal femoral nailing.Method: A prospective randomized and comparative study of 2 years duration was conducted on 60 patients admitted in the Department of Orthopedics in MGM Medical College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai with intertrochanteric femur fracture. They were treated by a dynamic hip screw and proximal femoral nail antirotation Asia. Patients were operated under image intensifier control. The parameters studied were functional outcome of Harris hip score, total duration of operation, rate of union, amount of collapse. These values were statistically evaluated and two tailed p-values were calculated and both groups were statistically compared.Result: The average age of our patient is 67.8 years. Among the fracture, 31% were stable, 58% were unstable, 11% were reverse oblique fracture. The average blood loss was 100 and 250 ml in PFNA2 and DHS group, respectively. In PFNA2 there was more no. of radiation exposure intra-operatively. The average operating time for the patients treated with PFNA2 was 45 min as compared to 70 min in patients treated with DHS. The patients treated with PFNA2 started early ambulation as they had better Harris Hip Score in the early period (at 1 and 3 months). In the long term both the implants had almost similar functional outcomes.Conclusion: In our study we have found that the unstable pattern was more common in old aged patients with higher grade of osteoporosis and PFN group has a better outcome in this unstable and osteoporotic fracture. PFNA2 group has less blood loss and less operating time compared to DHS group. In PFNA2 group patients have started early ambulation compared to DHS group.

Outcome of Intertrochanteric Fractures Treated with Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation (PFNA)

Background: The superiority of PFN (Proximal Femoral Nail) in treatment of intertrochanteric fractures of the hip are well documented but there is no well documented evidence regarding the superiority of PFNA (Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation). The design of PFNA reduces bone loss and subsequently improves fracture fixation &amp; union. Aims &amp; Objectives: i) To evaluate the outcome of intertrochanteric fractures treated with PFNA. ii) To study the complications associated with the procedure and implant. iii) To compare with well-established studies in literature. Study Design: Prospective Observational Study. Setting: Department of Orthopaedics, Rajawadi Municipal Hospital, Mumbai. Materials &amp; Methods: Total 70 cases of Intertrochanteric fracture satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria were treated with PFNA from August 2017 to August 2018. The minimum follow up period was 1 year and maximum follow up was for 2 years. Patients were assessed for functional capacity and radiological fracture healing at each follow up. Harris Hip score was used to evaluate functional outcome. Statistics: 22 patients were males and 48 were females. The patient’s age ranged from 40 to 94 years with a mean of 75 years. 32 fractures involved the right side and 38 involved the left side. Of the 70 fractures 14 were AO 31A1, 50 were AO 31A2, 6 was AO 31A3. The length of the nail was 170mm in all of the cases. Most commonly used blade was 95mm. The operative time ranged from 30 min to 100 min with an average of 44 min. Average blood loss was 82 ml. Results: Of 70 patients, 66 Patients (94%) showed radiological union by 3months. Average time for union was 3 months. 2 patients had non-union at the end of 1 year of follow up. No patients had infection or cut out of the blade. 8 patients had migration of the blade. 2 patients had varus collapse. No fractures below the tip of the nail were seen during the follow-up period. Outcome was assessed using Harris Hip Score. Conclusions: Based on our observations we hereby conclude that in intertrochanteric fractures treated with PFNA, we found excellent outcomes with high union rates &amp; very few complications. A randomized trial comparing the PFNA with other devices in elderly patients will probably be required for definitive assessment.

Biomechanical study on the treatment of intertrochanteric fracture of A3.3 type with medial sustainable nail and proximal femoral anti-rotation nail

A3 intertrochanteric fracture is an extremely unstable fracture, which is often treated with intramedullary nail, but the implant failure is common due to the posterior medial fragment cannot be reconstructed. A new medial sustainable nail (MSN-Ⅱ) which can reconstruct the femoral medial support by sustainable screw was introduced in this study. The mechanical effect was verified by biomechanical experiment. The loss medial support model of intertrochanteric fracture (A3) was made by artificial Sawbones model, fixed with MSN-Ⅱ and PFNA-Ⅱ, underwent axial loading and axial failure tests. The axial stiffness, yield load, displacement of head-neck fragment and torsional angle of fracture site of these nails were recorded and compared for biomechanical differences. The effect of early reconstruction of medial support with MSN-Ⅱ was determined. The axial stiffness, yield load, the displacement of head and neck fragment when the axial load was 1 800 N and torsional angle of the fracture site after the axial failure test of MSN-Ⅱ were (222.76 ±62.46) N /mm, (4 241.71 ±847.42) N, (11.51 ±0.62) mm, (1.71 ±0.10)° respectively, while the PFNA -Ⅱ was (184.58±40.59) N /mm, (3 058.76±379.63) N, (16.15±1.36) mm, (2.52±0.26)°respectively. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant. The axial stiffness of MSN-Ⅱ is better than that of PFNA-Ⅱ. The MSN-Ⅱ can bear more loads when fixed A3.3 intertrochanteric fracture and has greater axial and rotational stability. It is an effective means to reconstruct the medial support of A3 intertrochanteric fracture.

Factors Affecting the Outcome of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fractures Managed With Proximal Femoral Nail Anti-Rotation 2: A Prospective Outcome Study in Elderly Indian Population

BackgroundThe proximal femoral nail anti-rotation Asia (PFNA 2) is an implant designed for unstable osteoporotic intertrochanteric fractures in Asians as the PFNA was designed for Caucasians and had various complications when applied to the Asian population due to the femoral geometrical mismatch. This study observes the functional outcomes and complications associated with PFNA 2 in unstable intertrochanteric fractures in the elderly Indian population.MethodsSixty-one above 60 years old patients with an unstable intertrochanteric fracture who were operated with PFNA 2 were included in this prospective observational study. They were followed up for one year. The functional and radiographic evaluations were done at 6, 12, 20 weeks, and the functional outcome was evaluated at the end of one year. Association of age, American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade, AO Foundation classification, osteoporosis to the functional outcome of modified Harris hip score (MHHS) was evaluated.ResultsType A2 fractures demonstrated a statistically higher-good reduction than Type A3 (Student t-test, P < 0.05). The difference in mean surgical duration in Type A3 (45.47 minutes) and Type A2 (40.30 minutes) was statistically significant (Student t-test, P < 0.05). Mean blood loss was 110.66 ml (SD = 48.40 ml). MHHS at 6, 12, 20 weeks, and one year were 40.37, 63.93, 79.03, and 82.34, respectively. At the end of the year, 46 (82.1%) patients achieved good scores, eight (14.3%) achieved fair scores, and two (3.5%) achieved poor scores. There was one case of nonunion and medial migration of the helical blade. The mortality rate was 6.55% at the end of one year.ConclusionA good reduction was associated with a better functional outcome. PFNA 2 is an efficient implant in managing unstable intertrochanteric fractures in elderly Indian patients with good outcomes, low morbidity rates, and mortality. Implant mismatch was not a problem in the Indian population. However, large multi-centric studies with a larger sample size are required. Moreover, achieving a good reduction cannot be over-emphasized in unstable intertrochanteric fractures, especially in the elderly, to achieve a good functional outcome.

Comparison of clinical and radiological outcomes in intertrochanteric fractures treatedwith InterTAN nail againstconventional cephalomedullary nails: a systematic review.

Intertrochanteric fractures, accountable for 50% of hip fractures, can be fixed with cephalomedullary devices such as Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation (PFNA™), Gamma3 nailing system and TRIGEN™ InterTAN™ nail (IT). IT uniquely uses two cephalocervical screws that allow for linear compression and provide additional resistance to femoral head rotation. A literature review assessing clinical outcomes of these devices was conducted, with 14 studies enrolling 3104 patients meeting the inclusion criteria. PFNA and Gamma3 had better intraoperative outcomes compared with IT; however, IT had superior implant-related outcomes of cut-out and screw migration. No difference was found between IT and PFNA or Gamma3 in Harris Hip Scores, time to union, malunion and nonunion. Further long-term studies are needed to evaluate clinical outcomes and cost–effectiveness of cephalomedullary devices.

DO VARIOUS LENGTHS OF PROXIMAL FEMORAL NAIL HAVE ANY EFFECT ON FRACTURE UNION IN A TROCHANTERIC FRACTURE IN ELDERLY?

Background: A comparative analysis of the role of various proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA) lengths in the union of trochanteric fracture in elderly patients treated with long and short PFNA. Objective: To investigate the significance of PFNA length in trochanteric fracture union in elderly patient. Materials and methods: A retrospective review study was conducted in elderly patients with trochanteric fractures treated between March 2010 and December 2017 in a tertiary care hospital. Hospital records of 517 patients who were treated for trochanteric fracture with various sizes of PFNA, were analyzed as per inclusion criteria and finally 503 patients records were included in the study, of which 261 were treated with short PFNA and 242 with long PFNA. The patients were allocated to two groups: those treated with long nail ([Formula: see text]) and short nail ([Formula: see text]). Demographic data were comparatively analyzed regarding the time of fracture union and complications. Results: In this study, no remarkable differences were noted between two groups with regards to types of fracture, time from injury to surgery and duration of hospital stay. The duration of surgery in a short PFNA was significantly less (60.5[Formula: see text]min) compared to that of a long PFNA (82.2[Formula: see text]min). However, the time taken for fracture to unite was not statistically significant. Conclusions: The variation in the length of the nail whether short or long does not affect union in trochanteric fracture in the elderly however surgical duration for short nail was much less than the long nail.