Proxy Mobile Research Articles

Indoor Location Assistant by Integrated Localized Routing in Proxy Mobile

Indoor Location Assistant by Integrated Localized Routing in Proxy Mobile

Sensors data collection framework using mobile identification with secure data sharing model

Sensors are the modules or electronic devices that are used to measure and get environmental events and send the captured data to other devices, usually computer processors allocated on the cloud. One of the most recent challenges is to protect and save the privacy issues of those sensors data on the cloud sharing. In this paper, sensors data collection framework is proposed using mobile identification and proxy re-encryption model for data sharing. The proposed framework includes: identity broker server, sensors managing and monitoring applications, messages queuing sever and data repository server. Finally, the experimental results show that the proposed proxy re-encryption model can work in real time.

Security and Privacy enforced wireless mobile communication using PI-MAKA protocol design

The fast development of mobile networks and compact mobile devices bring attention to the users for wireless mobile communication. But providing security and protecting the privacy of users are the main challenges of wireless mobile communication. Recently, Authenticated Key Agreement protocols are used for secure and reliable communication in wireless mobile communication. However, the User-to-User Mutual Authentication and Key Agreement scheme is based on bilinear pairings, which involves relatively high computation cost when compared to elliptic curve scalar point multiplication. Hence, in this paper, we propose a Pairing-Free Identity-Based Mutual Authentication and Key Agreement protocol for wireless mobile communications. It consists of the following phases: Setup and Key generation, Mobility Management Entity authentication and Proxy Signature generation, Proxy Signature verification and User-to-User authentication. Experimental results show that Pairing-Free Identity-Based Mutual Authentication and Key Agreement attains significantly less computational and communication cost when compared to User-to-User Mutual Authentication and Key Agreement scheme.

Intergenerational social mobility, smoking and smokeless tobacco (snus) use among adolescents during 2008–2017

BackgroundSocioeconomic differences in smoking and other tobacco use are prevalent in adolescents. Less is known about the association between intergenerational social mobility and tobacco use. MethodsFive waves of national cross-sectional School Health Promotion Study during 2008–2017 in Finland were used, including non-academically and academically oriented adolescents (15–21 years, N = 384,379). The adolescents' educational orientation was compared with the educational track of the parents as a proxy for intergenerational social mobility, which was used as the independent variable in regression models to examine the differences in daily smoking and daily snus use. ResultsSmoking declined in all mobility groups over time, but remained more prevalent among non-academically oriented adolescents among boys and girls. Daily snus use among boys increased over time in all mobility groups. Multiple adjusted models showed that upward mobility and downward mobility are differently associated with tobacco use, the latter increasing the probability of tobacco use compared with the stable high group (boys: smoking: OR = 5.24, 95% CI 5.02–5.46; snus use: OR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.50–1.66). In smoking, absolute socioeconomic differences between the mobility groups decreased over time while relative differences increased. In snus use, both absolute and relative differences increased. ConclusionsAdolescent smoking and snus use associate strongly with the adolescent's educational track, irrespective of the social mobility class. Non-academically oriented adolescents have an increased risk of tobacco use. The academic and non-academic orientation should already be taken into account in tobacco use prevention in basic education.

MM-PNEMO: a mathematical model to assess handoff delay and packet loss

Wireless networks incorporate Mobile Nodes (MNs) that use wireless access networks to communicate. However, the communication among these MNs are not remained stable due to the poor network coverage during inter mobility. Moreover, the wireless nodes are typically small that results in resource-constrained. Thus, it is uphill to use algorithms having giant processing power or memory footprint. Accordingly, it is essential to check schemes consistently to evaluate the performance within the probable application scenario. To do so, numerical analysis could be a notable method to grasp the performance of mobility management schemes as well as the constraint of evolving mobility management solutions specifically for multi-interfaced MR in Proxy NEMO environment. This paper analyzes handoff performance by using a mathematical model of Multihoming-based scheme to support Mobility management in Proxy NEMO (MM-PNEMO) environment. Moreover, a comparative study has been made among the standard Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BSP), Proxy NEMO (PNEMO) and MM-PNEMO scheme respectively. The performance metrics estimated for these schemes are mainly handoff delay and packet loss. This paper also analysed the packet loss ratio and handoff gain as a function of cell radius, number of SMR and velocity respectively. It is apparent that, the MM-PNEMO scheme shows lower packet loss ratio (1%) compared to NEMO-BSP (11%) and P-NEMO (6%).

A combination of incidence data and mobility proxies from social media predicts the intra-urban spread of dengue in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Only a few studies have investigated the potential of using geotagged social media data for predicting the patterns of spatio-temporal spread of vector-borne diseases. We herein demonstrated the role of human mobility in the intra-urban spread of dengue by weighting local incidence data with geo-tagged Twitter data as a proxy for human mobility across 45 neighborhoods in Yogyakarta city, Indonesia. To estimate the dengue virus importation pressure in each study neighborhood monthly, we developed an algorithm to estimate a dynamic mobility-weighted incidence index (MI), which quantifies the level of exposure to virus importation in any given neighborhood. Using a Bayesian spatio-temporal regression model, we estimated the coefficients and predictiveness of the MI index for lags up to 6 months. Specifically, we used a Poisson regression model with an unstructured spatial covariance matrix. We compared the predictability of the MI index to that of the dengue incidence rate over the preceding months in the same neighborhood (autocorrelation) and that of the mobility information alone. We based our estimates on a volume of 1·302·405 geotagged tweets (from 118·114 unique users) and monthly dengue incidence data for the 45 study neighborhoods in Yogyakarta city over the period from August 2016 to June 2018. The MI index, as a standalone variable, had the highest explanatory power for predicting dengue transmission risk in the study neighborhoods, with the greatest predictive ability at a 3-months lead time. The MI index was a better predictor of the dengue risk in a neighborhood than the recent transmission patterns in the same neighborhood, or just the mobility patterns between neighborhoods. Our results suggest that human mobility is an important driver of the spread of dengue within cities when combined with information on local circulation of the dengue virus. The geotagged Twitter data can provide important information on human mobility patterns to improve our understanding of the direction and the risk of spread of diseases, such as dengue. The proposed MI index together with traditional data sources can provide useful information for the development of more accurate and efficient early warning and response systems.

Mobile-Oriented Future Internet: Implementation and Experimentations over EU–Korea Testbed

Today’s mobility management (MM) architectures, such as Mobile Internet Protocol (IP) and Proxy Mobile IP, feature integration of data and control planes, as well as centralized mobility control. In the existing architecture, however, the tight integration of the data and control planes can induce a non-optimal routing path, because data packets are delivered via a central mobility agent, such as Home Agent and Local Mobility Anchor. Furthermore, the centralized mobility control mechanism tends to increase traffic overhead due to the processing of both data and control packets at a central agent. To address these problems, a new Internet architecture for the future mobile network was proposed, named Mobile-Oriented Future Internet (MOFI). The MOFI architecture was mainly designed as follows: (1) separation of data and control planes for getting an optimal data path; (2) distributed identifier–locator mapping control for alleviating traffic overhead at a central agent. In this article, we investigate the validity of the MOFI architecture through implementation and experimentations over the European Union (EU)–Korea testbed network. For this purpose, the MOFI architecture is implemented using OpenFlow and Click Modular Router over a Linux platform, and then it is evaluated over the locally and internationally configured EU–Korea testbed network. In particular, we operate two realistic communication scenarios over the EU–Korea testbed network. From the experimentation results, we can see that the proposed MOFI architecture can not only provide the mobility management efficiently, but also support the backward compatibility for the current IP version 6 (IPv6) applications and an Internet Protocol network.

Strontium and Oxygen Isotope Profiles of Sequentially Sampled Modern Bison (<i>Bison bison bison</i>) Teeth from Interior Alaska as Proxies of Seasonal Mobility

Studies addressing prehistoric mobility in animals typically use isotopic analyses of sequentially formed tissues, such as the growth layers in teeth, to infer physical movement on the landscape. Strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr values), which vary geographically, are particularly useful for this purpose, especially when paired with stable oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O), which vary seasonally. Together, these two isotope systems can provide information about past animal movement patterns on a seasonal scale. However, while many studies have used 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O values from analyses of sequentially formed tissues for this purpose, there have been limited analyses on modern animals of known movement patterns across high-latitude regions. In this pilot study, we sequentially sampled and analyzed one second molar (M2) and two third molars (M3) from two bison (Bison bison bison) from the Delta bison herd, which resides in interior Alaska and has known and documented seasonal mobility patterns. The resulting 87Sr/86Sr values from the teeth were compared to a high-resolution 87Sr/86Sr isoscape for the region and were paired with δ18O analyses to determine whether the seasonal 87Sr/86Sr values matched the predicted values for each of the seasonal bison habitat areas. The results indicate that the 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O values reliably reflected the known seasonal mobility patterns of bison and suggest that this approach could be used to investigate the mobility patterns of prehistoric bison in Alaska and surrounding high-latitude regions.

Hunter-gatherers adjust mobility to maintain contact under climatic variation

Population density and mobility are fundamental population parameters for hunter-gatherer groups, and their reconstruction for prehistoric populations has long been an aim of archaeological research. This endeavour has become more important than ever in recent years, with the recognition that these parameters play a key role in determining rates of cultural transmission. Potential archaeological proxies for population density and mobility are often hard to interpret, creating a need for more generic, reliable, and easily calculated indicators. Climatic variables provide considerable promise in this area, and the analyses reported here test the efficacy of six climatic variables as potential predictors. Significant predictors are then incorporated in path analyses that assess the causal relationships between climatic variables, population density, and mobility. Results suggest that the previously established strong reciprocal relationship between population density and mobility is not due purely to common determination by climatic variables. Instead, the best supported model is consistent with the hypothesis that hunter-gatherers adjust levels of mobility so as to maintain contact with neighbouring groups at varying population densities. This ensures that opportunities for cultural transmission are maintained at similar levels regardless of climatic variation. The results lead to a number of archaeologically testable predictions concerning the relationships between climatic variables, population density, mobility, and assemblage complexity.

The distributional effects of lotteries and auctions—License plate regulations in Guangzhou

Lotteries and auctions are common ways of allocating public resources, but they have rarely been used simultaneously in urban transportation policies. This paper presents a unique policy experiment in Guangzhou, China, where lotteries and auctions are used in conjunction to allocate vehicle licenses. Guangzhou introduced vehicle license regulations to control the monthly quota of local automobile growth in 2012. To obtain a license, residents are required to choose between the lottery and auction method. Since the introduction of the regulations, there has been heated debates on the distributional effects of lotteries and auctions; however, the debates have not been grounded in empirical studies. We analyze the distributional effects of such mixed mode of resource allocation in a positive manner based on individual behavioral choices. We conducted a survey in January 2016 (n = 1000 people ∗ 12 months), and used mixed logit models to analyze how socio-economic status, including income and household automobile ownership, determined people’s choices among lottery, auction, and non-participation alternatives. We find that income increased participation, but did not influence non-car owners’ choices between lotteries and auctions, which contrasts with the common notion that lotteries benefit the poor. Additionally, the positive impact of car ownership on participation indicates a car-dependent trajectory for automobile growth. The significant socio-economic differentiators between lotteries and auctions were age, gender, and education. Proxies of mobility needs were insignificant overall. The program attributes had a much larger impact than all other variables—people were more likely to choose lotteries with higher winning rates and more participants and more likely to choose auctions with higher prices and more participants. We concluded that for those who participated, the choice between lotteries and auctions did not depend on their income or mobility needs but, rather, the probability of winning plates and the opportunity for speculation.

K‐MING: A mobile proxy handoff control scheme for proximate group‐based geodata sharing

SummaryThis work adopts a mobile social network in proximity (MSNP)–centric group touring service concept to share geo–points of interest's (POIs') data among mobile users belonging to the same touring group. In a group‐based touring service, a mobile user can create a group in the MSNP that can consist of some clusters in which some members having the 3G/3.5G/4G cellular network service are selected as cluster leaders to enable their Wi‐Fi hot spot functions as mobile proxies. After that, each group member can join one of the clusters by connecting with a cluster leader's Wi‐Fi hot spot. Thereafter, each cluster leader downloads geo‐POIs' data using 3G/3.5G/4G cellular network and then shares the downloaded POIs' data with its cluster members through its Wi‐Fi hot spot. This work proposed a handoff mechanism such that each mobile user can handoff from its currently connected cluster to the other one that belongs to the same MNSP group. The main handoff concern is that each handheld device only allows a limited number of handheld devices to connect with its Wi‐Fi hot spot at the same time. This work proposed a K‐member‐limited MSNP‐based INter Group handoff scheme called K‐MING to tackle the handoff problem. The performance analysis shows that K‐MING for the group touring scenario has better performance for the sharing of geo‐POIs' data downloading in terms of average power consumption and average downloaded data volume from 3G/3.5G/4G cellular network than that of the individual touring scenario.

Element mobility in the weathering environment and surface vectors to mineralisation—A case study from the Mashitu South Cu-Co deposit, Katanga, Democratic Republic of Congo

The Cu-Co deposits of the Katangan Copperbelt are affected by a deep chemical weathering regime. Meteoric fluids leached mobile elements from the near-surface environment and have redistributed them further down, forming remobilised supergene Cu deposits at a depth of ~30–50m which are highly economic. The same process has caused residual enrichment of less mobile elements such as Co, forming ‘cobalt caps’ in the near-surface above such supergene Cu deposits. Elements which are associated with hypogene Cu-Co mineralisation, but which are relatively immobile during supergene alteration, can make effective surface vectors to buried supergene Cu deposits; especially where these deposits have experienced a high degree of leaching and where high regional background Cu concentrations obscure surface Cu anomalies.This study uses an average-normalisation technique, applied to a large whole-rock-geochemistry database, to assess the variation in geochemistry between different depth intervals at the Mashitu South Cu-Co deposit. Geochemical variation by depth acts as an empirical proxy for element mobility during weathering, with the average concentrations of more mobile elements being depleted in the near surface profile.Of the major and trace elements which are known to be associated with hypogene mineralisation at Mashitu South, Cu, Ni, S and Zn are depleted in the near-surface environment, whereas Co, Bi, V, Mo, As and Fe experienced residual enrichment due to supergene alteration. Indeed, Bi and V exhibit an even greater degree of residual enrichment than Co, which is known as a surface pathfinder to Cu deposits in Katanga. It is suggested that Bi, V and Co would make effective surface vectors to Katangan Cu-Co deposits that have experienced a high degree of leaching; deposits which may evade detection by exploration solely for Cu surface anomalies. The average-normalisation technique utilised by this study can be used to identify immobile surface vectors to any polymetallic deposit which has been significantly affected by chemical weathering.

Optimized Application Level Checkpoint Based Load Sharing Model for Heterogeneous Mobile Grid Computing

Objectives: Recent technical advances have fueled the popularity of mobile grid computing. Mobile devices such as cellular phones and PDAs are becoming more common due to the diminution in their size and increase of computational power. In addition, wireless networks are also beginning to fill the environment. With these advances, mobile devices are becoming available to act as service providers in Grid. But the mobile environment presents a number of challenges. Analysis: The range of mobile execution platforms now available which introduces the problem of heterogeneity. Heavy weight checkpoints also provide hindrance to achieve this integration. At present, Grid Computing standards, neither state any load sharing architecture and model that integrates mobile devices in Grid computing nor does it provide any policy that hides heterogeneity and overcome memory limitations of mobile devices thus it is still an open research problem. Findings: Mobile Grid computing solutions must be developed that are lightweight, independent of specific platform and a load sharing model for mobile grid computing that distributes computational tasks on heterogeneous mobile devices. Our simulation results show the effectiveness of data optimization techniques for mobile devices, interoperability and proxy performance in heterogeneous mobile environment. Novelty: We propose a novel layered architecture that adjusts the data size of checkpoints at the minimum possible level and a load sharing Mobile Proxy algorithm.

Sedimentation and mobility of PDCs: a reappraisal of ignimbrites\u2019 aspect ratio

The aspect ratio of ignimbrites is a commonly used parameter that has been related to the energy of the parent pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). However this parameter, calculated as the ratio between the average thickness and the average lateral extent of ignimbrites, does not capture fundamental differences in pyroclastic flow mobility nor relates to lithofacies variations of the final deposits. We herein introduce the “topological aspect ratio” (ARt) as the ratio of the local deposit thickness (Ht) to the distance between the local site and the maximum runout distance (Lt), where Ht is a proxy for the PDC tendency to deposit, and Lt a proxy for the PDC mobility or its tendency to further transport the pyroclastic material. The positive versus negative spatial gradient d(ARt)/dx along flow paths discriminate zones where PDCs are forced (i.e. where they transport the total energy under the action of mass discharge rate) from zones where they are inertial (i.e. where they transport the total energy under the action of viscous or turbulent fluidization). Though simple to apply, the topological aspect ratio and its spatial gradient are powerful descriptors of the interplay between sedimentation and mobility of PDCs, and of the resulting lithofacies variations.

Distributed mobility management with mobile Host Identity Protocol proxy

The architectural evolution from hierarchical to flatter networks creates new challenges such as single points of failure and bottlenecks, non-optimal routing paths, scalability problems, and long handover delays. The cellular networks have been hierarchical so that they are largely built on centralized functions based on which their handover mechanisms have been built. They need to be redesigned and/or carefully optimized. The mobility extension to Host Identity Protocol (HIP) proxy, mobile HIP Proxy (MHP), provides a seamless and secure handover for the Mobile Host in the hierarchical network. However, the MHP cannot ensure the same handover performance in flatter network because the MHP has also utilized the features offered by the hierarchical architecture. This paper extends the MHP to distributed mobile HIP proxy (DMHP). The performance evaluation of the DMHP in comparison to MHP and other similar mobility solutions demonstrates that DMHP does indeed perform well in the flatter networks. Moreover, the DMHP supports both efficient multi-homing and handover management for many mobile hosts at the same time to the same new point of attachment.

Distributed mobility management solutions for next mobile network architectures

The architecture of current operator infrastructures is being challenged by the non-stopping growing demand of data hungry services appearing every day. While currently deployed operator networks have been able to cope with traffic demands so far, the architectures for the 5th generation of mobile networks (5G) are expected to support unprecedented traffic loads while decreasing costs associated to the network deployment and operations. Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) helps going into this direction, by flattening the network, hence improving its scalability, and enabling local access to the Internet and other communication services, like mobile-edge clouds. Initial proposals have been based on extending existing IP mobility protocols, such as Mobile IPv6 and Proxy Mobile IPv6, but these need to further evolve to comply with the requirements of future networks, which include, among others, higher flexibility. Software Defined Networking (SDN) appears as a powerful tool for operators looking forward to increased flexibility and reduced costs. In this article, we first propose a Proxy Mobile IPv6 based DMM solution which serves as a baseline for exploring the evolution of DMM towards SDN, including the identification of DMM design principles and challenges. Based on this investigation, we propose a SDN-based DMM solution which is evaluated against our baseline from analytic and experimental viewpoints.

S pinel

Nowadays, various static wireless sensor networks (WSN) are deployed in the environment for many purposes: traffic control, pollution monitoring, and so on. The willingness to open these legacy WSNs to the users is emerging, by integrating them to the Internet network as part of the future Internet of Things (IoT), for example, in the context of smart cities and open data policies. While legacy sensors cannot be directly connected to the Internet in general, emerging standards such as 6LoWPAN are aimed at solving this issue but require us to update or replace the existing devices. As a solution to connect legacy sensors to the IoT, we propose to take advantage of the multi-modal connectivity as well as the mobility of smartphones to use phones as opportunistic proxies , that is, mobile proxies that opportunistically discover closeby static sensors and act as intermediaries with the IoT, with the additional benefit of bringing fresh information about the environment to the smartphones’ owners. However, this requires us to monitor the smartphone’s mobility and further infer when to discover and register the sensors to guarantee the efficiency and reliability of opportunistic proxies. To that end, we introduce and evaluate an approach based on mobility analysis that uses a novel path prediction technique to predict when and where the user is not moving, and thereby serves to anticipate the registration of sensors within communication range. We show that this technique enables the deployment of low-cost resource-efficient mobile proxies to connect legacy WSNs with the IoT.

Uneven lithic landscapes: Raw material procurement and economic organization among the Late/Terminal Classic Maya in Western Belize

Examinations of landscape-level resources, particularly lithic raw material sources, are generally associated with hunter-gatherer and mobile societies; the distribution and source locations of such materials are used as proxies for mobility and territorial ranges. The variable locations of lithic raw material sources also affect sedentary societies, influencing the economic role of these materials and the administration of the raw material sources. This paper addresses the effect of uneven resource distributions across the landscape in sedentary societies, specifically the Late to Terminal Classic Maya (670–890 CE), through a case study of chert resources from the Mopan Valley, Belize. This paper discusses the role of the localness and commonality of lithic raw material sources in influencing individuals' access to source areas and involvement in lithic production, illustrating that not only the local or non-local nature of the source area, but also the frequency of source areas within a region, influence the economic organization of lithic resource extraction and production.

The role of grain-size ratio in the mobility of mixed granular beds

The main goal of the study was to understand the effects of grain-size distribution on the stability of beds in the sand-silt range, which is a critical subject for the understanding of geomorphological processes in aquatic environments. Although theoretical models can explain the mobilization of a mixed bed, there is a clear lack in knowledge regarding the stabilizing effect of non-cohesive fine material. To connect existing findings, we analysed bed stability in relation to grain-size distribution in laboratory experiments. Erosion experiments in an annular flume were conducted using beds of different size compositions of spherical glass beads, i.e. a) the grain-size ratio RD=D50,coarse/D50,fine (the relative size of coarse and fine grains; D50=39–367μm) and b) the amount of fines. Several glass-bead combinations with unimodal and bimodal grain-size distributions (RD=3.9, 5.8, and 9.4) and varying fine fractions (10–40% dry weight) were subjected to increasing flow speeds (0.01–0.19ms−1). Using acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV) and optical backscatter, the flow profile in the vicinity of the bed surface, the changes in bed morphology, and the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) were measured. A new method was developed to evaluate the bed-level changes detected by the ADV as a proxy for the bed mobility. We found different modes of bed mobility depending on the grain-size ratio. For low grain-size ratios, an increase in the fine fraction (to 40%) led to increased bed-level changes during the experiment and the mobilization of the mixed bed at the highest flow speed. For high ratios an increase in fine fraction (to 40%) led to a decrease of bed-level changes and the beds remained stable, i.e. no bed forms developed even at the highest flow speed. Therefore, increasing the amount of fine particles can lead to different modes of behaviour depending on the grain-size ratio. For a bimodal sediment bed with spherical grains under unidirectional flow conditions, the grain-size ratio can be used to estimate the bed mobility, i.e. to evaluate if a bed is likely to mobilize at flow speeds of up to 0.19ms−1. Hence, for the stability of a non-cohesive, mixed bed in the sand-silt range, the grain-size ratio plays a fundamental role, while the amount of fine grains is a secondary factor.

Energy-Aware Group LBS Using D2D Offloading and M2M-Based Mobile Proxy Handoff Mechanisms Over the Mobile Converged Networks

Since smart phones are always equipped with both cellular and Wi-Fi interfaces, this paper exploits the feasibility of the Wi-Fi-based device-to-device offloading mechanism to reduce cellular traffic. In our group location-based service (LBS) scenario, a group of users travel outdoors together and utilize their smart phones to form a mobile converged network, which is composed of cellular and Wi-Fi networks, to download and share the neighboring LBS data. Due to the wide-range coverage of the cellular network and the keeping-moving characteristic of users, one of these smart phones is selected to play the role of mobile proxy to download the shared LBS data using its cellular interface and then disseminate to other members using multicast over the Wi-Fi network, in which one adaptive FEC mechanism is adopted to tackle the packet loss situation. Besides, a user-transparent machine-to-machine-based mobile proxy handoff mechanism is devised such that each smart phone can play the role of mobile proxy alternately to evenly consume each smart phone’s power and thus extend the service time of the group LBS scenario. That is, the proposed offloading mechanism not only offloads the cellular network traffic but also reduces the power consumption.