Provision Of Social Protection Research Articles

The level of provision and distribution of social protection as a political problem

The level of provision and distribution of social protection as a political problem

Globalisation, Unemployment, and Poverty: The Need for a New Perspective on Social Protection in Malaysia

The integration of an economy to the global market, even when it leads to a higher standard of living, usually results in economic uncertainties and insecurity, as well as eroding social values and traditions of the society. Some people may gain, while some others may lose out from it, which may cause distributive conflicts to emerge. The economic uncertainties and insecurity, as well as the distributive conflicts that arise from globalisation, could disrupt the economy from securing the benefits of globalisation, and consequently could pose an impediment to economic growth. Hence, some scholars has argued that globalisation also increases the demand for greater role of government to stabilise the economy in terms of providing adequate social protection, if the benefits from globalisation are to be realised. This paper attempts to examine the impact of globalisation on the welfare of the Malaysian society, particularly on unemployment and poverty, and discusses the issues and challenges with regards to the provision of social protection in Malaysia. The paper argues that Malaysia needs a new perspective on social protection, as the existing institutions are deemed inadequate in providing protection to the society in the globalised economy.

THE ROLE OF SOCIAL AND PERSONAL INSURANCE IN PROVIDING PUBLIC WELFARE IN UKRAINE

Introduction. Achieving public welfare is impossible without an effective social protection system, which combines pension insurance, social insurance, health care, as well as material support in difficult life situations. Low budget funding for social protection of population necessitates the use of insurance instruments to neutralize major social risks. However, the role of social and personal insurance in the financial provision of social protection remains insufficient, and its potential in improving the welfare of Ukrainians is underestimated. However, the role of social and personal insurance in the financial provision of social protection remains insufficient, and its potential in improving the welfare of Ukrainians is underestimated. The purpose is to define the role and outline the prospects for the development of social and personal insurance in the context of ensuring public welfare in Ukraine. Results. The essence and main components of social welfare are revealed. It was found that the level of well-being of Ukrainians is ten times lower than in European countries. There are the main negative factors which influence the social protection system defined, in particular: low income and rising expenditures of the Pension Fund of Ukraine and the Social Insurance Fund of Ukraine, the widespread practice of minimizing SSPs by refusing to enter into classic employment contracts in favor of civil agreements with individual entrepreneurs, reduction of the number of insured persons working for hire, high level of labor emigration of Ukrainians. The health care system impact on the growth of public welfare in Ukraine is analyzed. The inefficiency of the current financial support model of the health care system is substantiated, which makes it necessary for households to pay for most of the cost of medical services. Tendencies in the development of the domestic health insurance market are highlighted. Perspectives. It is proposed to revise the principles of building accumulative pension insurance and introduce a budget-insurance model of financing the health care system, which will help to improve the welfare of the population of Ukraine.

The relevance of institutions and people’s preferences in the PSNP and IN‐SCT programmes in Ethiopia

AbstractThe effective implementation of social protection interventions is key for achieving positive change. The existing literature mainly focuses on issues related to programme design and impact, rather than the factors that influence the emergence, expansion and provision of these programmes. This article builds on the recent literature that indicates that the quality of institutions and people’s preferences play an important role in the implementation of social protection. It does so by using Ethiopia and its Productive Safety Net Programme – one of the largest social protection programmes in sub‐Saharan Africa – as a case study, thereby contributing to debates on how to implement social protection more effectively, particularly in settings of widespread poverty and relatively low levels of institutional capacity. Based on primary qualitative data, the article finds that greater institutional quality at the local level is associated with the more effective provision of social protection. The ability of community members and social protection clients to voice preferences can lead to adaptations in implementation, although the extent to which this occurs is highly gendered.

Стан і тенденції розвитку фінансового забезпечення соціального захисту в Україні

The article considers the state and tendencies of development of financial provision of social protection in Ukraine. Modern problems of financing the sphere of social protection of the population in Ukraine are revealed. The importance of understanding the social protection of the population as a system of financial relations necessary to compensate for social risks and ensure social security is substantiated. The essence and features of financial provision of social protection of the population are revealed. The research of directions of budgetary financing of social sphere at the state level is carried out. The financial mechanism of realization of social protection which provides formation of the sources of the financial resources directed on performance of the corresponding programs and actions, and also the substantiated choice of methods, forms and levers of their use is investigated. It is proved that one of the significant obstacles to the effective implementation of social policy in our country is the insufficient level of its financial security in combination with irrational planning, distribution and inefficient use of available financial resources.

Uninsured citizens in the period of the Greek economic crisis: Health, income, housing. The case of an Attica Region Municipality.

Introduction: In Greece, the implementation of the Fiscal Adjustment Programs was combined with policies of economic austerity resulting in high levels of unemployment and exclusion from health insurance for a large proportion of the population. Aim: This study explores the demographic and socio-economic characteristics and the health status of the uninsured citizens in one of the biggest Municipalities in Attica region. The study covers the period 2012-2016, during the economic crisis in Greece. Methods: Data stemming from official documents, from individual files of 1,738 uninsured citizens were processed. Possible associations between population characteristics and chronic disease categories were examined, using the chi-square test and univariable/multivariable analysis for chronic disease as an outcome. Results: Almost forty-two percent (41.7%) of the study population suffered from a chronic disease; with the 48% of those patients having zero real annual income and 60.4% being hosted by a relative or an acquaintance. Of the sample diagnosed with a mental illness 71% lived as guests to friends or relatives. Diagnosis with cancer appeared to be more related to zero income, compared to other chronic disease categories (72.7%, p <0.001). In the multivariable model, male gender (OR=1.70 95% CI: 1.35-2.13), age (OR=1.03 95% CI: 1.02-1.04) and guest status (OR=1.57 95% CI: 1.24-2.00) were associated with a chronic disease. Conclusions: In Greece, in the midst of the economic crisis, uninsured citizens with chronic illness are called upon to manage their health problem with zero income and housing problems. A key strategy to address such a prospect of further health degradation of the particular population group can only be the strengthening and reorganization of the provision of social protection and health services around a primary care model developed and functioning at community level, with as its basic principle, universal and equal access to it, for all citizens.

ІНСТИТУЦІЙНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПРОЦЕСУ СОЦІАЛЬНОГО ЗАХИСТУ ОСІБ З ІНВАЛІДНІСТЮ

The article states that citizens with disabilities are among all segments of the population of any society. These are people with such health problems as lesions of the musculoskeletal system and the central and peripheral nervous system; mental illness and mental retardation; lesions of the organs of hearing and eyesight; lesions of internal organs; cancer diseases, etc. Social protection of persons with disabilities at the state level is a reflection of the development of society as a whole. Over the past decades, there have been significant changes in the world regarding the treatment of people with disabilities. The basis of these changes is recognition of the equality of the rights of persons with disabilities to a full-fledged life in society and the creation of real conditions for rehabilitation and social integration of the disabled by the states. If in the past, their basis was mostly motives of charity for the disabled, now the state of observance of their rights, namely, the provision of adequate social protection and support, social integration, equal opportunities for self-realization, full-fledged life, education and employment, the attraction of the disabled to the spiritual, cultural, sports life. The wide range of problems faced by people with disabilities in Ukraine shows the need for strengthened and comprehensive attention from the state and society. Modern life forms the appropriate requirements for the social protection of this category of people. Practice shows that much of the socio-economic policies of the disabled are outdated and do not meet the needs of the present, nor is it consistent with universally accepted, highly humane international norms and standards. The legal field, although it contains many positive steps towards solving many problems of people with disabilities, is predominantly declarative, not provided with material resources and mechanisms of administrative implementation. Consequently, the existing system of social protection of the disabled requires significant changes and additions, and modernization.

City-to-city exchange: redefining “resilience” in the Arab region

PurposeIt might seem plausible to argue that effective monitoring of disaster data loss can help achieve progress in reporting to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) and the global targets of sustainable development goals and associated indicators. Nevertheless, with the lack of climate change and disaster data losses in the Arab region, the integration of risks associated with socio-economic dimensions at the wider scale of displacement is important to shape a regional understanding of resilience terminology and provides the means of translating it. The purpose of this paper is to identify the means of redefining “Resilience” in the Arab region context of climate change, conflict and displacement in association with the theoretical principles of the “fragile city”.Design/methodology/approachIn an attempt to achieve the SFDRR target (E) “substantially increase the number of countries with national and local DRR strategies by 2020,” this study investigates the use of the (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction) disaster resilience scorecard as a guiding principle for city-to-city (C2C) resilience-building knowledge exchange between Amman (Jordan) and Khartoum (Sudan).FindingsFacing similar urban challenges against disaster and violent conflict-protracted displacement, the study findings indicate that the C2C exchange program was useful in understanding the cities’ urban risk profiles, promoting dialogue among local governments and creating a culture of learning organizations for knowledge sharing on DRR governance and beyond. However, the applied resilience assessments overlooked the qualitative and socio-ecological understanding of climate change risk and human security principles among the most vulnerable groups of refugees and internally displaced persons in fragile settings. This is recommended to be integrated into building coherence for resilience across the 2015-2030 Global Agendas reporting and monitoring mechanisms, leaving “no one behind”.Originality/valueThe C2C exchange program for Amman and Khartoum was an opportunity for understanding the cities’ urban risk profiles, addressing challenges and building “decentralized cooperation” beyond the cities’ institutional boundaries (UN Habitat, 2001), with recommendations for “selecting resilience indicators specific to fragile cities” to quantitatively measure disaster displaced persons’ (DDPs) vulnerabilities and current status of “income and social equality, microeconomic security, provision of basic services and social protection” while providing qualitative evidence on “social cohesion, social networks/social support and local government–community cooperation” (Patel and Nosal, 2016).

The role of Zakat in the provision of social protection

PurposeThis paper discusses the role of Zakat Funds in the provision of social protection in the Middle East and North Africa region, based on the examples of Jordan and Sudan. The purpose of this paper is to assess different modalities of Zakat in two countries where it is regulated in some form by the state.Design/methodology/approachFindings are based on a desk review of academic, peer-reviewed literature as well as reports published by international organisations and information provided online by governments and national Zakat Funds. The choice of these countries was further motivated by the availability of literature in English and Arabic.FindingsThe extent to which Zakat can be used to finance social protection measures varies not only in the way it is collected and administered, but also with the country’s geographic and political conditions. In Sudan, Zakat is mandatory and reaches proportionally more households than in Jordan. While the Quran establishes the eight categories for those who should receive Zakat, the selection in both countries is at the discretion of the Funds’ administrators.Originality/valueThe topic of Zakat is one that has received increased attention by researchers interested in Muslim values, social policy and public finance. However, little research has been produced on the intersections of these three topics.

Mapping differential vulnerabilities and rights: \u2018opening\u2019 access to social protection for forcibly displaced populations

In recent years, forcibly displaced populations have attracted enormous media attention as an increasing number of disasters and political conflicts push more and more people to move away from their homes and seek refuge and opportunities in other places. At the same time, political nervousness about the financial and institutional capability of ‘receiving’ locations to adequately respond to the needs of these large-scale population movements contributes to the shrinking space for thinking about the rights and needs of people on the move. It is precisely because of these global trends that the plight of forcibly displaced populations is becoming more precarious and vulnerable, yet standard social protection provision rarely attends to the plight of these people. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate the remit and implications for including a consideration of forcibly displaced populations (including internally displaced people, refugees and asylum seekers) within social protection policy and programming. Drawing on a limited number of recent initiatives, we suggest some ways in which social protection can be ‘opened’ for these groups.

Linking Social Rights to Active Citizenship for the Most Vulnerable: the Role of Rights and Accountability in the ‘Making’ and ‘Shaping’ of Social Protection

Social protection has the potential to provide a key interface between states and citizens. We consider how the institutional framing and design of social protection can be adapted from top-down forms of provision to forms that stimulate vulnerable citizens to make rights-based claims and demand accountability for their entitlements. A conceptual framework is developed that illustrates three channels through which citizenship can be engaged through social accountability mechanisms and in the context of social protection provision. Drawing on case studies, we highlight the different contexts in which the design and delivery of social protection can open up spaces for different forms of citizenship engagement and expression. Through opening up institutional spaces where citizens can engage with the state, and each other, we conclude that social protection is uniquely placed to build the economic, social and political capabilities of citizens.

Emerging Dynamics of Labour Market Inequality in India: Migration, Informality, Segmentation and Social Discrimination

Evidence for three decades or more indicates that wage inequality has consistently increased in most labour market segments in India. This paper focuses on how informalisation, migration, segmentation, and social discrimination, which operate most significantly at the lower end of the labour market, have contributed to well-being deficits and rising labour market inequality. There is a large and growing wage gap between formal and informal workers in the organised sector after controlling for other characteristics of the workers. On average, workers who are allocated formal or informal work in the organised sector have very similar characteristics. Across both formal and informal work, while education and experience improves wages, female and low-social-status workers have lower wages, controlling for other characteristics. This paper argues that seasonal and circular labour migrants form a growing segment of the informally employed. Poor and low-caste workers form a disproportionate proportion of such workers. Seasonal/circular migrant workers usually form the lowest rung of labour at organised sector work sites. They are segmented and fragmented by the recruitment process and along lines of caste, sex, ethnicity, language and region. This segmentation and fragmentation creates the basis for capital to acquire low-cost, highly flexible labour, who work long hours and take up the most dangerous work. This paper shows that the process of labour segmentation in Indian labour markets builds on well-entrenched processes of social discrimination but has assumed new forms as the workforce has become more mobile and informalised. Gender-based labour segmentation builds on the culturally determined social reproduction responsibilities of female workers and other socio-cultural factors. This paper concludes that while the above processes are linked to the underlying dynamics of capitalist growth in India, more equitable labour market outcomes at the bottom of the pyramid can be achieved through the provision of suitable social protection, sensible labour market regulation and a more comprehensive anti-discrimination framework.

Dynamics of Social Protection in Context of Structural and Institutional Performances: A Disaggregate Analysis for Pakistan

This paper analyzes the dynamics of social protection expenditures in the context of structural and institutional characteristics across provinces in Pakistan. A rank and regression analysis is employed on a panel dataset for four provinces of Pakistan namely Khyber Pakhtunkhwa(KP), Balochistan, Sindh, and Punjab; over a period of 1988 to 2014.The analysis shows that KP gave more preference to education, health and, social security and welfare, and rank at the top in the respective social protection parameter. However, considering the structural and institutional features, KP shows a better performance in all social protection categories except social security and welfare. Punjab is in worst condition with respect to fiscal space generation, structural and institutional features in all social protection channels. Balochistan has better fiscal budget for subsidies and transfers but hasthe least structural and institutional features in utilizing these funds optimally. The Sindh province has the better structural and institutional performance for social protection provision but has comparatively low fiscal space for them. Theregression analysis results indicate that most of the structural and institutional features played a significant role in the determination of fiscal space for the concerned provinces. For Policy prospects, Sindh government needs to enhance the fiscal space for social protection purposes, whereas KP and Balochistan need to improve the required structural and institutional performance. In the case of Punjab, there is a need to enhance their fiscal space for social protection along with improved structural and institutional performances

The Obstacles in Fulfilling Social Protection for Indonesian Women Migrant Workers in Malaysia from 2016 to 2018

According to BNP2TKI, Malaysia is the most popular destination country for Indonesian Women Migrant Workers (IWMW), as well as at the top list of IWMW complaints. One of those complaints is regarding the social protection issue. The provision of social protection for IWMW is still limited while it is part of migrant’s rights. The Malaysian government has put some regulations that command its institutions to provide the protections both to its citizens and non-citizens. This study found three big constraints of procuring social protection to IWMW in Malaysia; they were legal barriers, problems in the regulation of Indonesia, and Malaysia immigration policy. In this article, the author analyzed those constraints using feminist theory. This article found that social protection in Malaysia has not fully considered women’s perspectives and experiences while being critical. Furthermore, migration arrangements, both in Indonesia and Malaysia, are also problematic. Those three factors will be discussed in detail using a feminist perspective in looking at the whole problem and the relationship between the patriarchal system and the economy that suppress women.

Social protection of the population of Ukraine in the context of social policy and integration processes

The subject of the work the conditions, characteristics and trends of creation of effective system of social protection of the population. The aim of this work is to study the main directions of state social policy in the context of integration processes. The methodology of work. The work is done on the basis of studies of modern scientific views on the definition of the nature and development of social protection and social policy in Ukraine under conditions of integration processes. The results of the work. The article is devoted to social protection issues in the context of social policy, because the main objective of this policy is improving the welfare and the promotion of comprehensive state protection of the intellectual potential of society, given the characteristics of integration processes. Assessed the status and trends of development of financial provision of social protection in Ukraine and assess its compliance with the European norms and standards. Formulated proposals for the development of system of financial provision of social protection in Ukraine in the context of processes of European integration. Conclusions. The analysis of current formations of the essence of the term "social protection" have shown that it is interpreted by scientists around the same, this implies a system of measures which compensate for the social inequality of citizens, to ensure equal access of every person to a certain minimum of social benefits, to protect every individual against social risks, which always have a place in human life. Ascertained the need and trends of gradual reform of the social protection system in Ukraine with the aim of as close as possible to her baseline conditions in the relevant international norms and standards embodied in ILO instruments and European Union, which are designed to guarantee a decent life to every person upon the occurrence of the relevant social risks regardless of gender, age, duration of stay in a particular country.

Sustaining Social Protection and Provision: the front line in the battle for the Good Society.

In an era when social policy priorities are subordinated to regressive capitalist agendas, sustaining collective commitments to social protection and social provision defines the front line of the battle for the good society. The conflict manifests itself across a range of arenas, but health is analytically archetypal. This introductory article for the special issue assumes the dynamics of the contradiction between the inherently collective character of health provision and capitalist insistence on using individual consumption valued in market prices to measure societal success. Left unchecked, the elite bloc whose agenda is defined by pursuit of the interests of capital will destroy existing social provision and protection, making societies, especially in the Global South, ugly places to live for ordinary citizens. The articles in this volume leave us with a challenge: how can we construct the oppositional agency necessary to expand and strengthen social provision and protection in an era of regressive capitalist domination?

Subcontracting Systems and Social Protection in the Informal Building Construction Industry in Lagos, Nigeria

Subcontracting systems are entrenched in the building construction process in Nigeria. However, the implications for informal building construction industry workers' access to social protection measures are a cause for concern. This study examined the influence of subcontracting systems on access to social protection measures by workers in the informal building construction industry in Lagos, Nigeria, based on a cross-sectional research design, agency theory and the general theory of employment. The secondary and primary data used for the study were derived from a systematic review of relevant literature, a questionnaire administered to 908 respondents and 50 key informant interviews among informal building construction workers and subcontractors. The structured questionnaire was subjected to internal and external validity; the Cronbach's Alpha reliability test of the survey stood at 0.722. Data extracted from the structured questionnaire and interviews were analysed through the use of descriptive statistics, correlational analysis and narrative analysis. Findings revealed that workers got financial and health assistance from employers and government respectively. Results also show that informal building construction workers perceived provision of social protection as inadequate. The results of Pearson Correlation indicate that subcontracting systems have an inverse and statistically significant relationship with access to free or subsidised medical care, the remedy to accident on site and pattern of savings. Therefore, subcontracting systems influenced the availability of social protection measures significantly. Based on the findings and the important roles of subcontractors in the building construction industry, it is recommended that appropriate legislative instrument should be developed to address the challenges posed by subcontracting concerning access to social protection measures in the informal building construction industry. It is also suggested that steps should be taken by the government to promote formalisation of employment in the informal sector and support community-based social insurance schemes in Nigeria.
 Keywords: Building construction, Informal economy, Lagos, Social protection, Subcontracting systems.

ЯКІСТЬ ЖИТТЯ НАСЕЛЕННЯ, ЯК ІНСТРУМЕНТ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНОЇ ПРИВАБЛИВОСТІ КРАЇНИ

Introduction . The article deals with the causal relationships of investment attractiveness of the country with factors that ensure the dynamics of social growth. It is established that there is a close relationship between investment processes and the growth of the level and quality of life of people. It is determined that sustainable development of the economy, which is based on economic growth, and focused on the satisfaction of material and spiritual needs, is ensured while preserving the balance of historical ecosystems . Purpose . The purpose of the article is to study the level of influence of the quality of life of the population on the investment attractiveness of the country. Methods. Solving the tasks set in the article is carried out with the help of such general scientific and special research methods: analysis and synthesis, systematization and synthesis, a dialectical approach. Results. The substantiation of the theoretical and methodological basis for determining the vectors of the impact of the quality of life of the population on the investment attractiveness of the country as an important component of the effective functioning of the country in market conditions of management. Originality. The article substantiates the necessity of raising the level and quality of life of the population as one of the key conditions for increasing the investment attractiveness of the country, proposes a practical mechanism for building a quality of life management system and identifies the factors influencing its effectiveness, which will allow the country to increase its competitiveness in market conditions of management. Conclusion . So, for Ukraine, in modern conditions, it is necessary to renew the social function of the state, one can confidently speak about the ineffectiveness of conducting economic and social policies in the state. It is necessary to ensure a fair balance of interests of various social groups with the interests of the entire society. A social should become synonymous with state for a man. Therefore, provision of social protection of the individual, normal living conditions of a citizen and his family should start the development of a with a market economy and social orientation.

IMPERATIVES OF BUDGETARY FINANCING OF SOCIAL PROTECTION AND SOCIAL SECURITY IN UKRAINE

Introduction. The state of financial provision of social protection at the expense of budgetary funds is an important issue for each state. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to scientifically substantiate the theoretical foundations of social protection of the population and the sources of its financial support. Results. Expenditures on social protection of the population occupy a significant place in the state expenditures of Ukraine. Through the system of social protection during 2010–2016, about 23% of GDP was allocated. A tendency towards a decrease in their share (in 2016 – 18,2%) was revealed. Budget financing takes the lead in the system of sources of financial support. Due to the budget system, 10.8% is distributed, while in the structure of total expenditures of the Consolidated Budget expenditures on social protection and social security make up 59,6%. A comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of volumes and structure of budget financing during 2007–2017 was conducted. A tendency towards annual growth of expenditures on social protection has been established, and it has been found that their growth rates during the investigated period significantly exceeded GDP growth rates. A significant level of centralization is established. Such a situation requires the optimization of budgetary expenditures on social security and social security and the modernization of sources of their financial support. Conclusions. The main vectors for improving the budget financing of social protection and social security in Ukraine are: – decentralization of budget financing of social protection and social security; – provision of social transfers based on the verification of the property and financial status of the recipients; – the targeted nature of social assistance; – monetization of subsidies; – optimization of the state policy in the labor market with a view to its rapid adaptation to structural changes taking place in the economy; since socially-market economy is aimed not only at social protection, but also the creation of such an organizational and economic mechanism that would contribute to reducing the part of the population that needs state paternalistic care (social assistance).

Dealing with Inequities in India and China: A Comparative Study of Welfare Provisions

Comparative studies of India and China are in vogue all over the world for various reasons. But not much has been written about the recent welfare provisions in these countries—both of them have huge populations and vast inequities to deal with. Both of them had been under planned economies and have been dealing with economic liberalisation since the 1980s. China started the process a decade ahead of India. It could do so being run by an authoritarian party, whereas India had to face a lot of resistance being a democracy. In both the countries, the state had to come forward to deal with socio-economic and regional inequities enhanced in the process of neo-liberalism. We find a shift in these countries from welfare to paternalism, from redistribution in the name to equity to social protection through social insurance, from government benevolence to contribution-based provisions, etc. The article seeks to compare and contrast the recent social protection and welfare provisions that are low-cost but effective on massive scale and draw some important lessons. An attempt is made to understand the emergence of new laws and find out how they are conceptualised and operationalised. It also covers the risks involved in direct cash transfers and redefining the relationship among state, market and society in ensuring the wellbeing of the most disadvantaged citizens. The methodology adopted is analytical, comparative and empirical.