Provision Of Public Transport Services Research Articles

Ekolohichni ta enerhoefektyvni pidkhody do zabezpechennia innovarsiinoho rozvytku munitsypalnohoi transportnoi lohistyky

Introduction. Climate change, limitation of natural energy resources indicate the increasing role of ecological and energy security. The actual issue is the usage of ecological types of transport, improving the municipal transport management system. According to this, the article is devoted to research of innovative directions of development of municipal transport logistics based on sustainable development principles.Methods. The methodological basis of the research is the general scientific and economic-statistical methods: analysis, synthesis, statistical method – to investigate the international experience of reforming the transport system; inductions and deductions – to determine directions of development of municipal transport logistics of Ukraine; abstract-logical, economic-mathematical programming – to evaluate the conditions of the using ecological and energy efficient approaches to providing innovative development of the transport system in cities.Results. The article investigates the international experience of reforming the transport system on the basis of municipal ecology and development of «smart» cities. In the context of the using ecological and energy efficient approaches to reforming municipal transport logistics, public transport, the topical issue is the development of algorithms for implementing the Internet of things and artificial intelligence into the transport system. The priority directions of innovative development of municipal transport logistics in Ukraine are the digitization of processes of traffic management, diversification of ecological and energy efficient types of transport, forming partnerships between energy service companies and transport service providers.The article evaluates the conditions of the using ecological and energy efficient approaches to providing innovative development of the transport system in cities. This process is aimed at optimization of the usage of ecological types of transport, highlighting common priorities of the transport logistics development. The modeling of relationship between the usage of ecological types of transport and the level of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere is considered. For the purpose of innovative development of municipal transport logistics on the principles of municipal ecology and energy efficiency, the improvement of bicycle infrastructure in cities, the development of partnerships between energy service companies and public transport service providers are proposed.Discussion. The prospect of further research is to develop a model for optimizing the management of ecological and energy efficient transport in cities, developing partnerships between energy service companies and public transport service providers.

Exploring the possibility of MaaS service in Thailand, implications from the existing conditions and experts' opinions on “Who should be the MaaS provider in Bangkok?”

Mobility-as-a-Service or MaaS is the emerging transport solution that services a package of mobility to customers. MaaS aims to give a new travel experience to travelers, in terms of access to the services and seamless trips on one single platform. The organization of MaaS requires a new player, a MaaS provider, who mediates the travelers (customers) and transport services. The MaaS provider takes the roles of data provider, integrator, and MaaS operator. In many pilot and implementation of MaaS schemes around the world, the MaaS providers come from various stakeholders and employ various business models. MaaS providers are crucial in that they lead the cooperation among all stakeholders and are the driving force of the services. In Bangkok, Thailand, where MaaS is a relatively new concept, the identification of a suitable MaaS provider was explored. Taking the local transport conditions, both demand and service conditions, scenarios of probable MaaS providers were investigated. The study method included literature reviews and collection of present transport setting, including the organizational arrangement. Expert interview and focus group meeting were used to form a concrete understanding and to imply the possibility of the MaaS provider in Bangkok. Three scenarios of Maas providers were set: public transport service provider, private transport service provider and third party, and Public Private Partnership. The results disclose issues that need to be resolved if the stakeholder would serve as the MaaS provider. Several implications are drawn to set the directions of MaaS development and a possible MaaS provider in Bangkok.

Pedestrians and Visual Signs of Intent

Autonomous Passenger Shuttles (APS) are rapidly becoming an urban public transit alternative. Traversing populous commercial and residential centers, these shuttles are already operating in several cities. In the absence of a human driver and embedded means of communicating the autonomous shuttle's intent, the task of seamlessly navigating crosswalks and pedestrian-friendly zones becomes a challenging pursuit for pedestrians. We contribute to the emerging notion of AV-Pedestrian Interaction by examining the context of autonomous passenger shuttles (APS) in real-world settings, and by comparing four different classes of visual signals -- namely instructional, symbolic, metaphorical, and anthropomorphic -- designed to communicate the shuttle's intentions. Following a participatory methodology involving local residents and public transport service provider, and working within the framework of inflexible road traffic regulations concerning the operation and testing of autonomous vehicles, we conducted a participatory design workshop, a qualitative, and a survey study. The findings revealed differences across these four classes of signals in terms of pedestrians' subjective perceptions. Anthropomorphic signals were identified as the preferred and effective modality in terms of pedestrians' interpretation of the communicated intent and their perceived sense of attention, confidence, and calmness. Additionally, pedestrians' experiences while judging the intention of transitionary vehicular states (starting/slowing) were reported as perplexing and evoked stress. These findings were translated into design and policy implications in collaboration with other stakeholders, and exemplify a viable way for assimilating human factors research in urban mobility.

Selecting an optimal contractual payment model for Istanbul's public bus operators using non-linear mathematical programming

In this study, an optimum payment model is suggested for Istanbul's public bus transport operators by modelling the expectations of passengers, operators and the transport authority. Their expectations also involve non-linear relationships, hence a non-linear mathematical programming is utilized in the paper. The commercial payment, gross-cost and performance-based gross cost payment models are the alternatives to be considered instead of the net-cost model due to its service quality problems in Istanbul's context. According to the model results, a gross cost payment model is recommended for Istanbul. By offering a consensus-based middle ground between the transport actors, the model provides a way for improvement in public transport service provision especially for developing cities where regulatory and institutional context is hard to change.

The influence of regulatory environments on public transport service provision: A British case study

The influence of regulatory environments on public transport service provision: A British case study

Asuransi Kecelakaan Kendaraan Bermotor Roda Dua Sebagai Moda Transportasi Umum Berbasis Online

This research focuses on two discussions, first, to analyze the arrangement of accident insurance for two-wheeled motor vehicles as a mode of online-based public transportation in Law No. 22 of 2009 on Traffic and Road Transportation (LLAJ Law). Second, to analyze the mechanism of insurance fulfillment for losses arising from the accidents of two-wheeled motor vehicle as an online-based public transportation mode. This research is a normative legal study. It concludes that first, PT. Jasa Raharja cannot provide protection for people who take the two-wheeled motor vehicles as a means of public transportation, because such vehicles are not included as the public motor vehicles according to the LLAJ Law. However, the providers of public transportation services with two-wheeled motor vehicles as the means of transportation can partner-up with the private insurance companies, or they can provide their own insurance system. Second, if the insurance is not provided, then public transportation service providers can be deemed as default based on the terms and conditions that have been made. Improvements to the LLAJ Law are necessary especially regarding the unclear provisions relating to the accountability of public transport companies and technology-based application provider companies.

BMTC e-pass Application

Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) is a prominent public transport service provider in Bengaluru. It makes commuting favourable and cheap compared to other modes of transport within the city. The organization enhances its services by analyzing passenger demands and providing them the necessary services. BMTC working model is coagulating with information technology in terms of ITS (Intelligent Transport System- Global Positioning System [GPS] enabled buses, electronic ticketing machine [ETM]). In spite of these advancements, it charges its service fares through paper tickets and passes which need to be purchased by paying cash. In the Digital era, technological solutions pave the way for digitizing mechanisms for traditional methods or problems and synchronizing information in real-time. These paper pass which proves to be beneficiary for passengers are being misused by means of transferring, reusing the day pass when there is lack of inspection. We have designed a solution to overcome misuse and also to encourage digital transaction for a cashless economy. The solution is mobile application electronic pass (e-pass).

Does Regular School Transport Influence the Provision of Public Transport Services? Evidence From Norway

Basic education and public transport services are often provided by local or regional governments. In Norway, they fall within the remit of two different tiers of government, with public transport being the responsibility of regional government (fylke), while basic education (primary and secondary schools) is the responsibility of local government (kommune).
 Current efforts to consolidate and reorganize the school structure have yielded mixed results. On the one hand, such changes can help reduce public spending by exploiting economies of scale in the provision of education, for instance by having fewer and larger schools. On the other hand, they are likely to lead to cost increases by expanding the geographic coverage of school transport. Furthermore, transporting schoolchildren during peak commuting hours may exacerbate cost increases for regional governments.
 Our paper examines the cost effect of changing the school structure with respect to transport provision. Applying econometric analysis to panel datasets at the municipal and regional levels, we seek to identify the impact of the number of pupils and school size on the costs of providing school transport. We combine these data with data on transport provision to look at the effects of school-related transport on costs and competitive tendering in public transport. We show that a school closure can increase the cost of providing public transportation both by increasing the cost of maintaining the current level of public transport services and by necessitating the expansion of the supply. The empirical results indicate that municipalities’ economic gains from school consolidation generally outweigh the corresponding cost increases related to the provision of public transport.

Evaluating new participative city logistics concepts: The case of cargo hitching

Five years ago the project Cargo Hitching started with the goal to use the unused capacity of public transport passenger vehicles for freight and parcel transport. Like many new city logistics initiatives it is a difficult challenge to setup a profitable private business model. A rural pilot project was developed in the East of the Netherlands, building on Dutch government funding (Dinalog), with several Dutch universities, the province of Gelderland, public transport service provider Connexxion and city logistics service provider Binnenstadservice. The paper describes how viability for the cargo hitching project was organized, providing important social and environmental benefits as well as a sustainable business model for the system.

Innovation Activity Development of Urban Public Transport Service Providers: Multifactor Economic and Mathematical Model

Systematization literary sources and approaches for solving the problem of ecologists of «smart» city indicates that among factors that probably can affect the innovativeness of Ukrainian providers of urban public transport services have been used environmental factor, marketing expenses, financial potential, wear rate, level of quality of service, level of management skills, market share, tariff for passenger transportation. The purpose of the study is to identify the ways to improve the innovativeness of urban public transport service providers of the regional centres of Ukraine. The main aim of the research is to estimate the impact of several factor variables on the resulting attribute used multivariate regression analysis, which provided an adequate model. A significant contribution to the development of the theory and methodology of management of urban public transport enterprises were made by Nunes, Krasnyanskiy, Umpleby, Walters, Huang, Morchadze. The results of the evaluation of the innovativeness of Ukrainian providers of urban public transport services carried out based on the mathematical multifactor model are presented in the article. In January-March 2018, the authors initiated a study on the current state of urban public transport in regional Ukrainian cities. Methodological tools of the research were multivariate correlation-regression analysis and survey (the requests for public information were submitted by the Law of Ukraine «On Access to Public Information» to all city councils of Ukraine's regions except temporarily occupied territories). The study included a survey of 20 experts (marketers and experienced managers of transport companies) to determine weighting factors and the level of innovativeness through questionnaires. The expert evaluation was carried out using the marks method. The research has shown that the size of the innovativeness of providers of public transport services can be successfully interpreted through functional and statistical dependencies, which reflect the general and individual laws of the development of such entities using multi-factor mathematical models. The econometric model was tested for the adequacy with the Fisher criterion and the presence of autocorrelation. The research empirically confirms and theoretically proves thatsuch controllable factors are an environmental factor, financial potential, level of quality of service, level of management skills, the tariff for passenger transportation. The model can be used to predict the influence of controllable factors at the level of the innovativeness of providers of urban public transport services. The results of the research can be useful for scientific and practical workers, teachers, students of higher educational establishments. Keywords: econometric model, factors of innovativeness, innovativeness, urban transport, ecologists.

Public transport service relating to safety

Urban areas are experiencing rapid population growth now. The presence of public transport modes does not automatically solve transportation problems especially safety issues for users. This study presents the results of research on public transport services relating to safety, including the provision of public transportation services by government and private parties as well as the utilization of public transportation services by the public. Content surveys conducted on 332 public transport vehicles in the form of cars and buses. Public transportation data obtained through questionnaires and interviews at terminals, shelters, and centers in districts throughout Indonesia. The variation of public transport modes is limited to four-wheeled and conventional mode only. The results of the discussion show that public transport companies that organize public transportation on the route have not met the minimum service standards of public transport. The dominant facilities available on public transport are still below the minimum standard. The results of the discussion concluded that to improve the transport service for the government is required to play a role in making the policy of transport management and in law enforcement so that the transport service can be more integrated with transport network.

A systematic analysis of multimodal transport systems with road space distribution and responsive bus service

A smart design of transport systems involves efficient use and allocation of the limited urban road capacity in the multimodal environment. This paper intends to understand the system-wide effect of dividing the road space to the private and public transport modes and how the public transport service provider responds to the space changes. To this end, the bimodal dynamic user equilibrium is formulated for separated road space. The Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) model is employed to depict the dynamics of the automobile traffic for its state-dependent feature, its inclusion of hypercongestion, and its advantage of capturing network topology. The delay of a bus trip depends on the running speed which is in turn affected by bus lane capacity and ridership. Within the proposed bimodal framework, the steady-state equilibrium traffic characteristics and the optimal bus fare and service frequency are analytically derived. The counter-intuitive properties of traffic condition, modal split, and behavior of bus operator in the hypercongestion are identified. To understand the interaction between the transport authority (for system benefit maximization) and the bus operator (for its own benefit maximization), we examine how the bus operator responds to space changes and how the system benefit is influenced with the road space allocation. With responsive bus service, the condition, under which expanding bus lane capacity is beneficial to the system as a whole, has been analytically established. Then the model is applied to the dynamic framework where the space allocation changes with varying demand and demand-responsive bus service. We compare the optimal bus services under different economic objectives, evaluate the system performance of the bimodal network, and explore the dynamic space allocation strategy for the sake of social welfare maximization.

Gated university campus and its implications for socio-spatial inequality: Evidence from students' accessibility to local public transport

Rapid urbanization has led to a massive transformation of urban space in China, spatially and socially. Its higher education has been growing much faster than ever before, along with an explosive increase of university students’ population. Different from the Western universities, a majority of Chinese university students are required to reside in gated campuses. Their accessibilities to public transport and subsequent spatial and social implications have been neglected in the literature. Taking Wuhan city as a case study, this paper aims to examine the public transport service to gated university campuses and its impacts on spatial and social inequalities. The spatial accessibility is measured by four methods: proximity-based, gravity-based, population-weighted average, and competition-based, using population data at residential building level. All the results have confirmed the presence of spatial and social inequalities in public transport accessibility for university campuses and students population. The study has also found that these inequalities are not contributed directly from the provision of public transport services but the closure of gated campus to the external public transport.

Workshop 5 report: Bridging the benefit / funding gap

This paper synthesizes evidence from Workshop 5 ‘Bridging the benefit/funding gap’ of the 15th International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport. This workshop focused on identifying and categorizing the benefits and costs of public transport service provision, with a particular focus on external benefits and costs. Examples were drawn from a range of service settings, with network effects and social inclusion each seen as potentially very important public transport service benefits. This led to discussion of proposals for funding public transport services and infrastructure in ways that better align benefit/cost incidence with funding flows. Road pricing and value capture associated with public transport infrastructure and services were seen as major funding opportunities. A major Workshop conclusion was that, taking account of the potential scale of public transport beneficial externalities and the value of (user) social inclusion benefits from public transport services, cost recovery rates for urban PT of well under 50% should commonly be expected, for welfare maximization, with rural fare cost-recovery rates lower than urban.

ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT USERS’ SATISFACTION USING QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT: BELGRADE CASE STUDY

This paper presents a case study using Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method to identify urban public transport users’ needs and requests and to improve service quality in urban public passenger transport in Belgrade. In order to determine users’ satisfaction, a direct interview – survey a sample of 15000 of urban public passenger transport system users, according to the defined questionnaire has been performed. Results of these interviews are used as input in the first stage of QFD method. An overall unit of eight features and a total of 48 sub-features were defined, which describes all aspects of quality of system and services in urban public passenger transport. The results show that for maximizing effects of quality of service improvement and satisfying customers’ requirements, the public transport service providers and managers in Belgrade should focus primarily on the service reliability and vehicle elements. The two most important quality of service sub-features in urban public passenger transport system in Belgrade based on frequency of statements of users was regularity with 4896 (32.64%) and vehicle comfort (not crowded vehicles) with 3446 (22.97%) statements. Based on the service features analysis within the house of quality, it was defined that the biggest influence is generated through system functioning parameters (reliability): frequency with relative importance 22.0%, staff (drivers) with relative importance 14.0% and headway with relative importance 13.0%. Based on absolute importance the greatest importance should be assigned to vehicle frequency – rank 1, staff (drivers) – rank 2 and headway – rank 3.

Modelling service-specific and global transit satisfaction under travel and user heterogeneity

Service provider administrators need to identify which perceived service quality (PSQ) elements are more relevant for users. By doing this, specific tactical and operational policies can be implemented to retain and attract new customers. In the public transport (PT) arena, few PSQ studies account for both service encounter and global satisfaction. Further, although some studies consider customer heterogeneity, we believe it has not been adequately captured. Regarding the problem of modelling PSQ from a PT service provider, we present a case study from Santiago, Chile. We analyse the PSQ derived from an extensive (n = 25,094) urban bus system satisfaction survey using structural equation models (SEM). Explicitly, we incorporate heterogeneity for both travel characteristics and sociodemographic attributes utilising a Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause (MIMIC) approach. We model two simultaneous regression equations regarding satisfaction with the bus-line (service encounter) being used and with the system (global), correcting for heterogeneity in all the satisfaction constructs via the SEM-MIMIC approach. Our main result is that the most critical variable for service encounter satisfaction is frequency/waiting time. For global satisfaction, the most significant attribute is tangibles/image, which includes satisfaction with the allied Metro service, with other users’ behaviour, and with information availability. As the perceived waiting time affects all satisfaction constructs negatively, we consider it a critical policy variable to tackle. Our model can serve as a planning tool for any PT administrator. The framework applies to any service setting with independent service-specific and global satisfaction attributes.

“I Drive outside of Peak Time to Avoid Traffic Jams—Public Transport Is Not Attractive Here.” Challenging Discourses on Travel to the University Campus in Manila

One of the major narratives in transport policy internationally concerns the promotion of private versus public modes. The Global North has many examples where public transport, walking and cycling networks are well developed, yet examples from the Global South are less evident. There is a historical failure of replicating policies and practices from the Global North, particularly in perpetuating the highway building model, often unsuitable to the cultural contexts in the Global South. This paper examines individual attitudes and discourses concerning travel to De La Salle University campus, in Metro Manila, the Philippines. 42 participants are surveyed using Q methodology. Four discourses are developed, reflecting attitudes to growing automobility in Manila, public transport service provision, the difficulties of travelling in the city and the aspiration for increased comfort whilst travelling. Manila provides an example of the complexities in moving towards greater sustainable travel in the southeast Asian context where levels of private car usage are already high. It is hoped that a greater awareness of the problems of the current travel experiences might lead to us to seek different narratives, where transport systems can be developed which better serve social equity and environmental goals.

Introducing public transport and relevant strategies in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia: a stakeholders’ perspective

There is an increasing concern about the growth of car dependence and its associated negative impacts on cities, including economic and environmental factors, urban form and lifestyle. City authorities worldwide now pay increasing attention to sustainable transport systems by enhancing or introducing public transit services. An example is Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, which has witnessed a significant growth in car ownership and population. Current efforts to reduce high dependence on private cars in Riyadh involve the development of a new public transport system. Against this background, this paper considers the wider impacts of the new public transport system in Riyadh City on urban form, economics, environment, social norms and culture. The analysis is based on in-depth interviews conducted with transport experts and officials of relevant authorities in Riyadh City. The study results highlight that the city’s urban form would have the highest impact on the uptake of public transport. Moreover, stakeholders assumed that the provision of public transport services in Riyadh would improve mobility, decrease travel time, and create more employment opportunities, positively affecting Riyadh City’s economy and the environment. Interviewees concluded that these potential interventions would affect social norms and culture positively in the long term.

A Lightweight Authenticated Encryption Scheme Based on Chaotic SCML for Railway Cloud Service

In recent years, intelligent railway operation and maintenance using cloud technology have received wide consideration for the provision of public transport services. Under the cloud environment, information security is critical to ensure the integrity of data through protection from unauthorized manipulation and the confidentiality through protection against the leakage of sensitive information. This paper proposes a lightweight authenticated encryption scheme with associated data based on a novel discrete chaotic S-box coupled map lattice (SCML), which avoids the dynamic degradation of the digital chaotic system and low efficiency of the chaos-based cryptosystem. Based on the chaotic SCML, an authenticated encryption scheme that protects the confidentiality and integrity in one pass is presented in detail. The security analysis and performance simulations in software and hardware show that the proposed scheme is efficient and provides adequate security through authentication and encryption. Such a scheme could be used for applications in a railway cloud service that requires moderate security and low-cost implementations.

SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING AS THE INSTRUMENT OF PROMOTION OF ENTERPRISES AS TRANSPORT SERVICES PROVIDERS

The article aims to substantiate the expediency of Social Media Marketing use as an important tool for promotion and creation of a positive image of B2C by enterprises. They provide public transport services on the Internet, since these services are intended for consumption by the masses. The article substantiates the feasibility of Social Media Marketing use as a valuable tool for promotion of enterprises as the public transport service providers on the Internet and communication with the target audience. The article deals with creating a positive image of the above-mentioned enterprises among the masses. The most effective ways, tools and platforms of SMM activity of companies are suggested.