Provision Of Psychotherapy Research Articles

Miserly Behavior & Homoeopathy

The current article deals with the miserly behavior of the human beings. Through a case study, it highlights how the miserly attitude is a social pathology as well as leads to poor quality of life. The point here is that one should neither be a spendthrift nor a miser. The person needs to spend as per his /her earning to deal a qualitative life. The case study that the article deals with shows that extreme miserly attitude pushes you apart & one might land up to deal an estranged life. While one may be miser, the greedy people in the society want to pocket the wealth that the miser has accumulated & not spending. While the miser might think that the poor life style he/she leads will eventually land up to people thinking that the miser is poor, exactly the opposite happens as is evident by the case study. As a remedy to address the problem, the article suggests integration of homoeopathy in to the National Mental Health Program where these social pathologies can be addressed along with the provision of psychotherapy. Each drug in homoeopathy has gone through Human Clinical Trial (HCT) there by eliciting mental & physical symptoms. Similarly, there are a lot of drugs to address the issue of miserly attitude or life style among human beings. Finally, the article gives a suggestive treatment protocol based on homoeopathic therapeutics.

The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy to Improve Anxiety Symptoms and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Patients.

Breast cancer patients often experience anxiety, impacting their Quality of Life (QOL) . Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is a 3rd generation psychotherapy from CBT combined with MBSR where mindfulness methods are carried out in a structured and scheduled manner, able to provide a pause between the stressor and the automatic response it causes. This study aimed to assess MBCT's effectiveness in alleviating anxiety and enhancing QOL in Stage III breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, with mild-moderate anxiety disorders. The experimental research, conducted at Moewardi General Hospital Surakarta from March to June 2023, employed a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design. Thirty subjects were divided into intervention (MBCT) and control (psychoeducation) groups. Participants completed demographic forms, disease history, and assessments using the Hospital Anxiety & Depression Scale (HADS-A) and European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30). There was a significant improvement in HADS-A scores in both groups (P <0.001) where the difference in the median HADS score in intervention group was higher compared to the control group. The effect of MBCT to the score improvement of HADS-A showed statistically significant results P=0.003 with HR 1.288. In the EORTC QLQ C30 Global score, the intervention group experienced a significant increase P<0.001, and in the control group, it did not significantly increase p=0.087 although multivariate analysis showed that MBCT was not significant in improving the global EORTC score. From the continued multivariate analysis of the EORTC QLQ C30 function, score improvement was significantly influenced by MBCT with P=0.035 and HR 3.086. Meanwhile, for the EORTC symptoms, score improvement was influenced by MBCT with P=0.005 and HR3.401. There is a score improvement in HADS-A and EORTC with the provision of MBCT psychotherapy and with the provision of psychotherapy. However, the HADS and EORTC improvement scores were significantly higher with MBCT compared to psychotherapy alone.

‘People don’t realise how much their past experiences affect them in adulthood’: A qualitative study of adult siblings’ experiences of growing-up with a sister/brother with a childhood life-limiting condition and their perceived support needs

Background: There is a lack of research about the experiences and impact of having a sibling with a life-limiting condition. Studies focus on the sibling experience during childhood but the experience and impact during adulthood is unknown despite the increased life-expectancy of children with life-limiting conditions. Aim: To explore adult siblings’ perspectives on the experience of having a sister/brother with a childhood life-limiting condition and to identify their perceived needs and preferences for support. Design: A qualitative exploratory study design with data generated by semi-structured interviews and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, underpinned by interpretivism. Setting/participants: Twenty-two siblings (17–42 years old) were recruited via a children’s hospice in England. Results: The experience of having a sibling with a life-limiting condition changes over time in response to how understandings of the meaning of a life-limiting condition develop and changing roles/relationships with parents and siblings. These experiences have an enduring impact on adult sibling’s mental health which is compounded by their unmet (and sometimes unrecognised) support needs in adolescence and adulthood. Siblings described the importance of support continuing into adulthood with a focus on the provision of psychotherapy and peer support. Conclusions: Having a sister/brother with a childhood life-limiting condition appeared to have a significant and ongoing impact on adult siblings but their support needs, particularly for psychotherapy and peer support, are overlooked. The findings highlight the importance of ensuring siblings are included in family assessments and that family-based interventions are developed to promote sibling-parent relationships.

How the COVID-19 Pandemic Affects the Provision of Psychotherapy: Results from Three Online Surveys on Austrian Psychotherapists.

This study aimed to assess patient numbers and the format in which psychotherapy was delivered by Austrian psychotherapists during different time points of the COVID-19 pandemic and to explore psychotherapists` experiences on pandemic-associated changes in their psychotherapeutic work as well as their wishes for support in their professional activities. Three cross-sectional online surveys were conducted between March 2020 and May 2022. The total number of participating psychotherapists was n = 1547 in 2020, n = 238 in 2021, and n = 510 in 2022. The number of patients treated was highest in 2022 and lowest at the beginning of the pandemic (p < 0.001). During the lockdown in 2020, only 25.0% of patients were treated in personal contact. This proportion increased in the following years, reaching 86.9% in 2022 (p < 0.001). After a substantial increase in the proportion of patients treated via the telephone and internet during the first lockdown, both proportions decreased during the pandemics' second and third year (p < 0.001). However, a larger proportion of patients were treated via the internet in 2022 compared to pre-pandemic times (p < 0.001). Psychotherapists reported that the pandemic affected mainly the setting in which psychotherapy was provided (29.6%), the working conditions and workload (27.1%), as well as the demand for psychotherapy (26.9%). About one-third of psychotherapists expressed support wishes for their psychotherapeutic work. Results suggest that the pandemic went along with a partial shift in the provision of psychotherapy towards psychotherapy via the internet but not the telephone. The increase in patient numbers and psychotherapists` reports of increased workload suggest a rise in the demand for mental health care during and in the aftermath of the pandemic.

Comparative analysis of psychotherapy services and reimbursement mechanisms across European countries

Introduction. Mental health services and access to psychotherapeutic assistance are vital components of comprehensive healthcare systems. However, the implementation and reimbursement of psychotherapy vary significantly across European countries. Understanding these variations is essential for policymakers, healthcare providers, and mental health advocates to ensure equitable and effective mental healthcare services throughout the continent. Methods. This article presents an in-depth analysis of psychotherapy landscapes in several European countries, focusing on eligibility criteria, coverage models, and reimbursement mechanisms. The countries under consideration include Switzerland, Finland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Netherlands, Germany, France, Belgium, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Poland, and Italy. Results. Each country has developed a unique system for delivering mental health services, resulting in diverse approaches to psychotherapy provision. The common trend across many nations is the requirement for psychotherapy to be prescribed or recommended by a qualified medical practitioner, often involving initial free or subsidized sessions with the possibility of extension contingent on evaluation. Eligibility criteria for free or subsidized psychotherapy often depend on factors such as the severity of the condition and specific diagnosis. Challenges related to access, including long waiting lists, are evident in some countries, leading individuals to seek private sessions to overcome delays. The division between public and private practice creates potential fragmentation in mental health care delivery. Conclusion. Access to psychotherapy in Europe is a complex landscape with each country adopting a unique approach. Ongoing challenges include availability, cost, and recognition of diverse therapeutic approaches. Standardizing mental health services across Europe is crucial for addressing these challenges and ensuring individuals receive the necessary support. Efforts are needed to improve accessibility, affordability, and recognition of various psychotherapeutic modalities to enhance mental healthcare services continent-wide.

Queer minds, Queer needs

ABSTRACT Equal access to mental healthcare is a right held by all Britons, yet evidence suggests that individuals from the LGBTQIA + population have poorer experiences compared to cisgender and heterosexual clients. This is problematic when considered alongside the impact of living in a societally disempowering world. Research highlights how our mental health systems perpetuate harm to LGBTQIA+ patients. One of these systems is the institution and practice of psychotherapy. We draw on our three fold positionalities to explore what change in the practice of psychotherapy could look like. Specifically, we consider what ‘Queering’ psychotherapy might mean in order to support the growing number of individuals identifying as LGBTQIA+. We also reflect on the binaries underpinning our discipline and discuss their role in perpetuating harm during psychotherapy. We propose that binary thinking restricts understanding our clients’ needs and generates insufficient models of care. We advocate a practice of fluidity, rather than rigidity, to support equitable practice. By ‘Queering’ psychotherapy provision in Britain, we contribute to the evidence base for anti-oppressive and inclusive practice.

Othering refugees: Psychotherapists’ attitudes toward patients with and without a refugee background

ABSTRACT Objective: A large proportion of refugees present with psychological disorders that require psychotherapy as first-line treatment. However, even in countries with well-established psychotherapy system, refugees continue to face barriers to care. Psychotherapists’ attitudes toward refugees may also impede access to psychotherapy, as it is evident that stereotypes of health professionals contribute to health care disparities. However, little is known about psychotherapists’ attitudes toward refugees. Methods: In a cross-sectional online study of N = 2002 outpatient psychotherapists in Germany (M age = 54.48 years, 73.1% female), a vignette experiment was applied to examine differences in therapists’ attitudes toward refugee patients from the Middle East and non-refugee patients. Subsequently, associations between attitudes and psychotherapists’ characteristics (e.g., provision of treatment for refugees) were analyzed. Results: Results showed significant differences between therapists’ attitudes toward refugee and non-refugee patients ( = .23), with more therapy-hindering attitudes toward refugee patients. Higher therapy-hindering attitudes were significantly associated with less frequent provision of psychotherapy for refugees. Conclusion: Our findings provide initial evidence that psychotherapists perceive refugee patients as deviant from the norm and that these divergent attitudes may relate to disparities in mental health care. To avoid such a process of othering, training for psychotherapists should question stereotypes toward refugees.

Managing emotional labour in the provision of psychotherapy – what matters most

ABSTRACT Objective The current study sought to explore holistic factors perceived to be key in managing emotional labour effectively in psychologists providing psychotherapy. Identifying applicable factors in this occupational group is vital to understand how psychologists manage emotional labour and related constructs. The study aimed to contribute to a burgeoning conversation around the topic of emotional labour in psychologists and examined the following research question: How do psychologists providing psychotherapy manage emotional labour? Method Reflexive thematic analysis of data collected from 24 semi-structured interviews with psychologists who provide individual psychotherapy was conducted. This method enabled broad themes relating to the research question to be identified. Results Key factors for managing emotional labour were found and summarised by key themes of effective in-session regulation, effective post-session regulation, positive therapeutic relationships with clients, general lifestyle factors, evaluating therapeutic effectiveness, personal predispositions, and career experience. Conclusions Analysis of the findings found that novel factors including psychological flexibility, self-compassion, self-reflection, and career experience are important for effectively managing emotional labour. Researchers and clinicians would benefit from integrating the study’s findings into their respective practices.

Clinician Knowledge, Confidence, and Treatment Practices in Their Provision of Psychotherapy to Autistic Youth and Youth with ADHD

Autistic youth have an increased risk of mental health problems. Despite the efficacy of various psychotherapeutic approaches for autistic youth, they often do not receive these interventions. Research is needed to identify patterns of effective treatment for autistic youth and whether they differ from those used for youth with other neurodevelopmental conditions (e.g., attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; ADHD). We compared clinicians’ (N = 557) knowledge, confidence and practices when treating autistic youth and youth with ADHD. Although ratings were moderately high overall and similar interventions were used for both groups, clinicians were significantly less knowledgeable and confident when supporting autistic clients compared to clients with ADHD. Thus, improving clinician perspectives may help facilitate treatment for autistic youth with mental health problems.

Supporting Access to Mental Health Services for Patients Who Use Augmentative and Alternative Communication: A Proposed Framework and Suggestions for Future Directions.

The purpose of this review article is to examine interacting factors that affect the psychotherapeutic process for patients who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). This is examined from two perspectives: (a) how the skills and needs brought by the individual with communication disabilities influence the process of therapy and (b) how the individual's ecological systems may affect an individual's mental health and their access to mental health supports. Understanding these factors will guide future efforts aimed at ensuring that individuals with communication disorders have adequate access to services and supports for mental health. A narrative synthesis approach was used to explore the interaction of psychotherapy and the use of AAC. Existing research in the fields of psychotherapy and speech-language pathology was examined for its relevance to issues of communication using AAC. Specifically, information was synthesized concerning mental health, prevalence rates of mental health diagnoses, the provision of traditional psychotherapy, and communicating via AAC in order to describe the intersection of psychotherapy and AAC. This narrative synthesis approach sought to initiate discussion of relevant factors that may affect the psychotherapeutic process for patients who use AAC. A variety of factors may affect the psychotherapeutic process for patients who use AAC. Bronfenbrenner's (1977) Ecological Systems Theory was used to explore access to mental health services for individuals who use AAC at the levels of microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem. Such factors include alterations to communication between patient and psychotherapist, skills brought by the patient, involvement of a communication assistant and/or speech-language pathologist, education and skill level of the psychotherapist, appropriateness of billing codes, and system and policy factors that may affect the provision of mental health services to patients who use AAC. It is necessary to explore the factors that affect the provision of psychotherapy for patients who use AAC in order to more fully address the mental health needs of individuals with communication disorders. Further research is needed to determine the impacts of these factors and ways to address those impacts.

Socioeconomic factors and use of psychotherapy in common mental disorders predisposing to disability pension

BackgroundResearch in high-income countries has identified low socioeconomic status as a risk factor for disability pension (DP) due to common mental disorders (CMDs). Psychotherapy is an evidence-based treatment for the majority of CMDs along with medication and it is often targeted to prevent work disability. This study examines socioeconomic differences in the use of rehabilitative psychotherapy in Finland, where citizens have universal health coverage, but psychotherapy is partly dependent on personal finance.MethodsThe study subjects (N = 22,501) were all the Finnish citizens granted a DP due to CMD between 2010 and 2015 and a comparison group (N = 57,732) matched based on age, gender, and hospital district. Socioeconomic differences in psychotherapy use were studied using logistic regression models. Socioeconomic status was defined by education, income, and occupation. Age, gender, and family status were also examined.ResultsA lower level of education, lower occupational status (blue-collar worker), male gender, and older age, were associated with less frequent psychotherapy use, in both groups. Education was the strongest component of socioeconomic status associated with psychotherapy use, but the role of income was not straightforward. Unemployment when approaching DP, but not otherwise, was a risk factor for not receiving rehabilitative psychotherapy. Socioeconomic disparities were not any smaller among CMD patients approaching DP than in the comparison group.ConclusionThis study demonstrates the disparity in the provision of psychotherapy for CMD patients, even on the verge of DP with an acute need for services. This disparity is partly related to a complex interplay of socioeconomic factors and the service system characteristics. Factors predisposing to unequal access to mental health services are presumably diverse and should be studied further.

PENINGKATAN KESEHATAN JIWA PADA REMAJA MELALUI PROGRAM "HIPNORELAKTIF JIWA"SEBAGAI UPAYA MENGATASI KECEMASAN DI ERA PANDEMI COVID 19

Adolescence is a transition period from childhood, where teenagers want to socialize more, play with peers, enjoy time outside the home, study at school, with COVID-19 making teenagers feel unproductive, afraid of being infected, pressure to just stay at home, enjoy the quarantine period so that it causes mental disorders, one of which is anxiety, so we need a form of activity that can reduce the anxiety experienced by the teenager, the activity carried out is the provision of psychotherapy in the form of five-finger hypnosis-relaxation and positive affirmations which are packaged into programs. HYPNORELACTIVE OF THE SOUL", this activity was carried out to 50 students of SMP Muhammadiyah Gombong, carried out for 3 times giving therapy and measuring the pre and post anxiety levels using the DASS (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale) instrument after being given the activity. The results of the activity showed a decrease in students' anxiety levels before given to experience anxiety the average after being given decreased to a mild average. This activity is recommended as an effort to overcome anxiety in adolescents that can be done independently

Psychotherapy Within Occupational Therapy Literature: A Scoping Review

Background. Recent changes in the Canadian regulatory landscape have prompted reflections on the role and scope of occupational therapy in the provision of psychotherapy. Purpose. To document how psychotherapy has been explored in occupational therapy literature. Method. We conducted a scoping review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines by searching eight databases (e.g., Medline, AMED, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Sociological Abstracts, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses). Articles included at the full-text stage were subjected to a narrative synthesis. Findings. A total of 207 articles met the criteria for inclusion, spanning 93 years. 47.3% of these articles represented non-empirical literature, with only 14% representing effectiveness studies, suggesting that this body of literature remains in an early stage of development. Implications. Occupational therapists have been writing about and practicing psychotherapy for nearly a century, yet there remains an important opportunity to develop and evaluate occupation-based psychotherapy approaches. Effectiveness studies are needed.

Changes in private psychiatric practice in Australia: An analysis of trends in claims for outpatient Medicare item numbers over 14 years.

The Better Health Access Initiative added 32 Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) item numbers in 2006 to increase the number of people with access to mental health care. We investigated trends in the provision of outpatient Medicare-subsidised psychiatric services since the introduction of these item numbers in 2006 through 2019. Medicare Benefits Schedule aggregated item-number claims data were obtained from the Services Australia Medicare website, between January 2006 and December 2019 inclusive, for face-to-face psychiatrist consultations. Item number rates were collated and graphed per 100,000 population according to year and item number. There has been an increase in the number of claims for new patient assessments (291-296) and a reduction in most ongoing care Medicare item numbers, especially longer appointments that are often associated with psychotherapy provision (306-308). There have been changes in private psychiatric practice in Australia over the past 14years. There are several possible causes for these changes and further research is required to determine the impact on patient care.

Study Shows Declining Trend in Psychotherapy by Psychiatrists

Study Shows Declining Trend in Psychotherapy by Psychiatrists

Psychodynamic Therapist's Subjective Experiences With Remote Psychotherapy During the COVID-19-Pandemic-A Qualitative Study With Therapists Practicing Guided Affective Imagery, Hypnosis and Autogenous Relaxation.

The COVID-19-pandemic brought massive changes in the provision of psychotherapy. To contain the pandemic, many therapists switched from face-to-face sessions in personal contact to remote settings. This study focused on psychodynamic therapists practicing Guided Affective Imagery, Hypnosis and Autogenous Relaxation and their subjective experiences with psychotherapy via telephone and videoconferencing during the first COVID-19 related lockdown period in March 2020 in Austria. An online survey completed by 161 therapists produced both quantitative and qualitative data with the latter being subject to a qualitative content analysis. Our research suggests that telephone and videoconferencing are considered valuable treatment formats to deliver psychodynamic psychotherapy. However, therapists’ experiences with remote psychotherapy are multifaceted and ambiguous. In particular, the findings raise questions concerning the maintenance of the therapeutic alliance, the development of the analytic process, the sensitivity to unconscious communication, and the indication for certain types of patients that still need further investigation. Our research indicates that the long-standing reticence toward remote treatments offers among psychodynamic therapists is becoming more differentiated and partially dissolves as therapists gain experiences in their use. Attitudes are becoming more open. At the same time, the way is being prepared to take a closer look at the specific processes and dynamics of remote psychotherapy and to examine them critically in future studies.

Trends in Outpatient Psychotherapy Provision by U.S. Psychiatrists: 1996-2016.

Previous work has demonstrated significant declines in the provision of outpatient psychotherapy by U.S. psychiatrists. The objective of this study was to characterize patterns and trends of psychotherapy by U.S. psychiatrists from 1996 to 2016. A retrospective, nationally representative analysis of psychiatrist visits from 21 waves of the U.S. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey between 1996 and 2016 (N=29,673) was conducted to assess rates of outpatient psychotherapy provision by U.S. psychiatrists. Provision was modeled as risk differences and adjusted by clinical, sociodemographic, geographic, and financial characteristics. Between 1996 and 2016, the weighted percentage of visits involving psychotherapy declined significantly from 44.4% in 1996-1997 to 21.6% in 2015-2016. Declines were most marked among patients diagnosed with social phobia (29% to 8%), dysthymic disorder (65% to 30%), and personality disorders (68% to 17%). For patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, psychotherapy provision remained stable (10%-12%). In the 2010-2016 period, about half of psychiatrists (53%) no longer provided psychotherapy at all. Antidepressant, antipsychotic, and sedative-hypnotic prescriptions were negatively associated with psychotherapy provision. During the study period, sociodemographic disparities grew, with older, White patients residing in metropolitan areas in the Northeast or West increasingly becoming the most likely to receive psychotherapy. Self-pay predicted access to solo-practice psychiatrists, who saw fewer patients but more frequently, and were more likely to provide psychotherapy. Previously reported declines in psychiatrist provision of psychotherapy continued through 2016, affecting nearly all clinical categories. In the 2010s, about half of psychiatrists practiced no psychotherapy at all, creating new challenges to the integration of neurobiological and psychosocial elements of clinical care.

Conceptualization of Psychotherapy Incorporating Equine Interactions in the United States

Abstract While several systematic and mapping reviews have been published in the last decade on the psychological effects of interacting with horses in therapy services, little has been written about how licensed mental health therapists in the United States should best understand, describe, and conceptually position interactions with horses within their clinical practice. To this end, a healthcare-aligned conceptualization of equine interactions in psychotherapy and counseling is presented. Drawing from competencies and statements published by the American Counseling Association and the Human-Animal Interaction section of the American Psychological Association, the proposed conceptualization describes interactions with horses during psychotherapy as a technique and enhancement to existing treatment approaches, not as a standalone intervention or therapy. Additionally, the conceptualization aligns with legal and ethical responsibilities, and the professional identity of the licensed mental health therapist. The proposed conceptualization emphasizes the importance of using science-based information about horses so that their role and function in psychotherapy sessions can be more accurately understood. The conceptualization is proposed to have positive effects on the day-to-day practice of licensed mental health therapists in areas such as professional communication, treatment planning and provision, and engagement with healthcare processes such as service coding, reimbursement and insurance. The conceptualization could also be of use in research efforts as it clarifies how horse interactions should be understood in the context of treatment, which, in turn, affects research design. Use of the proposed conceptualization may help safeguard clients, other stakeholders, horses, and the licensed mental health therapists who incorporate interactions with horses in the provision of psychotherapy.

Client-Identified Impacts of Helpful and Hindering Events in Psychotherapy: A Qualitative Meta-analysis

Objective Understanding the client perspective is important for the provision of psychotherapy. The significant events paradigm, within which clients report on the most significant events of a therapy session immediately after the session, represents a useful means to explore clients’ in-session experience. Method The aim of this study was to investigate what types of client-identified impacts are reported in qualitative studies on helpful and hindering events in psychotherapy. Seventeen primary studies focusing on client-identified helpful and hindering events were identified through database searches and subsequent manual searches. The data were subjected to qualitative meta-analysis. Results The descriptions of event impacts were classified into 12 helpful (e.g., gaining a new perspective on the self; feeling heard, understood, and accepted; and feeling engaged in the therapeutic process) and eight hindering (e.g., lacking guidance from the therapist and feeling emotionally overwhelmed) impact meta-categories. Conclusion The findings provide an update to a previous meta-analysis by identifying several new categories of helpful event impacts and by categorizing hindering event impacts.

The health insurance system and psychoanalytic psychotherapy in Japan: the association with evidence-based practice

Since 1958, the Japanese public health insurance system has covered psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Although it is called ‘standard-type psychoanalytic therapy’, it is essentially psychoanalytic psychotherapy or psychodynamic psychotherapy performed face-to-face once a week. Japan has two psychoanalytical organisations: the Japan Psychoanalytic Society (JPS) and the Japan Psychoanalytical Association (JPA), both established in 1955. Until they separated in 1980, they were one organisation that worked together to secure government approval for medical insurance coverage of psychoanalytic psychotherapy and contributed to training psychiatrists and clinical psychologists in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Currently, less than 1% of psychiatrists and clinical psychologists in the country have undergone JPA or JPS training. Psychoanalytic psychotherapy provision nationally is difficult because psychoanalytic psychotherapists are concentrated in urban centres. Recent global trends have prompted the demand for evidence-based practice (EBP). To date, the effectiveness of psychoanalytic psychotherapy has not been demonstrated in Japan. Therefore, it is not recognised as an EBP within national measures for public mental health. However, psychoanalytic psychotherapy is essentially an ‘experience-based practice’, even though it is fundamentally different from EBP. Nevertheless, to sustain psychoanalytic psychotherapy as a viable psychotherapy in Japan, it would need to meet EBP standards.