Provision Of Incentives Research Articles

북한 김정은 시대 인간상과 부패 억제에 관한 연구

This study examines how North Korea in the Kim Jong-un era responds to the corruption problem prevalent in society. In particular, we would like to analyze the approach to the corruption problem by paying attention to the newly presented human type in the Kim Jong-un era. What is unique about the presentation of the human form during the Kim Jong-un era is that there is a fundamental difference in the human form presented to the people's public and party executives. While the people are trying to curb the corruption issue by emphasizing morality like the Chinese Leifeng type, party officials are emphasizing the role of dedication and the provision of incentives by presenting the Soviet Stahanov type. It can be interpreted that the dual form of human form presentation in the Kim Jong-un era have been unfold. One is aimed at suppressing corruption by providing incentives to the North Korean power elite to gain interest by providing loyalty to Kim Jong-un and compensation through achievements. On the other hand, for the people's public, they try to suppress corruption that is prevalent in everyday life by cultivating the moral character of everyday life. Based on this awareness of the problem, this study aims to analyze the current status and degree of corruption in North Korea's bribery economy and to compare and analyze the characteristics of communist human figures to determine whether the presentation of human figures in the Kim Jong-un era is effectively working to curb corruption in North Korea.

Incentive Policy and Employee Commitment in the Nigeria Health Sector: A Study of Selected Hospitals in Abeokuta Metropolis

This paper examined the relationship between incentive policy and employee commitment in the Nigeria Health sector. The study drew participant from health workers in Federal Medical Centre, State Hospital Ijaiye, Nuero Psychiatric hospital Aro, and Oba Ademola hospital in Abeokuta, Ogun State. The research instrument used in collection of data was a structured close-ended questionnaire. The study selected a sample size of seventy (70) respondents through convenience sampling technique. Data obtained was analyzed using multiple regression analysis with the use of Software Package for Social Science (SPSS version 23). The result showed that financial incentive has a significant effect on employee commitment in the Nigeria health sector. The study also shows that nom-financial incentive has a significant effect on employee commitment in the Nigeria health sector. The study recommends for the provision of appropriate incentive that is geared towards facilitating and promoting appropriate delivery of healthcare to the patients

Strategies to mitigate barriers to supply chain sustainability: an apparel manufacturing case study

PurposeThis research aims to develop a decision support framework to determine the optimal strategies for mitigating supply chain sustainability (SCS) barriers.Design/methodology/approachTo operationalize the research objectives, both qualitative and quantitative methods were adopted. The qualitative phase comprised a field study, while a quality function deployment approach and optimisation technique were used in the quantitative phase.FindingsThis study finds that a lack of support from top management and cost and utility supply problems are the primary barriers to SCS. This study also finds that incentives for suppliers to implement sustainability practices, awareness building among supply chain members and supplier development are the main strategies to mitigate the barriers.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study will assist the supply chain managers in prioritizing sustainability barriers and implementing the optimal strategies to mitigate the barriers.Originality/valueFounded on the stakeholder theory and dynamic capability view, this study developed a unique decision support framework to identify appropriate strategies for mitigating SCS barriers while optimizing the social, environmental and economic objectives of the supply chain.

Reward System Analysis on Employee Performance Improvement

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of giving rewards that are not evenly distributed. The purpose of this study is to analyze the importance of the reward system in improving employee performance. This research uses a qualitative method with a literature review approach. The results of this study indicate that one form of reward is the provision of incentives. Incentives will enhance employee motivation in an effort to achieve the goal of improving performance. Motivation is an indicator that affects performance because it is an important driver that causes people to work is the need that must be met. Thus, through a reward system in the form of incentives, it can generate employee work motivation, where motivation is the main factor in improving employee performance so as to increase employee productivity and welfare.

Reward System Analysis on Employee Performance Improvement

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of giving rewards that are not evenly distributed. The purpose of this study is to analyze the importance of the reward system in improving employee performance. This research uses a qualitative method with a literature review approach. The results of this study indicate that one form of reward is the provision of incentives. Incentives will enhance employee motivation in an effort to achieve the goal of improving performance. Motivation is an indicator that affects performance because it is an important driver that causes people to work is the need that must be met. Thus, through a reward system in the form of incentives, it can generate employee work motivation, where motivation is the main factor in improving employee performance so as to increase employee productivity and welfare.

Enhancing Household Livelihood Outcomes through Resilient Agri-Food Systems among Small-scale farmers in Kitui County, Kenya

The practice of resilient agri-food systems, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, is considered key to attaining sustainable livelihoods. Changes in climatic conditions have forced small-scale farmers to develop adaptive capacities related to food security. This study was done in Nguni ward Kitui County involving 246 small-scale farmers, two focus groups discussion, and four key informants. The sampled participants had practiced resilient agri-food systems for the last five years from the time of data collection. A gender dynamic was established after 71.5% of the respondents were found to be female and 28.5% male. More females practiced resilient agri-food systems but did not own productive assets like land. A statistically significant relationship between resilient agri-food systems and household livelihood outcomes was determined where the probability value was less at a 95% confidence level (0.01<0.05). Further analysis showed a positive association between household income and sex χ2=9.551 where p (0.008) was less than 0.05. In conclusion, resilient agri-food systems practices such as conservation agriculture positively influence the household livelihood outcomes like diversification of livelihoods, reduced prevalence of human, crop, and livestock diseases, and improved ability to cope with shocks and trends. The study recommends the provision of incentives, insurance, and social safety nets to encourage small-scale farmers to practice resilient agri-food systems.

EVALUATING COVID-19’ TAX INCENTIVES: MEASURING THE POLICY EFFECTIVENESS AND PROSPECTIVE POLICY ANALYSIS ON THE EXTENDED PROVISION

Policy-making strength is an integral part of the government vigor. When policies fail, monetary and fiscal costs would significantly increase. Covid-19's Tax Incentive is one of the costs that must be incurred due to the Covid-19 pandemic. However, the absorption of this tax incentive has not been optimal, as indicated by the large gap between the budget and the realization of the tax incentives absorption. This research's aims are to evaluate the policy effectiveness of the Covid-19's tax incentives and analyzing the prospective policy of extended provision based on the evidences. This qualitative research was conducted with literature study as data collection technique. The qualitative data was processed using NVivo software. As the result, the policy aims of Covid-19's Tax Incentives are to maintain the economic growth stability, maintain people's purchasing power, maintain the productivity of certain sectors, support the handling of the Covid-19's impact, and maintain stock market stability. Covid-19's Tax Incentives provides quite effective results in dealing with the negative impacts of the pandemic. Most of the tax incentive policy targets appear to have been achieved, step by step. However, some policies have not been optimally absorbed. The provision of tax incentives can have a positive impact on the economy. However, on the other hand, evidence of increasing national debt can be an indicator that these incentives can also harm financial conditions. The government must be more effective. According to the data, not all types of tax incentives have a level of leverage for national economic recovery.

Social influence for societal interest: a pro-ethical framework for improving human decision making through multi-stakeholder recommender systems

In the contemporary digital age, recommender systems (RSs) play a fundamental role in managing information on online platforms: from social media to e-commerce, from travels to cultural consumptions, automated recommendations influence the everyday choices of users at an unprecedented scale. RSs are trained on users’ data to make targeted suggestions to individuals according to their expected preference, but their ultimate impact concerns all the multiple stakeholders involved in the recommendation process. Therefore, whilst RSs are useful to reduce information overload, their deployment comes with significant ethical challenges, which are still largely unaddressed because of proprietary constraints and regulatory gaps that limit the effects of standard approaches to explainability and transparency. In this context, I address the ethical and social implications of automated recommendations by proposing a pro-ethical design framework aimed at reorienting the influence of RSs towards societal interest. In particular, after highlighting the problem of explanation for RSs, I discuss the application of beneficent informational nudging to the case of conversational recommender systems (CRSs), which rely on user-system dialogic interactions. Subsequently, through a comparison with standard recommendations, I outline the incentives for platforms and providers in adopting this approach and its benefits for both individual users and society.

The self-enforcing dynamics of crime and protection

This article presents a model describing a symbiotic relationship between criminals and a partnership of protection providers, called the Firm. The partners of the Firm earn profits as they have market power in the supply of protection. The Firm recruits its new partners among criminals. As a result, the prospect of graduating to the Firm adds an incentive for violent crime. The result is a violence multiplier where more violence increases the profits to the partners of the Firm, in turn contributing to the incentive for violence. The violence multiplier also generates an incentive for the protection providers to welcome new partners, even though new partners dilute the profits. The model combines elements from contest theory and rent-seeking theory but, nevertheless, generates results that are in contrast to standard results from the rent-seeking literature. For example, due to the interdependence between protection providers and criminals, a decrease in the cost of violence increases violence more than pari passu and increases the value of being a criminal. Also, tougher competition between criminals may benefit all of them. The empirical relevance of key elements of this framework are confirmed by exploring unique data on incarcerated youth in South Africa. The empirical results confirm a hierarchical gang structure and indicate that this structure does indeed promote violence.

Key Care Provision Aspects That Affect Care Transition in the Long-Term Care Systems: Preliminary Review Findings.

The aim of this brief report is to present the protocol and preliminary findings of a systematic review on key aspects of care provision that affect care transition of older adults 60+ within the long-term care systems. This brief report describes and classifies the relevant literature found in the review with the purpose to provide a base for further full systematic reviews, and to outlines a model of organizational and financing aspects that affect care transition. Our search was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL on 2 March 2020, before the COVID-19 pandemic. The protocol was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (number: CRD42020162566). Ultimately, 229 full-text records were found eligible for further deliberation. We observed an increase in the number of publications on organizational and financial aspects of care transition since 2005. Majority of publications came from the United States, United Kingdom and Australia. In total, 213 (92%) publications discussed organizational aspects and only 16 (8%) publications were related to financial aspects. Records on organizational aspects were grouped into the following themes: communication among involved professional groups, coordination of resources, transfer of information and care responsibility of the patient, training and education of staff, e-health, education and involvement of the patient and family, social care, and opinion of patients. Publications on financial aspects were grouped into provider payment mechanisms, incentives and penalties. Overall, our search pointed out various care provision aspects being studied in the literature, which can be explored in detail in subsequent full systematic reviews focused on given aspects. We also present a model based on our preliminary findings, which enables us to better understand what kind of provision aspects affect care transition. This model can be tested and validated in subsequent research. Understating factors that affect care transition is crucial to improve the quality of transitions and ultimately the outcomes for the patients.

Adaptability in Public Procurement of Engineering Services Promoting Carbon Reduction: An Organizational Control Perspective

Many studies have emphasized the importance of engineering services and their adaptability to reduce carbon emissions in the construction sector. As public clients procure these services, selecting efficient (procurement-related) control modes is critical. However, studies of control modes and their effect on adaptability are scarce. The purpose of this study is to investigate how, through the choice of control modes, a public client may create incentives for service providers to deliver carbon reduction solutions in the construction phase. In this study, a procurement model and a classification model are developed, and a single case study of an engineering service contract aiming for carbon reduction is used to illustrate the models. The empirical data include 16 interviews with respondents from the 2 contract parties, i.e., the client and service provider. The findings show that it is important to create incentives for adaptability when procuring engineering services with the aim of reducing carbon emissions in the construction phase. The findings also highlight the importance of these incentives being created both in relation to the selection of service providers and to the responsibility between the contract parties. The models developed in the study may serve as important tools for both practitioners and researchers.

Bottleneck analysis of maternal and newborn health services in hard-to-reach areas of Bangladesh using 'TANAHASHI' framework': An explanatory mixed-method study.

Maternal and Newborn Health (MNH) is of paramount importance in the realm of attaining sustainable development goals that also focuses on universal health coverage (UHC). The study aimed at identifying and exploring the bottlenecks in MNH services in Hard-to-reach (HtR) areas of Bangladesh using the Tanahashi framework exploring the possible remedial approaches. The study was conducted in four different types of HtR areas (hilly, coastal, lowlands, and river islands) by utilizing a sequential explanatory mixed-method design. Overall, we collected information from 20 health facilities and 2,989 households by interviewing 2,768 recently delivered women (RDW) with a structured questionnaire and qualitative interviews (n = 55) of facility managers, local stakeholders, RDWs, and health care providers (HCP). The quantitative data were analyzed principally for descriptive statistics and the qualitative data was analyzed by utilizing the thematic approach. Antenatal care, under-5 care, and family planning services were available in almost all the facilities. However, Normal vaginal deliveries were performed in 55.6% of the union-level facilities. Only 40% of sub-district level facilities had provision for C-sections. Blood transfusion services were available in only 20.1% of facilities, whereas laboratory services were obtainable in 51.7% of facilities. Overall, the bottlenecks were identified in cases of availability of drugs, human resources, transportation, lack of knowledge regarding different essential services and health components, out of pocket expenditure etc. There have been several remedial approaches suggested from both the demand and supply side that included incentives for care providers for staying in these areas, a coordinated transport/referral system, and health education campaigns. More research works are warranted in HtR areas, especially to test the proposed interventions. Meanwhile, the government should take the necessary steps to overcome the bottlenecks identified.

Efficiency incentives in the nursing home sector: Lessons from implementing the new Quality Framework in the Netherlands

In many markets there is some form of regulation; and when new policy measures are introduced into a particular sector, the question of how to structure an adequate regulatory process arises. This paper contributes to the literature by describing the approach taken in the nursing home sector in the Netherlands, explaining all the steps needed for implementation and how regulatory challenges were addressed. These challenges involved making methodological choices and the integration of elements (incentives, quality, cost-efficiency, data validation, organizational commitment) into a consistent and credible regulatory framework. Drawing lessons for other sectors and countries, we particularly emphasize the usefulness of Data Envelopment Analysis as a flexible and adaptable regulatory tool for both learning and incentive provision. However, the scope and specification of the model must be consistent with costaccounting practices and quality definitions in order for DEA to be implemented effectively.

Kualitas Sumberdaya Manusia dalam Pelayanan Administrasi Kependudukan di Kabupaten Buton Selatan

This article intends to describe the quality of the human resources of the apparatus in population administration services in South Buton Regency. Research data obtained by interview, observation and study of documentation and analyzed by means of qualitative inductive inference process and analysis of the dynamics of the relationship between the observed phenomena. This research concludes, the quality of human resources of the apparatus in population administration services in Sampolawa District, South Buton Regency is quite good, the development is carried out by involving employees through employee education and training that has been carried out, although the employees involved are still limited to pre-service training and are only followed by ASN. Employees are motivated in providing public services, but the provision of rewards and incentives and disincentives to employees is still very limited, the discipline of some employees needs to be improved. Career development is open to every employee, but promotion and placement are the authority of the Regional Personnel Agency of South Buton Regency

Maternal and child surveillance in peri-urban communities: Perceptions of women and community health workers from Pakistan.

Community health workers (CHWs) in maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) programs play an important role in demographic surveillance activities; however, there is lack of literature regarding the community and CHWs' perceptions about these activities. The purpose of this study was to explore perceptions of married women of reproductive age (MWRA) regarding the role of CHWs involved in maternal and child surveillance and explore facilitators and barriers for CHWs involved in surveillance activities. A qualitative study was conducted in five peri-urban surveillance sites along the coastal belt of Bin Qasim Town, Karachi, Pakistan. In-depth interviews were conducted with 25 randomly selected MWRAs and 15 CHWs. A thematic analysis was performed to explore perceptions, barriers, and facilitators of the study participants about maternal and child surveillance activities. The results showed that MWRAs perceived surveillance CHWs as service providers with regards to standard counselling i.e. importance of antenatal care, nutrition, immunization, and distribution of iron and folic acid tablets to pregnant women, child growth assessment, and referral of sick children to the health facility. Trust in the CHWs was an enabler for MWRAs, whereas lack of incentives was cited as a barrier to share their health data. CHWs perceived themselves as a bridge in liaising community with the primary health care facility. They highlighted an enabling environment such as appreciation, supportive supervision, training, and utilization of digital data collection tools as facilitators for their work. Low health literacy of the communities, lack of provision of incentives by CHWs to the community, and facility-based experiences of the community were reported as barriers. Surveillance CHWs are an integral link between the health facility and MWRAs. Hence an enabling environment may lead to improved health service delivery, translating into meaningful impact for the mother and child.

Knowledge sharing in project-based supply networks

PurposeProject-based supply networks are an emerging form of organizing used to meet a buying organization's operational and innovation goals. Knowledge sharing among suppliers in the network plays a key role in successful project delivery but is challenging to achieve in practice. The authors draw on self-determination theory (SDT) to examine the interactive effect of incentive provisions (penalties and bonuses) and network governance (lead or shared) on knowledge sharing motivation by individual boundary-spanners within project-based supply networks.Design/methodology/approachA scenario-based behavioral experiment of 217 professionals within the UK using the online platform, Prolific, was conducted. A Hayes Macro PROCESS model was used to analyze the data. The authors pilot-tested the scenario with project management experts, senior managers, and directors.FindingsThe findings highlighted that the effectiveness of incentive provisions on knowledge sharing may be dependent on the mode of network governance. Where suppliers have shared responsibility for managing the network (shared governance), bonuses were more effective than penalties in motivating knowledge sharing through support of boundary-spanners’ autonomy needs. However, where the buying organization has transferred responsibility for managing the network to an external third-party organization (lead governance), the authors found no significant difference between the effectiveness of penalty versus bonus provisions in motivating knowledge sharing.Originality/valuePrior research in operations and supply chain management (OSCM) has shown the positive effect of incentive provisions on knowledge sharing motivation, but largely overlooked the effectiveness of such incentives when nested within broader governance mechanisms used in projects and their networks. Moreover, while scholars have started to highlight the importance of governance mechanisms in knowledge sharing at the dyadic level, the authors know very little about the impact of network governance.

Demystifying the Barriers and Motivators for the Adoption of Base Isolation Systems in New Zealand

A base isolator is a proven system that can significantly reduce any damage to a building in the event of an earthquake. Despite their efficacy, seismic isolators are not widely used in New Zealand, with only about forty systems in use during the 2010 and 2011 Canterbury Earthquakes. This study seeks to investigate why base isolation systems are not frequently used in seismic strengthening projects and buildings in New Zealand. It also focuses on determining ways in which seismic isolators could become more widely used in New Zealand due to increased seismic activity. This study used an exploratory sequential mixed method design, in which qualitative data were collected first through in-depth face-to-face interviews, analysed, and used to construct the quantitative instrument, which was an online questionnaire. Data were obtained from construction professionals such as architects, engineers, site-based construction personnel, and quantity surveyors. The findings of this study indicated the need for an increased awareness of base isolation systems and improved universal guidelines for the design of seismic isolators. The motivators identified include provision of monetary incentives, such as reduced insurance premiums and financial subsidies, to encourage the adoption of seismic isolators. The factors preventing the adoption of base isolation systems in New Zealand were classified as human-related, safety and design-related, and cost-related. The study’s implication is that providing a universal guideline for seismic isolators can enhance designers’ confidence. Likewise, incentives may be provided to property owners to lower the cost of implementing a base isolation system.

Financial risk allocation and provider incentives in hospital–insurer contracts in The Netherlands

In healthcare systems with a purchaser–provider split, contracts are an important tool to define the conditions for the provision of healthcare services. Financial risk allocation can be used in contracts as a mechanism to influence provider behavior and stimulate providers to provide efficient and high-quality care. In this paper, we provide new insights into financial risk allocation between insurers and hospitals in a changing contracting environment. We used unique nationwide data from 901 hospital–insurer contracts in The Netherlands over the years 2013, 2016, and 2018. Based on descriptive and regression analyses, we find that hospitals were exposed to more financial risk over time, although this increase was somewhat counteracted by an increasing use of risk-mitigating measures between 2016 and 2018. It is likely that this trend was heavily influenced by national cost control agreements. In addition, alternative payment models to incentivize value-based health care were rarely used and thus seemingly of lower priority, despite national policies being explicitly directed at this goal. Finally, our analysis shows that hospital and insurer market power were both negatively associated with financial risk for hospitals. This effect becomes stronger if both hospital and insurer have strong market power, which in this case may indicate a greater need to reduce (financial) uncertainties and to create more cooperative relationships.

Decline in oral antimicrobial prescription in the outpatient setting after nationwide implementation of financial incentives and provider education: An interrupted time-series analysis.

To assess the impact of nationwide outpatient antimicrobial stewardship interventions in the form of financial incentives for providers and provider education when antimicrobials are deemed unnecessary for uncomplicated respiratory infections and acute diarrhea. We collected data from a large claims database from April 2013 through March 2020 and performed a quasi-experimental, interrupted time-series analysis. The outcome of interest was oral antimicrobial prescription rate defined as the number of monthly antimicrobial prescriptions divided by the number of outpatient visits each month. We examined the effects of financial incentive to providers (ie, targeted prescriptions for those aged ≤2 years) and provider education (ie, targeted prescriptions for those aged ≥6 years) on the overall antimicrobial prescription rates and how these interventions affected different age groups before and after their implementation. In total, 21,647,080 oral antimicrobials were prescribed to 2,920,381 unique outpatients during the study period. At baseline, prescription rates for all age groups followed a downward trend throughout the study period. Immediately after the financial incentive implementation, substantial reductions in prescription rates were observed among only those aged 0-2 years (-47.5 prescriptions per 1,000 clinic visits each month; 95% confidence interval, -77.3 to -17.6; P = .003), whereas provider education immediately reduced prescription rates in all age groups uniformly. These interventions did not affect the long-term trend for any age group. These results suggest that the nationwide implementation of financial incentives and provider education had an immediate effect on the antimicrobial prescription but no long-term effect.

Faculty perceptions, awareness and use of open educational resources for teaching and learning in higher education: a cross-comparative analysis

This paper explores faculty’s perspectives and use of open educational resources (OER) and their repositories across different countries by conducting a multiple case study to find similarities and differences between academics’ awareness, perceptions and use of OER, as well as examining related aspects of institutional policy and quality that may influence individual views. Data were collected through nine expert reports on each country studied (Australia, Canada, China, Germany, Japan, South Africa, South Korea, Spain and Turkey) and were analyzed through qualitative content analysis using thematic coding. Findings show the impact on individual OER adoption with regard to the individual control of diverse factors by faculty members; of institutional policies and quality measures on the externally determined factors (by the institution); and of institutional professional development and provision of incentives in more internally determined factors (by the faculty members themselves). These findings carry implications for higher education institutions around the world in their attempt to boost OER adoption by faculty members.