Defence Provision Research Articles

The Janus (dual) model of immunoglobulin isotype evolution: Conservation and plasticity are the defining paradigms.

The study of antibodies in jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) provides every immunologist with a bird's eye view of how human immunoglobulins (Igs) came into existence and subsequently evolved into their present forms. It is a fascinating Darwinian history of conservation on the one hand and flexibility on the other, exemplified by the Ig heavy chain (H) isotypes IgM and IgD/W, respectively. The cartilaginous fish (e.g., sharks) Igs provide a glimpse of "how everything got off the ground," while the amphibians (e.g., the model Xenopus) reveal how the adaptive immune system made an about face with the emergence of Ig isotype switching and IgG-like structure/function. The evolution of mucosal Igs is a captivating account of malleability, convergence, and conservation, and a call to arms for future study! In between there are spellbinding chronicles of antibody evolution in each class of vertebrates and rather incredible stories of how antibodies can adapt to occupy niches, for example, single-domain variable regions, cold-adapted Igs, convergent mechanisms to dampen antibody function, provision of mucosal defense, and many more. The purpose here is not to provide an encyclopedic examination of antibody evolution, but rather to hit the high points and entice readers to appreciate how things "came to be."

ABOUT "PUBLIC ENTITIES" IN PRIVATE LAW (ON THE EXAMPLE OF PUBLIC LAW COMPANIES)

The article substantiates the judgment that despite the specificity of its status ("public subjects") public-law companies are participants of civil-law relations. The peculiarities of their position are conditioned by the need for the state to solve new tasks, including those related to the provision of national defense and security of the state. The work used general scientific methods of research: systemic, functional, system-structural. The authors successfully applied private-scientific: cultural, historical, sociological, statistical methods of research. The authors also used special research methods in jurisprudence: comparative-legal and formal-legal. The aim of the article is to outline key approaches to understanding the specifics of legal regulation of "public subjects" in private law. An important place is given to the analysis of the activities of PPC "Roskadastr" and PPC "Military Construction Company".

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ УПРАВЛІННЯ ФІНАНСОВО-ГОСПОДАРСЬКОЮ ДІЯЛЬНІСТЮ В ОРГАНАХ СОЦІАЛЬНОГО ЗАХИСТУ НАСЕЛЕННЯ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

Management of financial and economic activities in the social protection bodies of the population in the conditions of martial law requires a special approach and is considered taking into account the complexities and challenges that arise in these conditions. Activities can be significantly complicated due to sudden changes in the economic and social environment. Martial law can present great challenges to organizations, but proper management and adaptation can help them remain resilient and effective. All activities are affected by a number of factors: safety of workers and property, provision of defense and security funding, communication restrictions, the need for cooperation with military structures to ensure the country's defense and security needs. Management of financial and economic activities in state organizations in the conditions of war requires responsibility, flexibility and readiness for unforeseen situations. After the end of martial law, all state-owned enterprises may face the challenges of stabilizing and restoring economic activity in conflict-affected areas. Keywords: management, economic activity, financial and economic activity of social protection bodies, efficiency of activity, management of financial and economic activity, economy under martial law.

Regulatory and legal provision of cyber defense of Ukraine: current state

Regulatory and legal provision of cyber defense of Ukraine: current state

Biofilms as Battlefield Armor for Bacteria against Antibiotics: Challenges and Combating Strategies.

Bacterial biofilms are formed by communities, which are encased in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Notably, bacteria in biofilms display a set of 'emergent properties' that vary considerably from free-living bacterial cells. Biofilms help bacteria to survive under multiple stressful conditions such as providing immunity against antibiotics. Apart from the provision of multi-layered defense for enabling poor antibiotic absorption and adaptive persistor cells, biofilms utilize their extracellular components, e.g., extracellular DNA (eDNA), chemical-like catalase, various genes and their regulators to combat antibiotics. The response of biofilms depends on the type of antibiotic that comes into contact with biofilms. For example, excessive production of eDNA exerts resistance against cell wall and DNA targeting antibiotics and the release of antagonist chemicals neutralizes cell membrane inhibitors, whereas the induction of protein and folic acid antibiotics inside cells is lowered by mutating genes and their regulators. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of biofilm-based resistance to various antibiotic classes in bacteria and genes responsible for biofilm development, and the key role of quorum sensing in developing biofilms and antibiotic resistance is also discussed. In this review, we also highlight new and modified techniques such as CRISPR/Cas, nanotechnology and bacteriophage therapy. These technologies might be useful to eliminate pathogens residing in biofilms by combating biofilm-induced antibiotic resistance and making this world free of antibiotic resistance.

Legal regulation of the interaction of the armed forces of Ukraine and voluntary formations of territorial communitie

The peculiarities of the interaction of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with territorial defense units and voluntary formations of territorial communities in the conditions of aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, the problems of legal support for such interaction and the legislative determination of the status of voluntary formations of territorial communities are considered. Formulation of the problem. As a result of the imperfection of the legislation concerning the territorial defense of Ukraine, there are problems of interaction between the Armed Forces, territorial defense and voluntary formations of territorial communities. The contradiction of individual articles of Ukrainian legislation provokes a decrease in the level of effective use of territorial defense and voluntary formations of territorial communities in the conditions of full-scale aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. Analysis of recent research and publications. The full-scale war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine has led to the consideration of the problems of regulatory support for the territorial defense of Ukraine and the voluntary formations of territorial communities. A. L. Beikun and O. M. Romashko in their work consider the essence and content of the legal regulation of the security and defense sector of Ukraine, the effectiveness of the interaction of all components of the security and defense sector, including the Ukrainian Armed Forces in the conditions of Russian aggression. Yu. L. Kolhushkin in his dissertation highlights the issue of administrative and legal provision of territorial defense of Ukraine. Troianskyi O. A. analyzes the legal principles of citizens’ participation in the territorial defense of Ukraine and voluntary formations of territorial communities, he analyzes the main components of territorial defense, considers the peculiarities of the formation of voluntary formations of territorial communities. Main material. Legal regulation of the interaction of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and voluntary formations of territorial communities provides for ordering and regulating the behavior of the specified participants in legal relations with the help of legal norms. The need for proper regulation of the interaction of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the Defense Forces of Ukraine arose in connection with military operations in the conditions of aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in accordance with the Law of Ukraine No. 1702-IX “On the Basics of National Resistance”. Territorial defense forces exist in many states and are one of the factors in strengthening the state's defense capability. In most countries, the territorial defense forces are closely related to the armed forces or are their integral part. The legislation of Ukraine defines the voluntary formation of a territorial community as a military-civilian component of territorial defense, a paramilitary unit formed on a voluntary basis from citizens of Ukraine living within the territory of the relevant territorial community which is intended to participate in the preparation and fulfillment of territorial defense tasks. Changes made to the legislation of Ukraine regarding the interaction of the Armed Forces with voluntary formations of territorial communities and the use of units of voluntary formations of territorial communities in the combat zone have created some problems. This concerns the inconsistency between the new content of the status of voluntary formations of territorial communities and the obligations during the formation, material and technical support of voluntary formations of territorial communities as well as rights and guarantees for territorial defense and voluntary formations of territorial communities. It is necessary to emphasize that the regulatory support for the interaction of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the voluntary formations of territorial communities needs further improvement, firstly, a clear definition of the status, rights and guarantees of voluntary formations of territorial communities; secondly, provision of the financial component and, thirdly, material and technical support, including weapons and military equipment.

USE OF FORCE AGAINST NON- STATE ACTORS: AN ANALYSIS OF RIGHT TO SELF DEFENSE

International law prohibits the States to use force or extends any threat to use force in any manner against the territorial integrity and sovereignty of any other State. This prohibition is confirmed by the Charter of UN and it is part of international customary law as well. There is an exception to this prohibition provided by Article 51. This Article recognizes the right to self-defense of a State when it is assaulted by another State. The question is whether this right to self - defense be used against non -State actors as well and what should be done if these non- state actors are operating from the locality of another State. This study analyzes the scope of right to self- defense. It further discusses the legality of State practice to use extra territorial force against non-state actors. The doctrinal research methodology is opted for this research paper. This research provides an analysis of legal provisions, customary law and State practices related to the extraterritorial force against non- State actors. It suggests that the existing legal framework (UN charter and treaties) doesn’t address the subject of exercising self defense against non- state actors and the state practices has not yet acquired the status of customary law as it misses the necessary element of opinio juris. Therefore, uniform legal rules should be adopted by States to avail the benefit of self- defense provisions against non- state actors.

Promoting Civic Education and State Defense in Increasing Student Participation in the 2024 Elections

This study discusses the Role of Civic Education and State Defense in Increasing Student Participation in the 2024 Elections. The purpose of this study is to find out whether the provision of citizenship education and state defense to students plays a role in increasing their participation to participate in the 2024 election party. The object of this study was in adolescents with an age range of 18-23 years. The populationin this study was 90 respondents with a sample of 40 respondents. The research method used is quantitative descriptive, by looking at partial and simultaneous influences. The sample method used is Simple Random Sampling. The research tests carried out are T test, F test and coefficient of determination. The results of this study include: 1) Civic Education has a positive and significant effect in partially increasing student participation in 2024; 2) State Defense Education has a positive and significant effect in increasing student participation in partial 2024 issue; and 3) Civic Education and State Defense have a positive and significant effect in increasing student participation in 2024 simultaneously.

The Problematic Structure of Indigent Defense Delivery

The national conversation about criminal justice reform largely ignores the critical need for structural reforms in the provision of indigent defense. In most parts of the country, decisions about how to structure the provision of indigent defense are made at the local level, resulting in a fragmented patchwork of different indigent defense delivery systems. In most counties, if an indigent criminal defendant gets representation at all, it comes from assigned counsel or flat-fee contract lawyers rather than public defenders. In those assigned-counsel and flat-fee contract systems, the lawyers representing indigent defendants have financial incentives to get rid of assigned criminal cases as quickly as possible. Those incentives fuel mass incarceration because the lawyers put less time into each case than their public defender counterparts and achieve poorer outcomes for their clients. Moreover, empirical research shows that assigned-counsel and flat-fee contract systems are economically more costly to the public fisc than public defender systems. This Article collects data from across the country to show how prevalent assigned- counsel and contract systems remain, explains why arguments in favor of substantial reliance on the private bar to provide for indigent defense are outdated, argues that more states need to move toward state-structured public defender models, and outlines how it is politically possible for stakeholders to get there.

THE LAW OF UKRAINE "ON THE FUNDAMENTALS OF NATIONAL RESISTANCE" IN THE SYSTEM OF DEFENSE LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE

The article analyzes the Law of Ukraine "On the Basics of National Resistance" from the point of view of further development of defense and security legislation. This Law is considered as a complex legal act that regulates the organization and functioning of territorial defense, the resistance movement and the preparation of citizens for such activities. It is indicated that by the subject of legal regulation, this normative legal act is included in the system of defense legislation and interacts with normative legal acts that make up the security legislation. This is confirmed by the fact that, on the one hand, its provisions are aimed at providing Ukraine's defense activities with a more meaningful and comprehensive character, including by promoting defense. On the other hand, the provisions of this Law contribute to the creation of conditions for ensuring the national security of Ukraine both through strengthening defense and improving the provision of military security, and through other components of national security, in particular, through public, informational, legal and some other types of national security. Given the fact that both defense and security legislation always establish and define legal and organizational foundations (fundamentals) in the relevant spheres of social relations related to the provision of national security and defense of Ukraine, the word "fundamentals" is used in the title of this Law redundant Based on this, it is indicated that the most optimal name of this Law should be "On National Resistance". It is noted that this Law, by its subject of legal regulation, concerns the organization of national resistance, and therefore the activities of broad sections of the population. In this regard, it is indicated that the preamble of the Law should be more detailed and should disclose participation in national resistance as a form of fulfilling the constitutional obligation to protect the Motherland (Part 1 of Article 65 of the Constitution of Ukraine) and the cause of all Ukrainian people in protecting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine (Part 1 of Article 17 of the Basic Law of Ukraine). At the same time, the reference to Article 65 of the Constitution of Ukraine, which establishes that the protection of the Motherland, independence and territorial integrity of Ukraine is the duty of Ukrainian citizens, is conditioned by the fact that national resistance is one of the forms of protection of the Motherland as the most important constitutional duty of Ukrainian citizens

Implementation of Technological Innovation in the Production of 'Harimau' Medium Tanks Make use of the National Defense Industry's Independence

Efforts to develop the defense industry are to encourage innovation, because only with innovation can an industry always develop competence in the form of technology development and commercialization. The innovation process includes research and development, prototyping, demonstration, commercialization and after-sales service. Innovation is a combination of invention and commercialization of technology. So that innovation requires a process from the background of the needs to the achievement of success during commercialization. Currently, Indonesia has one type of medium tank technology called the Harimau. Basically, Indonesia has implemented technological innovation in the development of the medium tank technology 'Harimau'. Howeever, there are still challenges in the way of implementing these technological advancements, including whether or not their aplication may lead to defense industry independence or vice versa. This paper aims to analyze the national defense industry on the technological innovation of the medium tank 'Harimau'. The SWOT (Stengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) method is used in this analysis. This research is planned to give an analysis of defense industry technology developments that will advance the provision of defense and defense equipment to land-bases forces.

President of the Republic of Slovenia as Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces

Abstract The role and authority of the President of the Republic as Commander-in-Chief is defined by the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, the Defence Act and the Rules on the Execution of Obligations to the President of the Republic in the Field of Defence. While the role defined by the Constitution is perfectly understandable, the question arises whether the Defence Act has followed the provisions of the Constitution or whether to those working in the field of defence clearly understand the current regulation, in particular in possible situations, which would require the involvement of Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces in the provision of defence. The author sets out the dilemmas, the different views on the current arrangements, the experience of working with Commander-in-Chief, as well as possible options for further regulation in this area.

NORTHERN SEA ROUTE: CLASSIFICATION OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

The purpose of the work is to study the theoretical problem concerning the completeness of the classification of emergency situations in relation to maritime spaces in the Arctic zone, and to develop on this basis scientific proposals for improving Russian legislation. The relevance of the chosen topic is predetermined by the increasing importance of the Northern Sea Route as a global transport communication in the face of the possibility of occurrence in the Arctic as a result of climate change and anthropogenic impact of events that entail catastrophic environmental consequences, the formation of global risks for the economy, population, environment and state security. The relevance of the proposed materials is due to the implementation of large-scale economic and environmental projects by Russia, the provision of defense and security, the sea transportation of hydrocarbons, and potential terrorist threats. The classification of situations serves as the basis for management decisions on rescuing people at sea, protecting the environment and eliminating oil spills in difficult environmental conditions. Classification as a method of scientific knowledge correlates with the goals of its application, which determines its scientific and practical significance in this work. As a result of the analysis of regulatory legal acts and scientific publications, the author identified a gap in the classification of emergencies at sea and substantiated the conclusion that it is necessary to develop a proposal to fill it by improving legislation.

The Provision and Implication of Insanity Defense in Pakistani Laws

The current study sought to explore the provision and implications of the insanity defense in Pakistani laws. This research aims to find the lacunae in the law that aids mentally ill offenders. It also proposes to identify the role of lawyers and forensic psychologists and government institutions in the insanity defense. The study includes understanding and implementing the insanity defense in Pakistani laws and the law system. The study sample involved nine lawyers and four forensic psychologists whose interviews were conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire. Participants were contacted through the snowball sampling technique. The current study concluded that more than one key factor hindered the law system's understanding of insanity defense and mental health. The absence of psychiatric or psychological assessments in the court system suggests a common knowledge of insanity defense and mental health. The case studies overall present the different sides of mental health in Pakistan. The results also inferred that the key factors that had played the role of hindering the development of insanity defense could also enhance the development of insanity defense. The psychosocial factors that influence the hindering of insanity defense are highlighted. The results of the present study indicate a completely different point of view regarding insanity defense for lawyers and forensic psychologists, who can use this knowledge in their professional endeavors.

An Assessment of the Legal Provisions for the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 and the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (Amendment) Bill, 2019 in India

Longevity is a fundamental dream of all living things. In traditional Indian culture, elders have been accorded a high status and a symbol of reverence. Each child has a virtuous duty to hold his parents as true images of Brahma, Vishnu, and Mahesh, which God has put on them. However, the winds of change are blowing all around us, and new situations are arising. The elderly have faced economic, social, and political challenges as a result of the nuclear family structure, modernization, industrialization, population growth, globalisation, rising unemployment, and poverty, among other factors. Physical, physiological, and emotional violence, as well as a lack of financial support, add insult to injury. Is it for this that a parent has dedicated his whole life? This shift in conduct necessitates the provision of defence and social welfare. Parents were increasingly oppressed, as they were compared to Godly creatures and addressed as "Matru-deo Bhava," "Pitrudeo Bhava," and so on, which was not the customary common practise. The author was moved to tears by the current situation, so he conducted this research study on the legislation for The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007, in accordance with the provisions of Article 41 read with Entry 23 of the Concurrent List (Schedule VIII) of the Constitution of India. To bring to light which protective legislations, as well as Penal Provisions, were designed to provide social protection to elderly parents? And what amendments to current laws would be needed to improve Indian cultural roots? And how effective has the judiciary been in promoting and preserving the right of this vulnerable group of people, namely older parents and senior citizens, to live in dignity?

Impact of Military Expenditure on Economic Growth Encouraging or Constraining?

Security is a form of guarantee that needs to be given by the state to its citizens. This fulfillment can be realized through the provision of national defense for all citizens. Nevertheless, military expenditure as a source of providing national defense needs attention. This is caused by its unproductive nature when compared to other sectors such as agriculture, banking, industry, and others. This study aims to analyze the effect of Military Expenditures on the level of Economic Growth. Furthermore, this study also analyzes the effect of interactions between Military Expenditure with other variables such as Population, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Political Stability, and Rule of Law, to see their indirect effects on Economic Growth. This study uses secondary data and covering 27 selected Lower-Middle Income Countries from 2002-2018. Furthermore, this study uses dynamic panel data analysis with the System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) method. The Military Expenditure in this study does not significantly influence Economic Growth. However, it was found that Military Expenditure had a positive and significant influence on Economic Growth when interacting with other variables.

Night watchers and terrorists

A massive movement of Night Watchers or vigilantes’ patrols emerged among the most impoverished indigenous communities in the Andes at the end of the twentieth century to combat terrorism. Northern peasant patrols based their organization on democratic mechanisms while the southern patrols built a hierarchical structure. How does the variation of external threats shape the variation of governance structures and collective responses within extralegal groups? To organize the provision of security and defense against terrorism, these Night Watchers required mechanisms to control opportunistic behavior and prevent internal predation. This article develops an organizational theory of defense. The time horizon explains why the Night Watchers produced arrangements in vertical or horizontal forms. Peasant vigilantes depended on hierarchical mechanisms to enforce their agreements if and only if they confront a short time horizon and existential threat. Comparative analysis of the northern and southern Peruvian communities provides empirical support for the theory.

INTELECTUAL PROPERTY STATE ADMINISTRATION IN THE SPHERE OF NATIONAL SECURITY AND DEFENSE

Some issues concerning the state administration of intellectual property in the field of national security and defense are considered. The legislation of Ukraine, which defines the principles of the statepolicy on the issues of national security and defense, concerning the intellectual property protection is analyzed. The importance of intellectual property protection and the need to improve the legislation on the regulation of intellectual property management issues in the field of national security and defense are noted. The comprehensive provision of national security and defense is a strategic taskfor the preservation of independence and development of the country nowadays. With the rapid development of scientific and technical as well as technological progress, all kinds of security are gaining the new meaning by including the need to ensure proper protection and management of intellectual property. Therefore, national security is impossible without considering and resolving the intellectual propertyproblems. Intellectual property itself is a connecting element in the chain between science that produces new knowledge and technology, and industrial production, where they are implemented. In addition, intellectual property objects fulfill an important function in ensuring the national defense capability, especially in the developmentof armament and military equipment and the implementation of international military-technical cooperation.Thereby ensuring state security is impossible without improving the system of legal protection and development of state administration in the process of using the objects of intellectual property rights, especially those contained in military and dual-use goods.To resolve this issue, it is necessary to implement into the legislation of Ukraine a set of laws regarding the provision of state intellectual property management that directly affects the national security of Ukraine and protects the interests of the state when creating objects of intellectual property rights in the defense sphere.The owner of such objects of intellectual property rights should be the state, and the administrator (custodian) of the property rights to such intellectual property is the state body with the delegated rights this purpose. Such an authority should have exclusive rights to intellectual property objects created under a public contract for public funds and receive limited rights to technical data related to national securityand received at the expense of the contractor for their use only by public authorities for public needs.

Book Reviews

Charles H. Anderton of Department of Economics and Accounting, College of the Holy Cross reviews “The Political Economy of Defence,” edited by Ron Matthews. The Econlit abstract of this book begins: “Nineteen papers cover the process, structure, and political economy of defense, emphasizing the role of government in the provision of defense.”

Peculiarities of the civil service in the national defense sector

Considering the development of civil society as the driving force of the reform of the civil (public) service as a personalized basis for ensuring public administration in various spheres of social and political activity, in this study, the civil service is characterized by the prism of its implementation in the national defense sector. Analyzing the current domestic and foreign legislation, the following features of the civil service were distinguished: the two levels – the internal (staffing of the service) and the external (tasks and functions in the national defense sector); connection with militarized service; a supporting role in the implementation of the main tasks by specially authorized actors (their officials), etc. The legal regulation of the civil service in the national defense sector of Ukraine is characterized by dualism, which consists in regulating the issues of its passage in two directions: the general (Law of Ukraine «On Civil Service») and the special (for example, the Law of Ukraine «On Prosecutor's Office»). Particular attention during the study is given to foreign experience in this field, based on comparison of such service in Ukraine and Lithuania. Such dualism is inherent in the legal regulation of civil service in the system of national defense of Lithuania. In addition, both in Ukraine and in Lithuania, it plays a very important role for the implementation of an effective defense policy of the state. With radical comparative analysis of regulatory and legal bases, the imperfect legal regulation of relations that arise in this area in Ukraine has become apparent. National legislation on civil service in the national defense sector needs improvement by supplementing the Law of Ukraine «On Defense of Ukraine» with the provisions on civil service in the field of defense and, in connection with this change, other normative and legal acts in this area require the bringing in of conformity. Proper legal consolidation in Ukraine also requires the administrative and legal status of civil servants of the defense industry and the status of citizens and public associations that voluntarily participate in the provision of national security and defense. Establishing in Ukraine at the legislative level of a clearly defined notion of «civil service in the field of national defense» will, to a certain extent, help to regulate relations in the course of such service and avoid problems in law enforcement practice.