Provision Of Credit Facilities Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of the Profitability of Major Value-added Activities Along the Pineapple Value Chain in Ghana

This study aimed to analyze the profitability of sampled pineapple farmers, processors, and marketers in Ghana, which will help to assess how these actors optimize available resources to generate profits and achieve production efficiency. A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was used with interview schedules as the data collection instruments. The sample size was 320, 66, and 169, pineapple farmers, processors, and marketers respectively. The study found that pineapple production and processing were profitable, but marketing was not. The results showed a significant difference in the profit share of the group actors, highlighting that the profit share of each actor along the pineapple value chain is different. The results also showed that income, capital, and planting materials were the main determinants of farmers' profits. On the other hand, capital, pineapples, and packaging materials were the predictors of processors' profits. While transport, revenue, and loading and unloading costs predicted the marketer's profit. Based on these findings, the study recommended that NGOs and other partner agencies promote the pineapple industry in various ways to reduce poverty by providing credit facilities to actors to increase their productivity, profitability, and sustainability.

Factors Influencing Education Development in West Pokot County, Kenya

The Pokot community is conservative and has resisted change in its culture from any quarter, including government policies, which have had little impact in the region since the colonial period to date. This situation has militated against school enrolment witnessed in many schools of the County and reluctance to use modern technologies in farming and SME activities. Political power has lacked recognition among the Pokots and, consequently, has had no impact on the region's social, economic, and technological developments. The purpose of this study was to establish factors influencing education development among the Pokot people of West Pokot County. The research was guided by four objectives, which included: To determine the influence of schooling on education development in West Pokot County, Kenya To investigate the influence of religion on education development in West Pokot County, Kenya To examine the influence of population explosion on education development in West Pokot County, Kenya, and To assess the influence of devolved government on education development in West Pokot County, Kenya This study was guided by the Human Capital Theory propounded by Theodore W. Schultz in 1960, who believed education and training enable the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities, which increase human value. The target population was 200,000, which is the number of people in active life who are creating wealth for their families in West Pokot County. A sample of 400 respondents was used to provide data, 100 from each constituency, namely: Kapenguria, North Pokot, South Pokot and Central Pokot. Stratified and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the respondents. Interview schedules were used to collect data, and the test-retest technique was used to test the validity and reliability of the instruments. Data collected was analyzed, and relationships between the independent and the dependent variables were established. The findings established that high levels of poverty were prevalent, and the bulk of the population was illiterate with no innovative or entrepreneurial skills. The study established that traditional education was designed to encompass control of livelihood in the region, making it difficult for new forms of education and ideas to be accepted. The study made four recommendations: The county government should expand social facilities such as schools and health units in the region The county government should abolish repugnant cultural practices The county government should provide credit facilities to the active population in the county for entrepreneurial activities, and The government and non-governmental organizations should make provision for training selected groups of the community population on micro, small and medium-sized enterprises to boost wealth creation for education development

Analysis of The Effect of Credit and Financial Technology on Economic Growth in ASEAN-5

Located at the center of a dynamic economic region, ASEAN-5 countries provide opportunities for each country to improve the socio-economic conditions of its people through developing infrastructure, communication networks, human mobility, and trade in goods and services. Through the provision of credit facilities, the banking sector participates in stimulating investment and economic development. Technological developments in the financial industry and financial technology also influence economic growth. This research measures banking credit service instruments such as third-party funds, investment credit, working capital credit, and financial technology as the level of success in measuring economic growth. This research is quantitative, the analysis technique in this research uses panel data regression to see the influence of the dependent variable on the independent variable. The finding shows that third-party funds, investment credit, and working capital credit significantly affect economic growth. Meanwhile, financial technology does not have a significant effect on economic growth.

Rural Communities and Cooperative Societies: A Community-based Alternative for Sustainable Socio Economic Development in Nigeria

The worsening socioeconomic situation of the country has threatened the socioeconomic development of rural communities, necessitating a socioeconomic alternative that will be responsive to rural needs and stimulate sustainable socioeconomic growth. Cooperative societies are alternative strategies that can foster socioeconomic growth at rural levels, thus building on the spirit of cooperation that is domiciled in the rural areas. Cooperative society is a voluntary association of individuals who come together to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations. These societies are based on the principles of self-help, democracy, self-responsibility, equality, equity and solidarity. If effectively utilized, cooperatives are vehicles that can bring about sustainable socio-economic development in rural communities especially in times of worsening economic situations. This paper explores cooperative societies as a vehicle that can bring about the needed socioeconomic development in rural areas through, creation of jobs, raising capital for business and alleviation of poverty. The paper adopts the sustainable development theory as its theoretical underpinning. The study found that cooperatives are instrumental in the sustainability of livelihood in rural communities through the provision of credit facilities, assisting small businesses to stay profitable, creation of employment etc. The paper recommends rural dwellers should be adequately sensitized on the importance of cooperatives and should be encouraged to associate with cooperatives so as to derive benefits of cooperatives which can in turn bring about sustainable development.

Factors Influencing Milk Production among the Dairy Farms of Savar Sub-District, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Milk production among the dairy farms is one of the important sources of income for the farmers. However, many reasons may influence milk production. In this aspect, the objective of the study was to assess the determinants or factors influence milk production in the dairy farm of Savar sub-district under Dhaka district of Bangladesh. A sample of 218 dairy farmers was randomly selected for data collection. The survey was conducted using a pre-tested structured interview schedule among the respondents. The data was analyzed using percentage, mean, frequency, standard deviation, and regression analysis. Majority of the farmers (96.8%) had up to 70 liters of milk production in their farm with an average of 18 liters. The statistical analysis showed that credit, total cow, milking cow, and livestock income significantly influences on the amount of milk produced in the farm. The Department of Livestock Service (DLS) and other related Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) may arrange more livestock income related programs for the dairy farmers focused on milk. Initiative like providing credit facilities either interest free or lower rate of interest to purchase milking cow may help the farmers to improve their livelihood through more milk production.

Credit Risk Management and Financial Performance of Listed Commercial Banks in Kenya

Commercial banks are concerned with the provision of credit facilities in form of loans and advances to customers. These loans and advances are expected to be repaid by customers in line with the agreement reached with their bankers. Customers’ default in the repayment of loans and advances at the agreed period may lead to bad and doubtful debts and this can affect the financial health, profitability and going concern status of the bank. This study empirically explored the effect of credit risk management on the financial performance of nine listed commercial banks in Kenya for the period, 2018-2022. Credit risk management as the independent variable, was surrogated by two parameters- loans to deposit ratio and Non-performing Loans ratio. Return on Assets was used as a proxy for financial performance of the listed commercial banks in Kenya. The study utilized the information asymmetry theory and the theory of moral hazard and adverse selection. A correlational research design, using secondary data derived from listed commercial banks’ annual audited reports and information from Nairobi Securities Exchange was used in this study. The target population of the study was the nine listed commercial banks in Kenya. A pilot study was carried by performing the normality and multi-collinearity tests from the sample data collected for purposes of assessing the reliability and validity of the model. A census method was adopted in data collection since the target population was manageable. Collected data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 28 where both descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to describe and depict the results (Mean, Standard Deviation, Correlation, Regression and Analysis of variances). The findings of the study revealed a statistically significant regression effect and indicative of accomplished prediction of financial performance of the listed commercial banks through the F-calculated value which showed that the model was significant. Loan to deposit ratio explained .4% (r =.280) of financial performance of listed commercial banks in Kenya and non-performing loans ratio -36.5% (r=-.681) of financial performance of the listed commercial banks in Kenya. The study will be expected to add to the existing literature in the finance field and more importantly, the credit risk management in commercial banks and other related sectors. The study recommended that; management balance the ratio of financing between equity, debt and customer deposits to extend lending capacity, and generate high earnings volume; desist from holding capital without investing for improved financial achievement; management should maintain a moderate level of Loans and advances to deposit ratio since it is a measure of the banks’ ability to survive withdrawals, because higher rates lead to liquidity problems; give credit-risk management prominence in their strategic policies and finally, due to the continuous deterioration and accumulation of the nonperforming loans, management ought to strengthen loan recovery measures. Keywords: Credit Risk Management, Financial Performance, Listed Banks, Equity Multiplier Ratio, Capital Adequacy Ratio, Nonperforming Loans

The Effect of Interest Rate Risk on Financial Performance with the Mediating Variable of Banking Security Level (Study on Commercial Banks that Go Public in BEI)

Rapid internal and external development has been witnessed by the banking industry, particularly at the domestic level, where the usage of innovative financial instruments has grown dramatically. Banks mediate transactions between different economic activity, receive deposits, create money, and offer thorough banking services to individuals, organizations, and other banks. They also provide credit facilities. As a measure of a nation's spending and investing habits, the interest rate plays a significant role in conserving money and choosing how to spend it. Banking institutions are beginning to understand the significance of risk management in preparing for potential threats to their businesses. Banking executives in Indonesia must mitigate these risks by enhancing their institutions' bottom lines. The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between interest rate risk and financial performance in Indonesian banking organizations, with the level of banking security serving as a moderation variable. This quantitative analysis employs a sample of 24 commercial banks that have listed on the IDX between 2019 and 2022 as its research population. The findings shown that Interest Rate Risk significantly impacts Banking Security Level, Financial Performance, and Financial Performance via Interest Rate Risk via Banking Security Level.

Determinants of poverty and welfare among oil palm processors in Osun state

The study analyzed the determinants of poverty and welfare among oil palm processors in Osun state. The specific objectives were to examine the housing and living conditions of oil palm processors in the study area, study the extent of poverty among oil palm processors in the study area, and determine the factors influencing the welfare of oil palm processors in the study area. Primary data were collected from 160 oil palm processors through purposive and random sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics, FGT measure of poverty, and Tobit regression model were used as analytical tools. The study revealed that about 76.9 percent of the processors were female. Majority (56.875 percent) of the processing households have accommodation of their own. The results of the FGT show that about 93 percent of the respondents were poor with a poverty incidence (P0) of 0.93125, poverty depth (P1) of 0.787129 and a poverty severity (P2) of 0.695926. The Tobit regression model reveal that household size and processing method used contributes positively to the likelihood of being poor and both are significant at 5%. While access to credit, years of processing experience and monthly income contributes negatively to the likelihood of being poor which are all significant at 5%. This study recommends that policies which will reduce household size such as fertility control measures should be the focus upon. Also policy should focus more on providing credit facilities through cooperative societies in other to help them improve their welfare status.

The Ageing Crisis Threatening Farming in Ethiopia: An Analysis of Youth Involvement in Agriculture

This study examined youth labor force participation in agriculture and factors impeding effective participation in Ethiopia using the 2011-2018 data from the Living Standards Measurement Survey-Integrated Survey of Agriculture (LSMS-ISA). The analytical tools included both descriptive statistics and econometric analysis. Summary statistics show that the average age of the respondents was 47 years, thus they are not at an economically active age. This is an upward trend of 52 years in 2018 compared to 44 years in 2011. The ordinary least square (OLS) regression result indicated that for every 1 unit increase in the independent variable (time), there will be a 1.01 increase in the dependent variable (farm age). The result showed that the increase in time affected age of the farming positively and significantly. The evidence suggested farming population in Ethiopia is growing older and reduced involvement of youth (14.4%). The results also revealed low participation of youth in agriculture activities which increases youth unemployment. In turn, the total dependency ratio in the population equals 102.7. This high dependency ratio means that the ‘dependents’ in society are more reliant on a smaller number of working-aged people, which suggests that for every 1027 dependents, there are roughly 1000 working-age people providing them food through farming. The review result showed youth participation in Ethiopian agriculture is influenced by limited access to land, low attitude on agriculture (attitudinal problems), inadequate access to financial services, problems of rural life, and backwardness of agricultural tools. The study suggests that efforts to shape future work in Ethiopian agriculture should include among other things, access to land and provision of credit facilities. The study pointed out that the efforts to shape the future of agricultural work in Ethiopia should ensure the availability of land and credit.

SOCIOECONOMIC AND PERFORMANCE OF AGRIPRENEURS: A CASE STUDY OF DRIED MELON VALUE CHAIN IN OWO LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF ONDO STATE, NIGERIA

The study was carried out to examine the socioeconomic and performance of the dried melon value chain in Owo Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. The data for the study were collected primarily using a well-structured questionnaire. A two-stage sampling procedure was used to randomly select 120 respondents. Descriptive statistics, budgetary techniques, and multiple regression models were used to analyse the data. The results of the socioeconomic characteristics revealed that male dominates the producers’ chain while female dominates the processors’ and marketers' chains. All the actors were still in their economic active age with a mean age of around 40 years old. Many of the actors were married and had good years of experience with the producers being the highest (18 years). Apart from the producers, many of the actors were educated with at least a primary school education. Processors made more income (N190,374.7) than the producers (N175,709.3) and the marketers (N132,374.4). Despite that, the budgetary techniques confirmed that each chain was profitable, the return on investment was at the highest (0.59) for the processors followed by the producers (0.44) and then, the marketers (0.40). The market margin results showed 0.31, 0.37, and 0.29 for the processors, producers, and marketers, respectively. The results of the multiple regression indicated that costs of labour, transportation, and fixed input significantly influenced producers’ volume of sales. The variables like education, unit price, and labour cost significantly influenced processors’ volume of sales, while age, sex, income, experience, and unit price significantly influenced the marketers’ volume of sales. Therefore, it can be recommended that government intervention is crucial in the melon value chain by subsidizing the inputs to reduce the cost of production and processing. The government should also provide credit facilities and other infrastructure, such as roads, which will reduce the high cost of transportation.
 Keywords: Gross Margin, Market Margin, Melon, Profitability, Volume of Sales, Nigeria

Microfinance and Poverty Reduction in Assam: Uncovering the Nexus between Access to Credit and Household Well-being

This study investigates the impact of microcredit access on income and multidimensional poverty in rural Assam, India. Employing a quasi-experimental design and collecting primary data, the study utilises the probit model for empirical analysis. The findings indicate that equivalence factors influence individual welfare levels. Moreover, households receiving microcredit from semiformal and informal sources exhibit a higher incidence of poverty. Informal borrowers experience a more significant poverty gap compared to semiformal borrowers. However, the study does not find statistically significant evidence to confirm a poverty impact from pooled and formal credit sources. The prevalence of income and multidimensional poverty among semiformal and informal borrowers suggests that these individuals rely on borrowing to finance their children’s education and medical expenses. This points to a failure of the government’s universal education and health policies to uplift vulnerable segments of society. The study recommends providing credit facilities exclusively for productive economic activities to rural residents, accompanied by adequate market linkages.

Effect Of Women Participation In Artisanal Fishing On Their Socio-Economic Well-Being In Coastal Communities In Cross River State, Nigeria

This study examined the effect of women participation in artisanal fishing on their Socio- economic well-being in coastal communities in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study focused specifically on the socio-economic characteristics of women artisanal fish farmers, areas of women participation in artisanal fishing, and effect of women participation in artisanal fishing on their socio-economic well-being. The population of the study comprised all rural women in the coastal communities, who are involved in artisanal fishing activities. The sample was drawn from the population of the study using simple random sampling techniques. A total of 200 respondents were used for the study. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview schedule, and analyzed using the mean, ranking, percentages and ordered probit regression model. Results of analysis indicated that 66% of the women were between the ages of 20-40 years, 39.5% of them attended secondary school, 60% of the women had 3-6 children and about 58% of them were married. Women were also involved in a wide range of areas of artisanal fishing, including fish catch, unloading of fish from canoes, fish processing and carrying and repair of fish gear etc. The study found that women participation in artisanal fishing enabled them to have more money (ranked = 1st), do not lack money again (ranked=2nd ),allowed them to build their own houses (ranked = 3rd) and enhanced their capacities to contribute donations to charities (ranked = 4th) among others. The result of probit analysis revealed that women participation in artisanal fishing was determined by their level of education, credit facilities, age, cultural/religious variables, and family factors etc. The study recommended that government should provide credit facilities in form of grants to rural women involved in artisanal fishing and provide basic training in terms of safety protocol, preservation and processing of fish.
 

Assessment of the sustainability of agricultural livelihood activities among rural women in Kwara State, Nigeria

Women play important role in the agricultural sector of the economy. They engage in different agricultural livelihood activities so as to sustain the economic life and wellbeing of their households. Issues affecting the sustainability of their livelihood activities should therefore be given the necessary concern. The study assessed sustainability of agricultural livelihood activities among rural women in Kwara State. The data for this study were collected through a two-stage sampling technique from 369 rural women using structured questionnaire. The analytical tools used were descriptive statistics, 5- point Likert - type scale and sustainability index. The study reveals that the agricultural livelihood activities of the majority (75%) of the rural women were economically unsustainable. The perceived constraints to economic sustainability of agricultural activities identified were cattle invasion, unavailability of credit facilities, inadequate input, inadequate transportation facilities and high cost of labour. The study concluded that agricultural livelihood activities among rural women are not economically sustainable. It is therefore recommended that measures including improved technology and provision of credit facilities are required to ensure economic sustainability of agricultural livelihood activities.

Implementation of a Business Intelligence Model for Analysis Banking and Credit Management

The 2008 global financial crisis affected the pace of the economy by reducing the level of public trust in banks. Seeing these conditions, Bank XYZ needs to know and analyze the factors that influence bank lending. Debtor data processing at Bank XYZ is well integrated, but in fact, Bank XYZ still needs to pay attention to the principle of prudence in making decisions to provide credit facilities to debtors with minimal risk so that credit can be extended consistently and based on sound credit principles. In monitoring and analyzing the credit system at Bank XYZ, there is one factor that serves as a reference for measuring a bank's ability to bear the risk of credit failure by debtors through NPLs (non-performing loans). In addition to NPLs, the growth in the number of debtors, the amount of credit disbursement, the amount of outstanding credit provided in various sectors, and the amount of collectibility of debtors also play an important role in decision-making by management; therefore, the author proposes a business intelligence model to analyze credit data at XYZ Bank in the form of data visualization in dashboard form. The dashboard was built using the Tablue for Students software. The results of this study are a business intelligence model in the form of a dashboard application to be able to monitor debtor data growth, analyze loans extended in various economic sectors, and analyze outstanding loans using the NPL value as a reference based on credit quality as a decision support tool.

IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN NIGERIA

The main purpose of this study is to discover the impact of government expenditure on agricultural productivity in Nigerian. The methodology employed in this study was based on the time series data covering from 1985-2018 collected from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). The scope of this study spanned from 1985 to 2018, Ordinary least square method of the Keynesian model was used in obtaining the numerical estimates of the coefficients in the model to test the variables most likely to positive impact on economic growth in Nigeria due to Government expenditure. The findings also show that there is a strong relationship between government expenditure and agricultural productivity in Nigerian. From the results obtained, it is clearly seen that adequate funding through provision of credit facilities can significantly increase the productivity and output of the agricultural sector in the economy. Debt financed government expenditure can have hindered growth as it tends to generate inflationary forces in the economy. For government expenditure to exhibit the desired results in the economy, government expenditure needs to be closely monitored.

Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna: A Tool for Financial Inclusion

Financial inclusion helps emerging countries achieve inclusive development, and offers countries like India hope for sustained growth. Inclusive finance offers low-income and disadvantaged people access to inexpensive financial services. It helps in bridging the gap between financially weak individuals and the formal financial system by improving financial literacy and increasing the channels providing credit facilities. Marginalized groups need financial freedom to flourish economically and socially. Financial inclusion catalyzes economic and social progress, but it is not enough. The effect of the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) on financial inclusion and India’s position in the global economy has been investigated in this article. The research is based on data obtained from sources such as the Reserve Bank of India, the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, as well as various academic papers.

Climate change perception, adaptation strategies, and constraints amongst urban farmers in Anambra Metropolis, Nigeria

ABSTRACT Urban agriculture has been recognized as a climate change and risk reduction strategy. However, it is still unclear how urban farmers perceive climate change and what constraints they encounter in adapting to its impacts. This study aims to understand urban farmers’ perceptions and climate change adaptation constraints in Nigeria. Data were obtained through household surveys using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive and component factor analyses were used in data analysis. The result shows that most urban farmers perceived climate change through its effects on increased weed infestation, drying up of streams/rivers, decrease in soil moisture, etc. Adaptation strategies range from soil and water adaptation options to various adjustments in the farming system. The principal adaptation constraints faced by urban farmers are somewhat diverse in nature and fall within broader institutional, information, and financial constraints. The study reveals that the socioeconomic conditions of urban farmers in developing countries pose a threat to urban agriculture's potential to mitigate climate change. Therefore, there is a need to support urban farmers in developing countries by providing credit facilities and integrating agricultural lands into urban land-use policies.

Suggestions For Overcoming Obstacles In Betelvine Cultivation Of Davanagere District, Karnataka

Like every other occupation, agriculture has its own constraints. In such a way, this article portrays the various constraints/ barriers experienced by the Davanagere district betelvine growers involved in betelvine cultivation. Harihara and Honnali taluks of the Davanagere district were purposively selected as it holds the highest area under betelvine cultivation. Twenty-five betelvine growers were selected from each of the six selected villages of two taluks of the Davanagere district of Karnataka. The selected betelvine growers were enquired about the difficulties experienced in betelvine cultivation using a three-point continuum and analyzed using Constraint Faced Index (CFI). Based on the study, it was found that yield loss due to inconsistent climatic conditions, high cost of labour, high cost of chemicals and fluctuation in market price were the prominent technical, labour, economic and marketing constraints experienced by the betelvine growers of Davanagere district respectively. Encouraging value-added products was the highly suggested measure followed by a provision of good quality inputs and providing credit facilities were the key suggestions put forward by the betelvine growers to overcome the constraints.

Penyelidikan dan Penyidikan Tindak Pidana Korupsi Terhadap Kasus Kredit Macet Pada Bank Bumn Menurut UU Tipikor

One element of corruption offenses is the unlawful action that harms the state's finance or economy. In the context of state-owned banks, there are still two different opinions about the source of finance, whether it belongs to state finance or limited liability company (PT) finance. Due to this ambiguity, anti-corruption investigators should understand this issue before investigating state-owned banks with a limited liability company structure. The research was conducted at the North Sumatra High Prosecutor's Office because it is currently investigating alleged corruption crimes related to non-performing loans worth IDR 39.5 billion at Bank BTN Medan Branch. The research aims to investigate: first, the regulation of corruption investigation related to non-performing loans cases in state-owned banks, which are related to the lex specialis derogat legi generalis principle; and second, the investigation of corruption crimes related to non-performing loans cases in state-owned banks by the North Sumatra High Prosecutor's Office. This research used a descriptive-analytical normative legal research method with a legislative approach. The data were collected through secondary sources and field studies at the North Sumatra High Prosecutor's Office. The data were analyzed using a qualitative data analysis method. The research findings show that based on the lex specialis systematische principle, the Banking Law should be applied to banking cases resulting in non-performing loans. The North Sumatra High Prosecutor's Office conducts corruption investigations by collecting evidence to be used as valid evidence, and when the suspect is found, the evidence will be used to prove the case. It is recommended that law enforcement officers, especially the prosecutors and judges who apply the law to the cases, should apply the Banking Law to non-performing loan cases. If there is an unlawful action found in the provision of credit facilities, it should be investigated as a corruption case.

Exploring the Determinants of Milk Production among Smallholder Dairy Farming: A Case of Pirojpur District, Bangladesh

Dairy farming is a good income source of the smallholder dairy farmers in Bangladesh to maintain their livelihood. In this aspect, the objective of the study was to assess the determinants or factors infl uencing milk production in the smallholder dairy farms in Pirojpur district of Bangladesh. A sample of 93 smallholder dairy farmers was randomly selected for data collection. A pre-tested structured interview schedule was employed to conduct the survey among the respondents. The data were interpreted by using percentage, mean, frequency, standard deviation and regression analysis. Majority of the farmers (84.9%) had low to moderate milk production in their farm. The milk production was infl uenced by training in cattle rearing, smaller cattle herd size, farmers’ higher knowledge on milk production, and a greater number of milking cows. The Department of Livestock Service (DLS) and other related NGOs may arrange more training programs for the smallholder dairy farmers focused on milk production. Initiative like providing credit facilities either interest-free or lower rate of interest may help the farmers to be owner of more milking cow as well as increase farm income of the smallholder dairy farmers