Provincial GDP Research Articles

Undernutrition status of children under 5 years in Chinese rural areas - data from the National Rural Children Growth Standard Survey, 2006.

To assess the nutritional status among rural children under five years in China relative to WHO Child Growth Standards 2006, and to explore risk factors for undernutrition. Cross-sectional study of rural areas in 10 provinces of China. A total of 84,009 children under five recruited through multi-level sampling. A total of 17.92% of children have at least one form of undernutrition. The prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting, were 14.59%, 7.19% and 3.07%, respectively. The corresponding mean z-score in height-for-age, weight-for-age, and weight-for-height were -0.732, -0.410 and -0.001. An upward trend with age in stunting and underweight was observed, and higher risks noticed among older children in contrast with children under 6 months in terms of stunning and underweight. The inter-provincial variation of undernutrition remains very large. Low birth weight, multi parity, preterm birth, multiple birth, maternal illiteracy, low provincial GDP, and low household income are identified as significant factors associated with stunting. Parity shows no corresponding significant relationship with underweight, and wasting was not found to be associated with either preterm or multiple births. The nutritional status among children under five in rural areas of China, although greatly improved in the past decades, still lags behind the WHO Child Growth Standards. Stunting and underweight occur mostly before two years of age. Intervention strategies and programs should be developed to target the preventable risk factors.

Chinese Culture and Modernization: Testing the Value Shift Hypothesis

Drawing upon the most recent wave of the World Values Survey (WVS) data, this study empirically investigates the phenomenon of modernization and values change for China. Classic modernization theorists argue that the process of societal modernization is characterized by a significant value shift from traditionalism to more liberal thinking. Results from OLS regressions indicate that socio-economic development, measured by provincial GDP per capita and HDI (Human development Index), has a strong positive impact on the support of self-expression values. Our findings also reveal that respondents from the industrial coastal areas tend to be more self-expressive than people from the less developed inland regions. Meanwhile, a Confucian cultural heritage also contributes to explain values significantly, after controlling for socio-economic factors. This lends support to the culturalist theory that historical heritage and cultural traditions have an enduring influence on people’s value systems. At an individual level, education is significantly and positively associated with a rational and self-expressive value orientation. Interestingly, we find that people with a higher income level tend to be more traditionally oriented. We interpret this finding in the context of Chinese culture, specifically, in relation to Confucian ethics.

Export Variety, Revenue, and Productivity in China

AbstractIn this paper I argue through empirical testing that it is the underlying export variety that helps to explain the strong correlation between China's provincial export revenue and productivity. The empirical model maps export varieties into provincial GDP functions with multiple sectors by price index theory. By employing panel data that covers all 31 executive districts of mainland China from 1998 to 2005, I find that export varieties, via export revenue, significantly affect productivity: it accounts for 44.1% of interprovincial TFP differences and 36.6% of within‐province TFP growth; a 10% increase in export variety leads to a 1.4% productivity growth in China.

Empirical Analysis on the Relationship between Tourism Development and Economic Growth in Sichuan

Sichuan has abundant tourist resources; the Government confirmed the tourism industry as the six pillar industries of the cross-century development in Sichuan. In recent years, the ratio of tourism to the province's GDP increased year by year. Based on stability test of the VAR model, this paper uses impulse response functions and variance decomposition method for econometric analysis, by using the economic data in 1990-2009 years. And the results indicated that, the development of tourism bases on economic growth, at the same time, economic growth is in need of tourism development.

Chinese Culture and Modernization: Testing the Value Shift Hypothesis

Drawing upon the most recent wave of the World Values Survey (WVS) data, this study empirically investigates the phenomenon of modernization and values change for China. Classic modernization theorists argue that the process of societal modernization is characterized by a significant value shift from traditionalism to more liberal thinking. Results from OLS regressions indicate that socio-economic development, measured by provincial GDP per capita and HDI (Human development Index), has a strong positive impact on the support of self-expression values. Our findings also reveal that respondents from the industrial coastal areas tend to be more self-expressive than people from the less developed inland regions. Meanwhile, a Confucian cultural heritage also contributes to explain values significantly, after controlling for socio-economic factors. This lends support to the culturalist theory that historical heritage and cultural traditions have an enduring influence on people’s value systems. At an individual level, education is significantly and positively associated with a rational and self-expressive value orientation. Interestingly, we find that people with a higher income level tend to be more traditionally oriented. We interpret this finding in the context of Chinese culture, specifically, in relation to Confucian ethics.

The bi-dimensional decomposition of regional inequality based on the weighted coefficient of variation

This paper offers the bi-dimensional decomposition of regional inequality by regional groups and income components based on the population weighted coefficient of variation. The method enables us to analyze the contributions of income components to within-region and between-region inequalities, and thus to overall regional inequality in a coherent framework. The method is applied to provincial GDP and population data in Indonesia for the years 1985, 1995 and 2004.

Eco-efficiency of circular economy development of Guangdong Province

根据循环经济的本质和生态效率的内涵, 在借鉴国内外循环经济研究中所建立的生态效率指标体系的基础上, 构建了度量广东省循环经济发展状况的生态效率指标, 并分析了1990~2007年间广东省经济增长及生态效率要素的变化趋势。结果表明, 广东省GDP在18年间呈快速增长的趋势, 自然输入要素的生态效率和劳动生产率不断上升, 尤其是用水产出率和建设用地产出率, 年均增长率分别达21.29%和17.28%, 但均低于GDP的年均增长速度。人类环境影响方程(IPAT)衍生公式预测结果显示, 如果维持目前经济增长模式, 到2015年广东省可以实现经济发展的战略目标, 但同期的能源消耗和环境负荷将逐年上升, 生态环境压力会越来越大。

Struttura dei modelli di sviluppo locale, cicli congiunturali e impatto delle inversioni di tendenza del ciclo economico

- The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between the intermediatelong term trend of the Italian provinces' economic cycle and the national economy, and to evaluate the effects of changes in the national cycle on each local entity. The results shown in this paper present a simple empirical evidence of a possible taxonomy of Italian provinces, and the possible implications on the economic patterns of each local entity in connection with changes in the economic cycle. Methods and Results The study is based on the degrees of correlation between the variation rate of national and provincial GDP calculated between 1995 and 2006. Data on Italian provinces have been grouped into three clusters on the basis of the strength of the correlation. The development model that a territory follows, changes over a given period of time and it has its own "life cycle". This changes on average every 15-20 years and strongly influences the provincial economic pattern in relation to national and international trends. This happens because the economic pattern of our local entities, if indeed undoubtedly conditioned by exogenous factors (interest rates, exchange rates, price of petroleum, orientation of Government expenditure ecc.), is guided equally in character and strength above all by the development models' characteristics which are known by the territory. It is also guided by the consequent degree of elasticity which the local economy shows in responding to exogenous shocks. In addition to development models' characteristics, economic performance is conditioned by the presence of MAR and Jacobs economies. Conclusions Since local economic systems provide very different "answers" to shocks, we will have local trends which vary in intensity and character on the basis of the development model's distinctive features and exogenous shocks.JEL: B1, B41, E32, C6Keywords: development model, economic cycle, effects of changesParole chiave: modello di sviluppo, ciclo economico, variazioni PIL

Catching Up and Falling Behind: The Performance of Provincial GDP Per Capita from 1990 to 2003

This paper compares GDP per capita across Canadian provinces over the period from 1990 to 2003. It starts by examining relative GDP per capita measured in current dollars across provinces and over time. The second section breaks down growth in nominal dollar GDP into a price and a volume component asking whether growth over the period came from an increased volume of real output or increases in the prices received for the products being produced. Finally, the third section asks whether increases in the volume component (real GDP per capita) are related to changes in productivity or changes in labour market conditions.Among the provinces, the most striking performer was Alberta. Its GDP per capita increased rapidly over the period, leaving the other nine provinces well behind by 2003. Almost equally striking has been the increasingly similar levels of provincial per capita GDP when Alberta is excluded. The per capita GDP of most provinces moved closer to national levels over the period. This was especially true of Newfoundland and Labrador whose GDP per capita rose at a break-neck pace after 1997.

Le relazioni esistenti tra produttivitŕ, occupazione e benessere: un'analisi sulle province italiane

- The paper aims at describing the relationship between productivity, employment and GDP for the Italian provinces in the period 1995-2003. This relationship is analysed from a static, as well as from a dynamic point of view. Methods and Results The paper applies the so-called augmented fundamental identity as described by Van Ark and McGuckin. This equation allows the analysis of the differences between per capita income and productivity. The identity equation shows that the difference between GDP and productivity can be decomposed into several labour market indicators. In this way the effect of working hours, of employment, of the working age population and the effect of labour force participation on the GDP can be quantified. The identity can be calculated for levels, as well as for growth rates. Analysing the growth rates provides inside into the changes of the relationships between the involved indicators. Conclusions The analysis shows that the differences of the provincial GDP between northern and southern Italy are to a large part due to differences in the labour market indicators. If instead of the static view are analysed the dynamic development of the indicators (1995-2003), the variation of the growth rates between northern and southern Italy are much less pronounced.

Institutional development, financial deepening and economic growth: Evidence from China

There have been profound changes in both political and economic institutions in China over the last 20 years. Moreover, the pace of transition has led to variation across the country in the level of development. In this paper, we use panel data for the Chinese provinces to study the role of legal institutions, financial deepening and political pluralism on growth rates. The most important institutional developments for a transition economy are the emergence and legalization of the market economy, the establishment of secure property rights, the growth of a private sector, the development of financial sector institutions and markets, and the liberalization of political institutions. We develop measures of these phenomena, which are used as explanatory variables in regression models to explain provincial GDP growth rates. Our evidence suggests that the development of financial markets, legal environment, awareness of property rights and political pluralism are associated with stronger growth.

Evidence of panel stationarity from Chinese provincial and regional income

The aim of this paper is to examine whether Chinese provincial and regional real GDP and per capita real GDP are panel stationary for the period 1952–2003. We allow for multiple structural breaks based on a technique developed by Carrion-i-Silvestre et al. [Carrion-i-Silvestre, J. L., Barrio-Castro, T, D., & Lopez-Bazo, E. (2005). Breaking the panels: An application to the GDP per capita. Econometrics Journal, 8, 159–175]. Allowing for at most five structural breaks, we find that for 67% of the provinces, per capita real GDP is stationary; while we only find stationarity of real GDP for 17% of the provinces. However, when we extend the analysis to panel data models, we find statistically strong evidence of panel stationarity of Chinese provincial and regional income.

FORCES SHAPING CHINA'S INTERPROVINCIAL INEQUALITY

This paper explores the forces that shaped China's interprovincial inequality in the last five decades of Communist rule. In so far as the change in interprovincial inequality is the result of differential growth in provincial GDP per capita and provincial economic growth, it may be decomposed into contributions by total factor productivity (TFP) and other factor inputs. A new method is introduced to make this decomposition. Care is exercised in taking into account problems of Chinese official data when implementing the decomposition analysis. The findings suggest that TFP and factor inputs exerted different and sometimes opposing effects on interprovincial inequality in the Maoist and reform era. The increase in inequality from the mid 1960s to the mid 1970s is due to the contribution of TFP overwhelming that of physical capital. The opposite is true for the 1980s. The increase in the 1990s is mainly driven by the skewed distribution of investments in favor of the richer coastal provinces reinforced by the increasing contribution of TFP.

Water Resources Management and the Energy Industry in Alberta, Canada

Abstract The challenges associated with managing Alberta's water resources are increasing as a result of population growth, agricultural expansion, and industrial development, including the energy industry. This challenge is being addressed through creative initiatives at the provincial and local levels, and reflects the involvement of many stakeholders. The road ahead will involve: continued development of stakeholder-driven water management initiatives; ongoing refinement and clarification of water management objectives; and, an improved understanding of the aquifer system, including its connection to surface water. Water is an essential resource for Alberta's energy industries, which produce 70% of Canada's crude oil and 80% of its natural gas, and these industries have done much to minimize the use of water. Nevertheless, the challenge to the energy sector will be continued development of water conservation and water quality management technologies. Introduction Energy industries are of significant importance to Albertans. Alberta is rich in natural gas, oil sands, and conventional oil, and produces 70% of Canada's crude oil and 80% of its natural gas(1). Energy-related royalty revenues account for about one-third of total provincial revenue (about $7.7 billion in 2003 - 2004)(2). The mining and oil and gas industries account for more than 17% of provincial GDP. For comparison, crop and animal production contributes 1.6% to provincial GDP(3). Conventional oil, natural gas, and coal are found in many parts of the province, and heavy oil and oil sands are found in the north and east (Figure 1). The energy industry requires water for many aspects of production, in particular for enhanced oil recovery (oilfield injection), in situ heavy oil recovery, oil sands mining, and dewatering for coal bed methane. Alberta is also experiencing high population and economic growth in other sectors, also leading to increasing demands on water resources, especially in the central and southern parts of the province. Currently, there is a moratorium on surface water withdrawals for some streams in Southern Alberta. In contrast, surface water is most available in the northern part of the province. Ground water availability is less known across the province, and this lack of information creates uncertainty in the role of ground water for supply and ecosystem health. The province, therefore, faces numerous and unique water management challenges related to the energy sector and to growing demand, fluctuations and limitations in supply, the need to maintain healthy aquatic ecosystems, and commitments embedded in downstream water agreements with adjacent neighbours(4). This paper describes the issues and challenges for water management in Alberta related to the energy sector in particular. It also highlights the current policy and management strategies developed by stakeholders to address these challenges in a practical and often creative manner, to ensure sustainability of water resources while satisfying future growth opportunities. Alberta's Water Resources Alberta is one of Canada's western prairie provinces and covers 661,185 km2. The prairies are one of the driest regions of Canada. Alberta has a diversity of hydrological and hydrogeological settings that are characterized by varied physiography, geology, and climate.

China?s GDP: Examining provincial disparities (1952?1998)

Accompanying rapid economic growth in China, there have been provincial disparities. This article presents and analyzes the evolution of China’s provincial GDP per capita disparity between 1952 and 1998. First, an examination of some basic indicators of disparity is carried out, and a test for unconditional convergence is performed to explore the dispersion features. Then, a more comprehensive regression analysis, allowing insights into the evidence of conditional convergence and highlighting the main determinants of growth in two main periods of the recent history of China (i.e., prereform and postreform) is presented. Finally, a discussion and conclusion are provided.

Public Homecare Expenditures in Canada

An examination of Canadian provincial government homecare expenditures finds wide differences in real per capita public homecare expenditures. The key determinants of real per capita provincial public homecare expenditures are real provincial per capita income, variables representing the proportion of the provincial population aged 65 and older, real per capita federal health transfers and the proportion of provincial GDP devoted to health expenditures. Public homecare expenditures are income elastic and sensitive to the growth of the elderly population and are projected to increase substantially by 2005. The evidence suggests that increasing federal transfers to the provinces would not be the most effective means to boost public homecare expenditures given different provincial homecare program responses.

Immigration, Globalisation and House Prices in Canada's Gateway Cities

This paper begins by examining house price movements in eight metropolitan areas in Canada between 1971 and 1996. At the start of this period there was considerable conformity in price levels among the eight centres, but by the mid-1990s wide disparity in the price structure had emerged, with Vancouver and Toronto (and their satellites) having broken away from the rest as a result of rapid price inflation after 1985. At the same time, the cities showing the most marked gains also suffered the heaviest losses during economic downturns. The geography and timing of rapid price inflation coincided with the onset of heavy and concentrated immigration in Toronto and Vancouver after 1985, and the remainder of the paper considers the relations in these cities between price change and globalisation in general, immigration in particular. In both cities, and especially Vancouver, aside from growth in the provincial GDP, conventional regional and national factors seem to have declining significance in accounting for price movements, while indicators of globalisation, including immigration, exert stronger effects. These effects are consistent not only with globalisation but also with economic polarisation in post-industrial cities.

Immigration, Globalisation and House Prices in Canada's Gateway Cities

This paper begins by examining house price movements in eight metropolitan areas in Canada between 1971 and 1996. At the start of this period there was considerable conformity in price levels among the eight centres, but by the mid-1990s wide disparity in the price structure had emerged, with Vancouver and Toronto (and their satellites) having broken away from the rest as a result of rapid price inflation after 1985. At the same time, the cities showing the most marked gains also suffered the heaviest losses during economic downturns. The geography and timing of rapid price inflation coincided with the onset of heavy and concentrated immigration in Toronto and Vancouver after 1985, and the remainder of the paper considers the relations in these cities between price change and globalisation in general, immigration in particular. In both cities, and especially Vancouver, aside from growth in the provincial GDP, conventional regional and national factors seem to have declining significance in accounting for price movements, while indicators of globalisation, including immigration, exert stronger effects. These effects are consistent not only with globalisation but also with economic polarisation in post-industrial cities.

Why Do Differences in Provincial Incomes Persist in Indonesia?

Despite 20 years of sustained economic growth that saw provincial GDPs rise and inequalities in per capita provincial GDPs fall, per capita income disparities among provinces persist. In this paper we present evidence that poor provinces have tended to catch up with middle- and high-income provinces, hut that regions at the top and bottom of the distribution in 1975 finished. In similar positions in 1993 lnvestments in human capital (education and health) seem to be the most effective way of increasing provincial incomes and reducing the disparities in provincial GDP per capita. The poorer provinces and rural areas can grow faster than the richer ones because they can gain the most from better health and education, they have the highest rates of illiteracy, fertility, and infant, child and maternal mortality.

The Coast–Noncoast Income Gap, Productivity, and Regional Economic Policy in China

We postulate that inferior factor productivity in China's noncoastal provinces is a principal reason for their lower economic growth despite high investment rates relative to provincial GDP. We find that total factor productivity is roughly twice as high in the coastal provinces and estimate that investment in higher education and foreign direct investment helps explain the productivity gap. We speculate that despite its relatively modest estimated return, investment in infrastructure may be necessary to attract foreign direct investment and to retain university graduates in the interior.J. Comp. Econom.,October 1997,25(2), pp. 220–236. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210; Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio 43022.